Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Designed by:
1. Hailu Tesfaye
2. Kabtamu Getachew
3. Henok Kebede
4. Takelle Hika
Acknowledgement
First of all our thank goes to God for giving un limited things.Secondly,thanks to our Advisor ,Ato
Yonas T/Haimanot for giving us critical advices through out the project work & indicated us the practical
works of Engineering being done. Thirdly, to our department for giving us this project & providing computer
resources. Other people & organization giving information & material.Mu librarian, Mowel supplying reference
books on behalf of Mekelle University,Ackir construction company constructing building in MU, giving us
some construction materials used currently in building structure. At Last but not least, thanks to our parents for
giving their countless material & moral support.
MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 4
SPECIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1 ROOF DESIGN................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON THE ROOF & DESIGN LOAD ON ROOF ............................................................ 7
1.2 DESIGN OF THE EAGA SHEET ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.3 DESIGN OF THE LATTICE PURLIN ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Check for aducacy of members in purlin lattice truss ………… 17
1.4 DESIGN OF THE ROOF TRUSS ............................................................................................................................ 19
1.4.1 CHECK FOR ADEQUACY OF TRUSS MEMBERS ........................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1 .SLAB DESIGN.............................................................................................................................................. 23
2.2. DESIGN OF STAIR ............................................................................................................................................ 42
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON THE WALL OF THE BUILDING.............................................................. 48
3.2 EARTH QUAKE FORCE ANALYS............................................................................................................ 52
3.2.1 DETERMINATIONS OF EARTH QUAKE LOAD ................................................................................................... 52
3.2.2 MASS CENTER CALCULATION OF THE BUILDING FOR THE......................................................... 53
EARTH QUAKE LOAD CALCULATION ........................................................................................................ 53
3.2.3 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FLOOR LEVEL FORCES TO EACH FOR DIFFERENT DIRECTION OF EARTH QUAKE LOAD
AMONG EACH FRAMES ACCORDING TO THEIR STIFFNESS ( D_ VALUE .................................................................. 63
3.2.4 CALCULATION OF RIGIDITY OR STIFFNESS.................................................................................... 63
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................................. 84
4.0 DESIGN OF BEAMS,COLUMNS,FOUNDATION FOOTING .................................................................................... 84
4.1 THE DESIGN OF BEAM .............................................................................................................................. 84
4.1.1.Design of beam For flexure ................................................................................................................. 84
4.1.2.DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR ....................................................................................................................... 90
4.2 DESIGN OF COLUMN .................................................................................................................................. 94
4.2.1 FRAME STABILTY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 95
4.2.2 DESIGN OF ISOLATED COLUMN........................................................................................................ 110
4.3) DESIGN OF FOUNDATION...................................................................................................................... 118
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................................. 128
5. BILL OF QUANTITY PREPARATION & TOTAL COST ESTIMATION .......................................... 128
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................................. 132
6.RESULTS ,CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................... 132
REFERCES......................................................................................................................................................... 133
MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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INTRODUCTION
Since ever increasing of population in our town, Mekelle, the people need residential houses, with low
cost. For the progress of low cost houses, three kind of economic & safety assessment being done for three kind
of slabs, namely solid slab, ribbed slab, precast ribbed slab, from the three our group works on solid slab design
building and its approximate cost. This project enable us in order to compile previous course of structure
specially theory of structure, reinforced concrete, structural design & to develop good engineering judgment
using our previous knowledge & working in group habit is developed & to solve current residential problems
The other thing the project furnish enough time for good understanding of uncertainties during previous
MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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learning using our respected advisors, sharing ideas that are reasonable, and using our code, Ethiopian Building
Code standard ,1995(1,2,3…………….,8).
The design was done in the following steps
¾ Roof design
¾ Suspended slab design(first floor, second floor, third floor)&Vertical load transfer
¾ lateral load analysis( earth quake, wind load)
¾ Feeding data and drawing obtained from previous steps to sap 2000
¾ Design of beam , column, foundation & detail drawing of reinforcement
¾ Calculating quantity of each structural component from design results
¾ .Market assessment of each material in current time and determining unit cost & determine the
total cost select the feasible structure from the three alternatives described previously.
Specification
Purpose – Residential building G+3 reinforced concrete solid slab
METHOD OF DESIGN- Limit state design method
Material – Concrete – 25, class – I works
Steel S – 300 deformed bars
RHS for roof truss and purl in
EGA- 300 for roof cover is used.
