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Phys

315: Photonics
Energy of a Quantum: Ratio of Stimulated Emission to
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 Spontaneous Emission:
Wave Equation for Electromagnetic (𝑑𝑁S /𝑑𝑡)PWXY 1
=
Waves: (𝑑𝑁S /𝑑𝑡)PZ[\ ℎ𝑓
exp −1
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓 𝑘𝑇
Transition Rates: Irradiance (Intensity):
- Stimulated Absorption: 𝑃
𝐼=
𝑑𝑁L 𝐴
= −𝐵LS 𝑁L 𝜌(𝑓) Beer-Lambert’s Law:
𝑑𝑡 NOP
- Stimulated Emission: 𝐼 = 𝐼y 𝑒 {|} ~
𝑑𝑁S Intensity of Laser Light:
= −𝐵SL 𝑁S 𝜌(𝑓) 𝑔S 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝑑𝑡 PWXY 𝐼 = 𝐼y exp 𝑁S − 𝑁L 𝑧
- Spontaneous Emission: 𝑔L 4𝜋 S 𝑓 S ∆𝑓
𝑑𝑁S 1 Gain Coefficient:
= −𝐴SL 𝑁S 𝐴SL =
𝑑𝑡 PZ[\ 𝜏 𝑔S 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝛾 𝑓 = 𝑁S − 𝑁L
Thermal Equilibrium: 𝑔L 4𝜋 S 𝑓 S ∆𝑓
𝑑𝑁L 𝑑𝑁S Population Inversion:
= = 0 𝑔S
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑁 = 𝑁S − 𝑁L > 0
𝐵X` 𝑁X 𝜌 𝑓 = −𝐵`X 𝑁` 𝜌 𝑓 − 𝐴`X 𝑁` 𝑔L
Planck Radiation Law: Stimulated Emission Cross-Section
8𝜋ℎ𝑓 f 1 Parameter:
𝜌 𝑓 = 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝑐f ℎ𝑓
exp −1 𝜎 𝑓 = S S
𝑘i 𝑇 4𝜋 𝑓 ∆𝑓
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Threshold Gain Coefficient:
- Non-degenerate: 1 1
𝑁S 𝐸S − 𝐸L ℎ𝑓 𝛾†‡ = 𝑘 + ln
= exp − = exp − 2𝐿 𝑅L 𝑅S
𝑁L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝑘i 𝑇 Broadening Mechanisms:
- Degenerate: Δ𝑓 Δ𝜆
𝑁L = 𝑔L 𝑛L 𝑁S = 𝑔S 𝑛S =−
𝑓 𝜆
𝑁S 𝑔S 𝐸S − 𝐸L 𝑔S ℎ𝑓 - Natural Broadening:
= exp − = exp −
𝑁L 𝑔L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝑔L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝐴SL 1
∆𝑓Œ = =
Relative Population (Thermal 2𝜋 2𝜋𝜏
Equilibrium): - Collision (Pressure) Broadening:
𝑁S 𝐵LS 𝜌(𝑓) 2 2𝜋𝑑 S 𝑃𝑣
= ∆𝑓• =
𝑁L 𝐴SL + 𝐵SL 𝜌(𝑓) 𝑘i 𝑇
Einstein’s Coefficients: - Doppler Broadening:
𝐴SL 8𝜋ℎ𝑓 f
= 8𝑘i ln 2
𝐵SL 𝑐f ∆𝑓• = 𝑓y
- Non-degenerate: 𝑚𝑐 S
𝐵SL = 𝐵SL
- Degenerate:
𝑔L 𝐵LS = 𝑔S 𝐵SL
Gaussian Beam: Laser Resonators
- Gaussian Intensity: - Stability:
2𝑟 S 𝑑
𝐼 = 𝐼y exp − S 𝑔L = 1 −
𝑤 𝑟L
- Radius of Curvature: 𝑑
𝑔S = 1 −
𝜋𝑤yS
S 𝑟S
𝑅 𝑧 =𝑧 1+ 0 ≤ 𝑔L 𝑔S ≥ 1
𝜆𝑧
Refracted Beam
- Spot Size: - Snell’s Law:
S L/S
𝜆𝑧 𝑛L 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃L = 𝑛S 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃S
𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑤y 1 + Fresnel’s Laws
𝜋𝑤yS
- Electric field amplitudes ratios at
o Beam Waist: different parameters:
𝜆𝐿 𝐸›P sin 𝜃X − 𝜃W
𝑤y = =−
2𝜋 𝐸XP sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝐸›Z tan 𝜃X − 𝜃W
- Rayleigh Range: =−
𝜋𝑤yS 𝐸XZ tan 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝑧“ = 𝐸WP 2sin𝜃W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝜆 =
𝐸XP sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝜆𝐿 𝐸›Z 2sin𝜃W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑤 𝑧“ = 2𝑤y = =
𝜋 𝐸XZ sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W cos (𝜃X − 𝜃W )
o Confocal Parameter: - Amount of reflected and refracted
𝑏 = 2𝑧“ light in various planes of
- Beam Divergence: incidence:
𝑤 𝜆 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X − 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝜃= = 𝑟P = = 𝑡P − 1
𝑧 𝜋𝑤y nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
- Relations: 2 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑡P = = 𝑟P + 1
𝑧S + 𝑧L = 𝐿 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝑧“ S nS 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X − 𝑛L 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝑅 𝑧S = 𝑧S 1 + = 𝑏S 𝑟Z =
𝑧S nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑧“ S 2 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑅 𝑧L = 𝑧L 1 + = 𝑏L 𝑡Z =
𝑧L nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
Coherence Reflectivity:
- Coherence Time: 𝐸›P
𝑟P =
𝜏• = 1/Δ𝑓 𝐸XP
- Coherence Length: 𝐸›Z
𝑐 𝑟Z =
𝐿• = 𝑐𝜏• = 𝐸XZ
∆𝑓 Reflectance:
Laser Mode (longitudinal mode) 𝐸›P S
- Resonance frequency: 𝑅P = = 𝑟PS
𝑚𝑣 𝐸XP
𝑓= 𝐸›Z
S
2𝐿 𝑅Z = = 𝑟•S
𝐸XZ

