ADVANCED HIGHER MATHEMATICS | UNIT 1 OUTCOME 1 HE BINOMJAL THEOREM “The binomial theorem allows us to expand expressions of the form (x + y)" The binomial theorem can be investigated as follows. (1) Consider (x+y) (+391 We will record this as "1". Q) Consider (x +)" (ery) axty We will record the coefficients of this expansion as "1 1". (3) Consider (x+y)? (x+y) = (+ y+ ¥) ax? 2Qxy4y? We will record the coefficients of this expansion as "1 2 1" (4) Consider (x+ y)?. (+3) = + ty)? (x4 y)a? + 2xy + y*) = x(x? +2xy ty?) + p(x? +2. 3) ax 42x? y toy? +x? pt day? $y? 5 ex aacyt3y?+y ‘We will record the coefficients of this expansion as "J 33.1".(5) Consider (x vy (x+y) = (r+ vets)? =(x+ ya? +3x7y + Bay? +9") 2G + 3x7y 4 3ay? sy?) + yQ? + Bx?y + Bay? + y*) 4 axty 43 xeys3 Buy + yt =x + 4x3 y+ 6x? y?+4xy? + yt We will record the coefficients in this expansion as "1 46 41" PASCAL'S TRIANGLE The coefficients in the previous expansions can be recorded in a triangular array as follows: (n=0) 1 This triangular array of numbers is known as Pascal's triangle and can be extended indefinitely. Every row starts and ends with 1 and each number inbetween is the sum of the two adjacent numbers in the row above. The coefficients in every row are also symmetrical. The triangle can be extended to give the coefficients for n = 5 as follows: (n=0) : (n=1) rod (=2) poz2844.29 -(-a)+6-2? -(-a)? +4:2-(-a)? + (-a)* 6-32a+ 24a? -8a° +a" xample 4 (2x +5)? = (2x)? +3-¢ = 82° + 60x? +150x +125 Example 5 (Be —2d)* = (3c)* +4: Be)? -(-2d) + 6 - (Be)? -(-2d)? +4-3e-(-2d)? + (-2a)* =8le* - 216c°d + 216c7d* - 96cd* + 16d* YOU CAN NOW ATTEMPT THE WORKSHEET "THE BINOMIAL THEOREM 1".Example 6 (x? +3) = (7) 44-(7)) 3 46-(27)? 3? 44-4723? =x 12x64 54x* +1082" +81 Example 7 42 2) a(t) +4-Q?y (-2)-60r (-2) 46-x7 \ x, x x) oe caat (Zoos east (SB) ei ces (2x? + 3)* = (2x7) +4. (2x7)? -34.6-(2x7)? 3? 44-2573? 434 = 16x + 96x* + 216x* +216x? +81Worked Example 10 Find the coefficient of x* in the expansion of (2x ~3)(x Solution (x42) a x8 + 5ex4 2410-07-27 10-27 2? + 52x 2% =x' +10x* +40x° + 80x? + 80x +32 (2x -3)(x +2)? =(2x—3)(x° +102" + 40x? + 80x" + 80x + 32) Term in x° = 2x-80x? -3-40x° =160x° -120x* = 40x" Hence the coefficient of x* is 40. [Note that it is not necessary to expand (2x ~3)(x + 2)* fully to obtain the coef of one particular term.] Worked Example 11 Expand fully (x + 3)(x-2)° (-2)+3-x-(-2)? +(-2° 2x-8 (x +3)e- 2)" = (x + 3)(2? - 6x? +12x-8) = x(x? - 6x? +12x-8) + 3(x* - 6x? +12x-8) YOU CAN NOW ATTEMPT THE WORKSHEET “THE BINOMIAL THEOREM 2".