Partial safety factors – concrete γc=1.5
Steel γs=1.15
Unit weight of concrete γc=24KN/m3
Supporting ground condition = allowable bearing capacity of 280KPa
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MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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CHAPTER ONE
1) ROOF DESIGN
1.1 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON THE ROOF
Roof type: The roof type is a doupitch roof type which is unsymmetrical about the ridge line as shown in
the lay below. Quasi_static method is used for the analysis of wind load. For Cd< 1.2(dynamic coefficient .
EBCS 1, 1995).
Ridge line
θ =12.4° θ=15°
0.5m 5m 4m 0.5m
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Qref =½ *ρair*v²ref ,where ρair is the density of air at a given altitude, in our case Mekelle falls at an altitude of
1500m amsl, ρair =1Kg/m³
Vref is the reference wind speed, Vref =CALT*CDIR*CTEM *Vref,o
Where CALT= 1
CDIR= 1
CTEM =1
Vref,o =22m/s
Vref=1*1*1*22m/s=22m/s
Qref=½*1*22² =242N/m
COEFFICIENT CALCULATION
EXPOSURE COEFFICIENT,ce(z) =Cr²(z)*Ct²(z)*(1+7kt/cr(z)*Ct(z))
The building falls in category 3, this implies kt=0.22, Zo (m) =0.3m, Zmin=8m
Ct=topography coefficient =1(assuming the area is topographically unaffected
Cr (z) =roughness coefficient = kTln(Z/Zo) ,Zmin≤ Z ≤ 200m
Cr (z) =Cr (Zmin), Z<Zmin
Where z=the reference height =13021m >zmin and< 200m
6.61m
14.8m
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I J H Wind direction
θ=00
ridge G
e= min. 2h=26.42m
b = 28m,→e=26.42m
Area of each zone is greater than 10m², take cpe, 10
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F
e/4=2.5m
H I
2m
G
3m G’
H’
I’
F
e/4 =2.5m
e/10=5m 4m 23m
b=10m
e= min b=10m
2h=26.42m
e=10m
F G H I
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MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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1.9m
Mmax=1.904*1.9/4+0.0728*1.92/8=0.937KN/m-m
2) DL+distributed LL (qk) =1.3DL+1.6qk
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0.4632KN/m2
Mmax=0.4682*1.92/8=0.21KN-m/m
3) DL+wind load
3.1) Pd=1.3*DL+1.6*suction wind load
=1.3*0.056-1.6*1.325=-2.05KN/m2
-2.05KN/m2
Mmax=-2.05*1.92/8=0.925KN-m/m
Axial force=0.0123*1.3=0.016KN/m2
1.9m
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ST30=30*30*3mm3
φ16 ribbed bars
260mm
ST30=30*30*3mm3
φ16 ribbed bars
260
θ
200 200
Note: all dimensions in mm.
Section properties
Weight wt=2.36Kg/m
A=3.01cm2
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I=3.5cm4
S=2.34cm3
r =1.08cm
r= √(2002+2202) =297.32mm
θ=tan-1(220/200) =47.730
Total length of φ16 bars will be:
L1=22*297.32=6541.1mm for 5m span length and
L2=18*297.32=5351.8mm for 4m span length.
l
220mm
260mm
220mm l
160mm
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1.904 KN/m2
0.525KN/m2
R1 R2
1.9m
R1=R2=1.904/2+1.9*0.525/2=0.952KN/m (concentrated) +0.499KN/m (distributed)
⇒ 2R1=1.904KN/m (concentrated) +1KN/m (distributed) along y-direction.
There fore the reaction on the lattice purlin vertically =2R1=2.954KN/m.
Along X-direction=0.016KN/m2+0.42KN/m2.
The distributed loads from the sheet are assumed to be carried by the upper nodes equally while the
concentrated one is assumed to act at the center of the purlin.
For the 5m span length:
Distributed load reaction=1KN/m*5m=5KN
Load per node=5/13=0.385KN
Concentrated load reaction per meter width of the sheet=1.904KN/m.
=1.904*0.823=1.57KN at the center of the span.
Therefore the central node carries 0.385+1.57=1.952KN.
For the 4m span length:
Distributed load reaction=1KN/m*4m=4KN
Load per node=4/10 =0.4KN
Concentrated load reaction=1.904KN/m=1.904*0.823=1.57KN at the center.
⇒ The central node carries 1.57+0.4=1.934KN.
The reactions per node along X-axis for span length of 5m will be 0.016*0.03*5/13=0.0002KN. Or
0.0005KN/m and the concentrated load will be 0.42KN/m=0.42KN/m*0.823m=0.346KN at the center of the
span length.
Similarly the reactions per node along X- direction for 4m span length will be:
0.0005KN/10= 0.0002KN and the concentrated load will be 0.346KN at the centre of the span.
