Seminar Report

On

MIX DESIGN FOR HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURE

(Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Civil Engineering ,Rajasthan Technical University Kota)

GUIDE– Prof. MADHU SUDHAN NAME- JITENDRA MEENA

DESIGNATION– Professor CRN – 15/754

ENROLMENT NO.-15EUCCE205

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY KOTA

MARCH -2018
 Department of Civil Engineering
Rajasthan Technical University,

Kota -324010
Dated: 27-03-2018

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. JITENDRA MEENA College Roll No. 15/754 and
University Roll No. 15EUCCE205 has submitted the seminar report entitle ”MIX
DESIGN FOR HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE AND MIXTURE ’’ in partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Civil
Engineering).The report has been prepared as per the prescribed format and is
approved for submission and presentation.

Counter signature of Head Signature of Guide

Prof. B.P. SUNEJA Prof. A.K. Mathur

Professor & Head Professor

Dept. of Civil Engg. Dept. of Civil Engg.

RTU, KOTA-324010 RTU, KOTA-324010

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I express my sincere respect and gratitude to Prof. madhu sudhan, who
has given his valuable support cooperation and suggestions from time to time in
successfully completing this seminar work.

Secondly I would like to thank seminar coordinators (Prof. H. D. Charan

,Sh.S.K.Saini and Sh.S.K.Nagar) to give me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful research on mix design for high strength concrete with admixture. After
this I came to know about so many new things I m really thankful to them.

And last but not the least I would also like to thank my friends who helped me a lot
to finalizing this seminar topic within the limited time frame.

Date – 04-04-2018 Name – jitendra meena

C.R.N. – 15/754

Final B. Tech Civil

 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1-Intrduction

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2-Use of drip irrigation in India

CHAPTER 3-Componants of drip irrigation system

3.1-Pumping set

3.2-Filters

3.3-Mainlines

3.4-Sublines

3.5-Emitters

CHAPTER 4-Methods of drip irrigation

4.1-Surface irrigation method

4.2-Sub-surface irrigation method

4.3-Sprinkle irrigation method

CHAPTER 5-Comparison with other method

CHAPTER 6- Advantages and Disadvantages

CHAPTER 7-Conclusion
 LIST OF FIGURE
FIG NO. TITTLE PAGE NO.
Fig -1.1 Watering by Drip system

Fig.- 2.1 water application through drip system

Fig.-3.1 Pump set

Fig. -3.2 Filters

Fig. -3.3 Mainlines of drip system

Fig.-3.4 Sub lines
Fig.-3.5 Emitters

Fig.-4.1 Surface irrigation

Fig.-4.2 Sub-Surface irrigation

Fig.-4.3 Sprinkle irrigation

 ABSTRACT

Drip irrigation is also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation is one of the
sub surface irrigation method of applying water or frequent application of water to
crops through small emitters in the vicinity of the root zone, wetting a limited
amount of surface area and depth of the soil. The theory behind drip irrigation is to
apply sufficient moisture to the root of crops to prevent water stress.

A major difference between drip system and most other system is that the balance
between crop evapotranspiration and applied water is maintained over limited
periods of 24 to 72 hrs. The conservation from sprinkler to drip irrigation can
result in water use reduction of 50% and double yield. This is a result of improved
water use and fertility and reduced disease and weed pressure.
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1-Definition - Drip irrigation, is also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation or localized
irrigation, is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the
roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves,
pipes, tubing, and emitters.

Fig. -1.1 Watering by Drip system

1.2-Need of Drip irrigation system –

 To use water efficiently.

 No water to runoff or evaporation.
 It reduces water contact with crop leaves, stems, and fruits.
 Agricultural chemicals can be applied more efficiently.
 Drip irrigation saves water because little is lost to runoff or evaporation.
 This watering method also promotes healthy plant growth, controls weed growth, and reduces
pest problems.

1.3-Dirp irrigation is useful for crops –

Fruit crops-
Banana, Grapes, Citrus, Pomegranate ,Papaya, Pineapple, Watermelon, Sweet lime,Mango.
Vegetable crops -
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomato, Potato, Onion, Chillis, Radish, Brinjal, French been, Capsicum,
Ladyfinger, Beans, Carrots, Cucumber, Bottle gourd, Gherkins, Baby corn.

