Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. Water (1.94 slugs/ft3) flows steadily in a horizontal pipe and exit as a free jet through an
end cap that contains a filter as shown in Figure. The axial component, Ry, of the anchoring
force needed to keep the end cap stationary is 60 lb. Determine (a) x-component of the
anchoring force Rx, (b) the pressure at inlet (hint: use y-momentum equation) and (c) head
loss for the flow through the end cap.

2. The viscous, incompressible flow between the parallel plates shown in Figure is caused by
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
both the motion of the bottom plate and a constant pressure gradient 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 . Assuming steady,
2D, and parallel flow and using differential analysis: (a) Show that the flow is fully
developed using continuity equation; (b) Find the velocity profile 𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) using Navier-
Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions; (c) Find wall shear stress at bottom
wall; and (d) Find the flow rate (hint: 𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and assume constant width w).
Explicitly state all assumptions.
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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3. The pressure drop, Δ𝑝𝑝, along a straight pipe of diameter 𝐷𝐷 has been experimentally studied,
and it is observed that for laminar flow a given fluid and pipe, the pressure drop varies with
the distance, 𝑙𝑙, between pressure taps. Assume that Δ𝑝𝑝 is a function of 𝐷𝐷 and 𝑙𝑙, the velocity,
𝑉𝑉, and the fluid viscosity, 𝜇𝜇. Use dimensional analysis to (a) determine the pi terms.
Assuming linear relationship between the pi terms (𝜋𝜋1 = 𝜙𝜙(𝜋𝜋2 ) = 𝐾𝐾𝜋𝜋2 where K is
constant), (b) deduce how the pressure drop varies with pipe diameter.
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (1)
(a) continuity

𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄𝑄2

𝐴𝐴1 0.12
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑉1 = 10 = 12 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴2 0.10 +2
x-momentum:

� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑢𝑢 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛 d𝐴𝐴

−𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = (−𝑉𝑉2 cos 30)𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2

𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 𝐴𝐴2 cos 30

𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 1.94 × 122 × 0.10 × cos 30 = 24.2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 +2.5

(b) y-momentum

� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑣𝑣 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛 d𝐴𝐴

𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝜌𝜌(−𝑉𝑉1 )𝐴𝐴1 + (−𝑉𝑉2 sin 30)𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2

𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 = −𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 𝐴𝐴2 sin 30 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 = 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 − 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴1 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2 sin 30)

𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 = 60 − 1.94 × 0.12 × 10(10 + 12 sin 30) = 22.8 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

22.8
𝑝𝑝1 = = 190 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2 +2.5
0.12
(c) energy

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉22

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑝𝑝 + ℎ𝐿𝐿
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔

Horizontal pipe 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2 , 𝑝𝑝2 = 0, and ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 0

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑉𝑉22

+ = + ℎ𝐿𝐿
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑉22 190 102 − 122 +3

ℎ𝐿𝐿 = + = + = 2.36 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 1.94 × 32.2 2 × 32.2
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (2)

Assumptions:
𝜕𝜕
- steady: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0

𝜕𝜕
- 2D flow: 𝑤𝑤 = 0; 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0

- Parallel flow: 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑤𝑤 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
- 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = constant

(a) Continuity

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

+ + =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 +1
+0+0=0 → =0 → 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(b) x-momentum equation

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢

𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 � = 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 + 2 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
0=− + 𝜇𝜇 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦

𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= +3
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Integrate twice

1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 +1
𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2
2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Apply boundary conditions

𝑦𝑦 = 0 → 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑈𝑈 → 𝑐𝑐2 = 𝑈𝑈

1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑈𝑈 +2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 → 𝑢𝑢 = 0 → 0= � � 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐1 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑈𝑈 → 𝑐𝑐1 = − � � 𝑏𝑏 −
2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑏𝑏
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Therefore,

1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦
𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = � � (𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) + 𝑈𝑈 �1 − �
2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑏𝑏

(c) Shear stress at bottom wall

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑈𝑈
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜇𝜇 = � � (2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑏𝑏) − 𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑏𝑏

𝑏𝑏 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑈𝑈
𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝜏𝜏(0) = − � � − 𝜇𝜇 +1.5
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑏𝑏
(d) Flow rate
𝑏𝑏
𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 3 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏 1 2 𝑏𝑏
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤 � 𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � � 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 � + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 �𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 �
0 2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 2 0 2𝑏𝑏 0

𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 3 1 3 1 𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 = � � � 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏 � + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 �𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏� = − � � 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 +1.5
2𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 2 2 12𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (3)

a) Assumptions: the problem is only a function of the given dimensional variables.

Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓(𝐷𝐷, 𝑙𝑙, 𝑉𝑉, 𝜇𝜇)

Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿−2 ; 𝐷𝐷 = 𝐿𝐿; 𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿; 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 ; 𝜇𝜇 = 𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿−2 𝑇𝑇 +1

𝑘𝑘 = 5 − 3 = 2 +1
The repeating variables are 𝐷𝐷, 𝜇𝜇, and 𝑉𝑉; adding each remaining variable in turn, we find the Pi
terms:

Π1 = 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 𝜇𝜇 𝑐𝑐 Δ𝑝𝑝 = (𝐿𝐿)𝑎𝑎 (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑏𝑏 (𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿−2 𝑇𝑇)𝑐𝑐 (𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿−2 ) = 𝐹𝐹 0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝑐𝑐 + 1 = 0

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2 = 0

−𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0

Therefore

𝑐𝑐 = −1, 𝑏𝑏 = −1 and 𝐷𝐷 = 1

Δ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Π1 = +3
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

Solving for next pi term

Π2 = 𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 𝜇𝜇 𝑐𝑐 L = (𝐿𝐿)𝑎𝑎 (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑏𝑏 (𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿−2 𝑇𝑇)𝑐𝑐 (𝐿𝐿) = 𝐹𝐹 0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝑐𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝑎 + 1 = 0

−𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0

Therefore

𝑙𝑙
Π2 = +3
𝐷𝐷
Finally,
Name:----------------- Exam 1 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Δ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙
= 𝜙𝜙 � �
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐷𝐷

b) Assuming linear relationship between pi terms

Δ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙
= 𝜙𝜙 � � = 𝐾𝐾
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷

1
Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝐷𝐷2
Therefore

1
Δ𝑝𝑝 ∝ +2
𝐷𝐷2
Alternative Approach:

a) The repeating variables are 𝑙𝑙, 𝜇𝜇, and 𝑉𝑉; adding each remaining variable in turn, we find the Pi
terms:

Δ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 +3
Π1 =
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

𝐷𝐷
Π2 = +3
𝑙𝑙
b)

Δ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷
= 𝐾𝐾
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑙𝑙

1
Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑙𝑙 2
Δ𝑝𝑝 ∝ 𝐷𝐷 +2