0.385KN 0.385 KN 0.385KN 0.385KN 1.952KN 1.952KN 0.385KN 0.385KN 0.385KN 0.385KN
R
R
0.02KN on each node
40 260 11@400 260 40
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0.364KN 0.364KN 0.364KN 0.364KN 1.934KN 1.934KN 0.364KN 0.364KN 0.364KN 0.364KN
R R
0.02KN on each node
40 160 9@400 160 40
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B =30mm
t = 3mm
Here b = d =30-2*3 =24mm
d/tw 24/ 3= 8 <33∈ =33*0.924=30.5, there fore the section is class 1
N COM, Rd = 301*275*10-3 /1.1 =75.25KN>18.76KN, ok!
Check for buckling
The design buckling resistance of a compression member shall be taken as,
Nb,RD =x*βA *A*fy /γM0
βA =1.0(for class 1 to 3 cross-section)
γM0 = 1.1
X =the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode.
X =1/ (φ + (φ2 -λn2) ½ ≤1.0
φ =0.5(1+α(λn -0.2) +λn 2 )
α is an imperfection factor (which is function of buckling curve)
λn is the non-dimensional slenderness ratio =(λ /λ1 )*√ βA
λ1= π(E/fy) 0.5 =93.9ε =93.9*0.924 =86.76
λx =λy =L/i, i=√I/A =√3.5/3.01 =10.8mm
λ =400/10.8 =37.1 ,βA =1.0
λn =(37.1/86.76)* √1.0 =0.43
For cold formed hollow sections take buckling curve c
α =0.49and from table 4.9 of EBCS3, 1995
For λn = 0.43 of curve c x =0.881
Nd,Rd =0.881*301*275*10-3/1.1 =66.3KN>18.76KN,ok!
Resistance to shear
The design value of the shear force vsd at each cross-section should satisfy,
Vsd ≤ vpl, Rd, where vpl, Rd is the design shear resistance and is given by
Vsd =3.41KN
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2) Self weight of the truss: the truss model and materials used are as shown below.
RT60
RT53
RT30
θ=12.4° θ=15°
0.5m 5m 4m 0.5m
Materials:
I. 60x60 RT, for the rafters.
II. 50x30 RT,for horizontal, diagonal and, central vertical members.
III. 30x30 ST-30,for others
t=3mm from kaliti metal industry.
MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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16 10
θ=12.4° θ=15°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.241KN 0.483KN, on each
0.22m 0.28m 1.3m 1.85m 1.85m 1.835m 1.835m 0.33m 0.21m 0.29m
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MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
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CHAPTER TWO
2. slab design
The slabs are designed by following the procedures stated bellow.
Step-1 Depth determination:
The minimum depth required for the slab can be calculated from the minimum depth required for deflection.
d ≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa (EBCS 2-1995 Art 5.2.3)
Where fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcing bars.
Le is the effective span. For two-way solid slabs it is the shorter span.
βa is the appropriate which depends on the support condition of the slab.
Step-2 analysis of the design load:
2.1 dead load(DL) analysis design load
The dead load is composed of the self weight of the slab itself , weights of the partition walls,weight of
the finishing and other considerable permanent loads.
Self weight of the slab is equal to the over all depth times unit weight of concrete.
2.2 Live load (LL) analysis
Since the building is residential building we assume the live load to be 2KN/m2 (EBCS-2-1995)
The design load is the total sum of the live load and the dead load from the partition walls and finishing.
Step-3 analysis of the design moment:
Analysis of the design moment will be done as per the EBCS-2-1995 Art A.3.2 for two-way solid slabs
and for one way solid slabs the calculation will be performed as 1m wide beam.
Step-4 Moment adjustment:
The support and the span moments will be adjusted to avoid over reinforcements and to achieve
economical design.
Step-5 reinforcement details:
After calculation of the design moment reinforcement detailing follows the appropriate rebar spacing.
Note: For the purpose of construction simplicity and monolithic construction the governing overall depth has
been taken.
MU, Civil Enging Department ,Structural Design &Cost estimation of Solid Slab,July,1999E.C.
LAYOUT OF THE GROUND TO 3RD FLOOR
SLABS
The layout of the floor slab is shown below.
P11
5m
P12
5m
P10
P9
4m
P7
P8
P6
4m
5m
P4
P3
5m
P1
P2
5m 4m
25
Panel 1/11:
4m
5m
Ly/Lx=1.25
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=38
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*4000/38=90mm
The over all depth can be calculated as:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
Where c is concrete cover equal to 15mm and φ is diameter of the main
reinforcing bar.
D= 90+15+ φ10= 120mm
Support condition is type 4.