Commercial crops -
Sugarcane, Cotton, Ground nut.
 CHAPTER - 2

USE OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN INDIA

 Drip irrigation is of recent origin, and, in India, is being used on a limited scale in Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra States.
 mainly for coconut, coffee, grape and vegetable production.
 Drip irrigation systems (DIS) are extremely effective in arid and drought prone areas
where water is scarce, and have been used experimentally in India for over 15 years: in
the States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh, progressive
farmers started using this method of irrigation in the late-1970s without the benefit of any
subsidies or support from central or state government.
 The use of DIS, however, is primarily to irrigate high value, horticultural crops.
 In states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, DIS are sometimes used for
irrigation of vegetable and other commercial crops.
 The sharp rise in the area under DIS irrigation between 1988 and 1989 is due, in large
part, to the significant increase in the use of these systems in the Maharashtra State.

Fig.- 2.1 water application through drip system

Technical Description

Drip irrigation systems deliver water and agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) directly
to the root zones of the irrigated plants at a rate best suited to meet the needs of the plants being
irrigated. Thus, this system makes efficient use of water, especially when compared to
conventional methods of irrigation such as furrow, border, basin and sprinkler irrigation systems,
which, under arid and drought conditions, suffer from an high rate of water loss and have a low
degree of water use efficiency.
 CHAPTER - 3

COMPONENTS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The main components of a typical drip irrigation system are:

3.1-Water source-

 Common water sources for drip irrigation are surface water ,groundwater, and potable water.
 Use the water source that will provide the largest amount of water of greatest quality and
lowest cost.

3.2-Pumping Set-

 The role of the pumping system is to move water from the water source to the field through the
distribution system.
 Pumping systems may be classified as electric powered systems, gas/diesel powered systems,
and gravity systems.
 To create a pressure about 2.5 Kg/sq cm to regulate the amount of water to be supplied.

Fig. – 3.1 Pump set

3.3-Filters-
It is the main component of drip irrigation. A filter unit cleans the suspended impurities in the
irrigation water so as to prevent the blockage of holes and passage of drip nozzles. The type of
filtration needed depends on water quality and emitter type. A two stage filter unit is usually
needed. To filter the water in Order to remove the suspended impurities from water.
 Fig. – 3.2 Filters
3.4-Mainlines-
 It is a Distribution system in drip irrigation.
 The role of the distribution system is to convey the water from the source to the field.
 Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes are used as main pipes to minimized
corrosion and clogging.
 Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq. cm.
 Main lines may be above ground or underground.
 Aluminum pipes are also available, but are more difficult to customize, cut, and repair.

Fig. - 3.3 Mainlines of drip system

2.5-Sub lines-
 It is usually connected to the main lines through a control valve assembly.
 Fig. – 3.4 Sub lines

 The function of its to distributes water uniformly to a number laterals.

3.6-Emitters/Drippers-
 It is fitted to a drip irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the form of drops or
continuous flow at emitter rates not exceeding 15liter/hr.

 These connect to the tubing or can be inside the tubing and deliver water at a slow,
consistent rate, usually, 0.5, 1, 2 gallons per hour.

Fig. – 3.5 Emitters

 CHAPTER – 4
METHODS OF DRIP IRRIGATION
Irrigation methods are commonly designated according to the manner in which water is
applied to the land to be irrigated.
4.1 – Surface irrigation methods –
The water is applied by spreading in it sheets or small streams on the land to be irrigated. The
water is delivered to the surface of the soil directly above the root system of the plants. This
particular type of drip irrigation is mainly used on high-value crops.

Fig – 4.1 Surface irrigation

4.2 – Sub-surface irrigation method-

The water is applied below the ground surface so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of
the plants. it is a highly-efficient watering technique that reduces outdoor water use by 30 to 40
percent. The system consists of drip irrigation tubing planted about five inches below the surface.
The water goes straight to lawn's roots, and it doesn't blow away or run down the sidewalk.
 Fig. - 4.2 Sub-surface irrigation

4.3 –Sprinkle irrigation method-

It is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall .Water is

distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through
sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. The irrigation
water is applied to the land in the form of spray, somewhat as in ordinary rain.

Fig. - 4.3 Sprinkle irrigation

 CHAPTER – 5

COMPARISION WITH OTHER SYSTEM

DRIP IRRIGATION FLOOD IRRIGATION

Water savings High, between 40 to 100 % Less. High rates of evaporation

,surface runoff and percolation

Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 – 50 %

Weed problem Almost nil High

Suitable water Even saline water can be used Only normal water can be used

Diseases and pests Relatively less High

Efficiency of fertilizer use Very high since supply is Heavy losses due to leaching
regulated

Water logging Nil High

Water control Can be regulated easily Not much control

Cost benefit ratio (additional Excluding water savings -1.3 - Between 1.8 and 3.9
amount in rupees for every 13.3, including water savings –
rupee invested) 2.8 -30.0