- Reflection at normal incidence: - Relative Refractive Index:
𝑛S − 𝑛L S 𝑛P
𝑅 = 𝑅P = 𝑅Z ≈ 𝑛›º =
𝑛S + 𝑛L 𝑛O
Transmittance and Transmittivity: - Polarizability of the Particle:
𝑛W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W 𝑛±S
𝑇 = 𝑡S −1 S
𝑛X 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X 𝑛OS 𝑛›º −1 f
𝛼= S 𝑎f = S 𝑎
Lambert’s Law: 𝑛± 𝑛›º + 2
+2
𝐼 = 𝐼y 𝑒 {Ÿ 𝑛OS
𝐼(𝑙) - Magnitude of Wave Vector:
𝑇= 2𝜋𝑛O
𝐼[
𝑘=
Beer’s Law: 𝜆
𝐼 - Scattering Cross-Section:
ln = 𝜀𝑐𝑙 8𝜋𝑘 ¸ 𝛼 S
𝐼y 𝜎± =
Absorbance: 3
S
𝐼y 𝜀𝑐𝑙 8𝜋𝑎S 𝑥 ¸ 𝛼 S 𝑛›º −1
A = log ≈ 𝜎± = S 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑎
𝐼 2.303 3 𝑛›º + 2
A = 2 − log %𝑇 - Scattering Efficiency:
𝐼 S
8𝑥 ¸ 𝑛›º −1
%𝑇 = ×100% 𝜎± =
𝐼y 3 𝑛›º S
+ 2
Optical Density: Reduced Scattering Coefficient:
𝐴
𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜇P¼ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑔)
𝐿 Optical Depth:
Size of Scattering Parameter P

