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PROCEDURE FOR
MAGNETIC PARTICAL TESTING
PMT/QM/MEP/004 Page 1 of 25
Contents:
1. Purpose
2. Scope
3. References
4. Abbreviations and Terms
5. Responsibilities
6. General
6.1. Personnel qualification
6.2. Pre-test information
6.3. Surface conditions and preparation
6.4. Applicability
6.5. Requirements of Magnetic Particles and its application
6.6. Methods and Types of Magnetization and Current
6.7. Magnetic Field strength and Adequacy
6.8. Magnetizing
6.9. Application techniques
6.10. Detection media
6.11. Viewing conditions
6.12. Application of detection media
6.13. Overall performance test
6.14. False indications
6.15. Recording of indications
6.16. Demagnetization
6.17. Test report
6.18. Examination
6.19. Record
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1.0 Purpose:
2.0 Scope:
Variations in the basic techniques that will provide higher or lower test
sensitivity are described in Annex A.
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EN 23278: Non-Destructive Testing of Welds- Magnetic Particle Testing Of
weld – Acceptance levels.
EN ISO 17638: Non-Destructive Testing of Welds- Magnetic Particle Testing
5.0 Responsibilities:
6.0 General:
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6.3 Surface conditions and preparation:
6.4 Applicability:
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Wet particle examination requires a medium such as
conditioned water or light petroleum distillate to suspend
fluorescent or non –fluorescent particles. Use of Magnetic ink
in readymade Aerosol can only be permitted for this purpose.
Colors permitted in case of fluorescent are greenish – yellow
when viewed under black light and for non fluorescent it is
black or reddish brown. The wet particles are used maximum
up to temperature of 55 ͦ C.
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6.6 Methods and Types of Magnetization and Current:
6.8 Magnetizing:
Electromagnetic yokes;
Current flow equipment with prods;
Adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.
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The use of direct current-magnetization or permanent magnets shall
be specified prior to testing.
Yokes are meant for generation of longitudinal magnetic field, and these
are electromagnets. Yokes are characterized for their magnetic field
strength based on their lifting capacity. Yoke shall have lifting capacity
of 4.5kg minimum for AC and 18.1 kg minimum for DC at their
maximum pole spacing of 6 inch which shall be checked as when
required or on daily basis.
Verification of the magnetic field strength shall be carried out using one
of the following methods:
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NOTE: Flux indicators, placed in contact with the surface being tested, can
provide a guide to the magnitude and direction of the tangential field,
but should not be used to verify that the field strength is acceptable.
α is the angle between the magnetic field and the direction of the
imperfection.
αmin is the minimum angle for imperfection detection.
αi is an example of imperfection orientation.
Figure 1 -Directions of detectable imperfections
Key
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To ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be
magnetized in two directions approximately perpendicular to each other
with a maximum deviation of 30°. This can be achieved using one or more
magnetization methods.
When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the
vicinity of each pole piece or tip that will be impossible to test due to
excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as furring of
particles.
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d is the yoke/prod separation
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Key
1 effective area
2 overlap
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6.10 Detection media
6.10.1 General
a) Real imperfections;
b) Photograph;
c) Replica.
After the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall
be applied by spraying, flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during
the magnetization. Following this, time shall be allowed for indications to
form before removal of the magnetic field.
The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real
imperfections of known type, location, size and size-distribution. Where
these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial imperfections,
or flux shunting indicators of the cross or shim-type may be used.
The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting
from previous tests.
False indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for
many reasons, such as undercut and changes in magnetic permeability
in, e.g., the heat affected zone. Where masking is suspected the test
surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.
a) Description in writing;
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b) Sketches;
c) Photography;
f) Peelable contrast-aids;
g) Video recording;
i) Magnetic tapes;
j) Electronic scanning.
6.16 Demagnetization:
Remove all magnetic medium from the surface after the examination by
either of the following methods.
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magnetic material used for examination
Surface condition
Demagnetizing
Post cleaning
Date of Testing;
Type of Joint;
Material Thickness
Welding Process
acceptance levels;
6.18 Examination:
Once indication has developed then start removing the excess medium
requirements.
6.20 Record:
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Annex # A
Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing
Surfaces covered with a thin non-magnetic paint e.g. a primer may also be
tested, provided the paint surface is unbroken and the thickness of the
coating does not exceed 50 IJm. Above this thickness the sensitivity of the
method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive
before proceeding with the test.
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A.3 Magnetic field strength and
permeability
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Attachment 1 – Electromagnetic Yoke Technique
1. Scope
This procedure covers the use of an Alternating Current (AC) yoke for
the examination of ferrous materials for surface indications using wet or
dry particles and the continuous method.
2. Equipment
Dry powder shall be chosen to provide the greatest contrast between the
powder and the background. It is recommended to apply a light application
of white paint before application of the wet visible technique.
3. Procedure:
The yoke shall be placed in contact with the surface to be examined and
energized.
While maintaining the magnetic field, apply the magnetic particles so that a
light, uniform coating settles on the examination surface.
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For the dry technique, while maintaining the magnetic field, remove the
excess particles by using a low pressure air stream from a hand actuated
rubber bulb. For the wet technique, allow the solution to drain from the
part while maintaining the magnetic field.
For the wet fluorescent technique, the black light shall be warmed up for
5 minutes prior to the examination and external visible light shall be
excluded from the examination area.
4. Direction of Magnetization
Two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area. The yoke shall
be placed so the magnetic field during the second examination is
approximately perpendicular (90°) to the field of the first examination
forming an "X" pattern. The legs of the yoke shall be positioned for maximum
contact with the surface being tested.
For welds on flat surfaces, the yoke shall be placed across the weld at an
angle of 30°-45° from the long axis of the weld. The second examination shall
be perpendicular to the first.
For examining circumferential (pipe) and fillet welds, the yoke shall be
initially positioned so the legs straddle the weld or the area of interest and
the applied field is perpendicular to the long axis of the weld. For the second
examination, the yoke legs shall be positioned parallel to the long axis of the
weld, on the crown of the weld or immediately beside the weld. Caution shall
be exercised when performing successive shot to note the position of the
legs (poles) on the previous shot. Assure the area of the established field
sufficiently overlaps the area of the previous field, especially at the pole
positions of the previous field.
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5. Examination Coverage
Yoke leg spacing shall be between a minimum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) and a
maximum of 8 inches (203.2 mm). Shorter spacing may be used to
compensate for the geometry of the area being examined or to increase
sensitivity, but leg spacing less than 3 inches (76.2 mm) is not recommended
due to the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field at the poles.
6 Inspection:
The surface to be tested and 1 inch (25.4 mm) of additional adjacent area
shall be examined for evidence of particle accumulations. Interpret and
evaluate all indications to the appropriate acceptance criteria after each
examination.
Remove all residual magnetic particle materials from the part examined.
Perform a visual inspection to assure the post cleaning operation was
thorough and complete and the part was not damaged.
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