Capital cost/ha Rs 15,000 to 40,000 Depending on crop spacing

Yield increases 20 -100 % higher than flood Less compared to drip

method
5.1- Drip versus flood irrigation-

Water demand Water demand Yield Yield

(Flood irrigation) (Drip irrigation) (flood ) ( drip)

Banana 6000-8000 3600-5200 24 32-36

Sugarcane 7000-9000 3800-4800 30-35 60-80

Cotton 2400-4000 1500-2500 1.06 1.70

Tomato 2800-3200 1600-2000 10-15 20-25

Graphs 3400-3600 2100-2400 7-8 11-12

Chilli 2000-3000 1500-2000 12-14 15-18

Papaya 7500-8000 3000-4000 50-60 70-80

Mango 5000-5500 3500-4500 5-7 7-10

Potato 2400-3200 1200-1600 8-10 12-14

Pomegranate 5500-5800 3200-3500 6-7 10-11

Onion 1700-2500 1100-1500 16-20 22-27

Water melon 3000-3200 1800-2000 10-12 16-20

Capsicum 2400-3200 1600-2000 10-14 20-22

In cubic meters per area per year ‘in tones per area’
 CHAPTER - 6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1-Advantages of drip irrigation-

The advantages of drip irrigation systems include an high efficiency of water use and greater
crop yields compared to other irrigation methods. In addition, crops irrigated using drip irrigation
systems generally require less tillage and are of better quality. This also contribute to improved
plant protection and reduced occurrences of plant diseases and greater efficiencies in the use of
fertilizers, because water containing the agrochemicals is applied directly to the plant roots in the
quantities necessary for optimal plant production. this can be used in hilly terrain and on lands
with problem soils, and results in improved infiltration in soils with low conductivity. Drip
irrigation systems are low pressure systems, which can be adapted for use in greenhouses, and
with automated control systems.

 Reduced water use.

 Improved disease and pest control
 Simplicity
 Low pumping needs
 Automation
Drip-irrigation application may be simply managed and programmed with an AC- or
battery-powered controller, thereby reducing labor cost.
 Adaptation
 Production advantages
 Weed control
 Maximum crop yield
 Joint management of irrigation
 Low labour and relatively low operation cost
 Highly uniform distribution of water i.e., Controlled by output of each nozzle No soil
erosion
 No runoff of fertilizers into ground water.
 Less evaporation losses of water as compared to surface irrigation.
 Improves seed germination.
 Suitable for any topography
 Maintenance of high surface temperature
 Tolerance to windy atmospheric condition
6.2 –Disadvantage of drip irrigation-
 High cost-
drip irrigation systems are expensive because of there requirements of large quantity of
piping & filtration equipment to clean the water.
 Waste-
The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life.
Longevity is variable.
 Expense-
Initial cost can be more than overhead systems.
 Clogging-
If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly maintained, it can
result in clogging.
 This method is not suitable for closely planted crops such as wheat
 Drip irrigation requires an economic Investment.
 Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. You'll need to plan for drip tape
winding, disposal, recycling or reuse.
 Shallow root depth.
 Drip irrigation requires maintenance and high-quality water.
 Safety
Drip tubing may be lifted by wind or may be displaced by animals unless the drip tape
is covered with mulch, fastened with wire anchor pins or lightly covered with soil.
 Water-application pattern must match planting pattern.
 Leak repair
Drip lines can be easily cut or damaged by other farming operations, such as tilling,
transplanting, or manual weeding with a hoe. Damage to drip tape caused by insects,
rodents or birds may create large leaks that also require repair.
 CHAPTER - 7

CONCLISION
 Drip irrigation is a latest sub-surface methods of irrigating water with higher water
demands in arid region. It may not be applicable to all farms. Yet, when properly
designed, installed and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by
reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such
as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant
roots. In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact
with the foliage. It also results reduced energy costs.

 Drip irrigation system is an economical and very efficient system of irrigating for
vegetables, row crops etc.

 Drip irrigation increase yields

 Drip irrigation is a latest sub-surface method of irrigating water with higher water
demands in arid region.
 REFRENCES
 Eric Simonne, Robert Hochmuth, Jacque Breman, William Lamont, Danielle Treadwell and
Aparna Gazula ( June 2008), Drip Irrigation System for Small Conventional Vegetable Farms and
Organic Vegetable Farms, Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Co-operative Extension
Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, HS 1144.

 R.S. Saksena, Consultant Planning Commission and Chief Engineer (MI, Retd.), Ministry of Water
Resources, Government of India, New Delhi.

 R. Goyal, Megh (2012). Management of drip/trickle or micro irrigation. Oakville, CA: Apple
Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1926895123.