2𝜋𝑎 𝑥 ≪ 1 Rayleigh Scattering 𝑑= 𝛼W 𝑑𝑠′


𝑥= = 𝑥~1 Mie Scattering y
𝜆 𝑥 ≫ 1 Geometric Scattering Probability Function:
Scattering Efficiency: - Coefficient of Anisotropy:
𝜎± 𝑝 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜔
𝑄P = 𝑔 = ¸¿
𝜎² 𝑝 𝜃 𝑑𝜔
¸¿
𝛼P = 𝑁P 𝜎P 𝑔 = 1 Purely Forward Scattering
Combined Absorption and Scattering: 𝑔 = −1 Purely Backward Scattering
Turbid Media 𝑔 = 0 Isotropic Scattering
𝐼 = 𝐼y exp − 𝜇µ + 𝜇± 𝑙 𝑑𝜔 = sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
- Optical Albedo: - Henyey-Greenstein Phase
𝜇±
𝜇≡ Function:
𝜇µ + 𝜇± 1 − 𝑔S
Rayleigh Scattering: 𝑝 𝜃 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 ~𝜆{¸ 1 + 𝑔S − 2𝑔 cos 𝜃 f/S
Mie Scattering: Critical Angle:
𝑛L
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 ~𝜆{¹ 𝜃Â = sin{L 𝑛S > 𝑛L
𝑛S
0.4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.5
Relative Refractive Index:
Rayleigh Theory for Single Scatterer 𝑛Â[›º − 𝑛 NÃÃX\Ä
- Scattered Light Intensity: Δ𝑛› =
𝑛Â[›º
1 + cos S 𝜃 𝑘 ¸ 𝛼 S
𝐼= 𝐼y
2𝑟 S
Acceptance Angle: Maxwell’s Equations:
- Gauss’ Law for Electricity:
S
𝑛Â[›º − 𝑛ÂS NÃÃX\Ä 1
𝜃YN¹ = sin{L ∇ ⋅ 𝑬 = 𝜌
𝑛y 𝜖y
Numerical Aperture: - Gauss’ Law for Magnetism:
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛y sin 𝜃YN¹ ∇ ⋅ 𝑩 = 0
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛Â[›º 2Δ𝑛› - Faraday’s Law:
Skip Distance: 𝜕𝑩
∇×𝑬 = −
S
𝑛Â[›º 𝜕𝑡
𝐿P = 𝑑 − 1 - Ampere’s Law:
𝑛y sin 𝜃X S
𝜕𝑬
- Number of Reflections ∇×𝑩 = 𝜖y 𝜇y
𝜕𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 =
𝐿P The students are permitted to use these
Number of Modes: formula sheets during the exams.
S
1 𝜋𝑑
𝑚= 𝑁𝐴 Noted by:
2 𝜆
- Single Mode (𝑚 < 2):
𝑑 2
< (Theoretical)
𝜆 𝜋𝑁𝐴
𝑑 2.4
< (Actual)
𝜆 𝜋𝑁𝐴
Dispersion in Single Mode Fiber: Engr. Angelina A. Silverio, MSc.
- Group Velocity:
𝑑𝜔 𝑐
𝑣² = =
𝑑𝑘 𝑛²
2𝜋𝑐
𝜔=
𝜆
2𝜋
𝑘= 𝑛
𝜆
𝑑𝑛
𝑛² = 𝑛 − 𝜆
𝑑𝜆
- Propagation Delay per km path
length:
1
𝜏² =
𝑣²
- Material Dispersion Coefficient 𝐷
𝜕𝜏² 𝜆 𝜕S𝑛
𝐷= =−
𝜕𝜆 𝑐 𝜕𝜆S
- Difference in Travel Time
𝐿 𝑑𝑛²
Δ𝑡ÂÈ›[YNWXÂ = Δ𝜆
𝑐 𝑑𝜆
𝐿 𝑑S 𝑛
Δ𝑡ÂÈ›[YNWXÂ = − 𝜆 S Δ𝜆
𝑐 𝑑𝜆

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