Panel-2/12
5m
5m
Ly/Lx=1.0
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=40
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*5000/40=106.25mm
The over all depth can be calculated as:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
D=106.25+15+φ10=131.25mm
Panel-3/9
4m
5m
Ly/Lx=1.25
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=37.5
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*4000/37.5=90.67mm
The over all depth:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
D=90.67+15+φ10=115.67mm
Panel-4/10
5m
5m
Ly/Lx=1.0
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=40
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*5000/40=106.25mm
The over all depth:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
D=106.25+15+φ10=131.25mm
Panel-5/7.
4m
4m
Ly/Lx=1.0
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=40
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*4000/40=85.0mm
The over all depth:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
D=85.0+15+φ10=110mm
Panel-6/8
5m
4m
Ly/Lx=1.25
d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400)Le/βa βa=42.5
d= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*4000/42.5=80.0mm
The over all depth:
D=d + c+ (φ/2+ (φ+φ/2))/2
D=80.0+15+φ10=105mm
Table Summary of the computed depths of the slabs:
Support
panel condition(EBCS- Le(mm) Ly/Le βa d(mm)
2-1995)
P1,P11 4 4000 1.25 37.5 90.67
Step-2: Loading
Live load=2KN/m3
Dead load
- cement screed of 3cm thick, γ=20KN/m3
-terazzo tile of 3cm thick, γ=23KN/m3
-concrete slab 0f 14cm thick, γ=24KN/m3
Total dead load without the partition walls = 0.03*20+0.03*23+24*0.14=4.65KN/m2
Partition loads
Panel-1/11
4m
5m
5m
5m
Panel-3/9
Total length of the 10cm thick HCB of 3m high partition wall on this panel is 2.205m
W=0.1*3*2.205*14KN
w/A=0.463KN/m2
Pd3=1.3*(0.463+4.65)+1.6*2=9.85KN/m3
4m
5m
Panel-4/10
5m
5m
Total length of the 10cm thick HCB of 3m high partition wall on this panel is 13.33m
W=0.1*3*13.33*14KN
w/A=2.24KN/m2
Pd4=1.3*(2.24+4.65)+1.6*2=12.16KN/m2
Panel-5/7
4m
5m
Total length of the 10cm thick HCB of 3m high partition wall on this panel is 7.4m
W=0.1*3*7.4*14KN
W/A=1.94KN/m2
Pd5=1.3*(1.94+4.65)+1.6*2=11.767KN/m2
Panel-6/8
5m
4m
Total length of the 10cm thick HCB of partition wall 2.35m and the 20cm thick HCB is
2.375m.
W=2.35*0.1*3*14+2.375*0.2*3*14=102.858KN.
w/A=1.5KN/m2.
Pd6=1.3*(1.5+4.65)+1.6*2=11.25KN/m2
4m
5m
Mi=αiPdLx2
Where αi is a constant that depends on the support condition and span ratio and Lx
is the dimension of the shorter span.
For this specific panel;
Ly/Lx=1.25 Mxs=0.066*11.54*16=12.2KN
αxs=0.066 Mxf=0.049*11.54*16=9.1KN
αys=0.047 Mys=0.047*11.54*16=8.75KN
αxf=0.049 Myf=0.036*11.54*16=6.7KN
αyf=0.036
Mxs
Mxs Myf Lx
Mxf
Ly
Similarly for other panels we calculated the support and span moments as shown in the
following table.
P1/P 4 1.25 11.54 16 0.06 0.049 0.04 0.03 12.2 9.1 8.73 6.7
11 6 7 6
P2/P 4 1.0 10.48 25 0.04 0.036 0.04 0.03 12.2 9.43 12.2 9.43
12 7 7 6
P3/P 3 1.25 9.85 16 0.05 0.044 0.03 0.03 9.3 7.0 6.15 4.73
5 9 5 9
P4/P 3 1.0 12.16 25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 11.8 9.12 11.8 9.12
10 9 9
P5/P 3 1.0 11.77 16 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 7.34 5.65 7.38 5.65
7 9 9
P6/P 2 1.25 11.25 16 0.05 0.041 0.03 0.03 10.6 8.02 7.02 5.4
8 9 5 9 2
P11
P12
P10
P9
P7
P8
P5
P6
P4
P3
P1
P2
moments. The differences are distributed between the spans (panels) on either side of the
support to equalize the moments by the method given in EBCS-2-1995 A.3.3
ML MR
Method I
Md= (MR+ML)/2
Method I may be used when differences between initial support moments are less than
20% of the larger moment.
Methods I I
Md (larger) =Mmax-(1/Lx)/ (Lx-1+Ly-1)*∆M
Md (smaller) =Mmin+ (1/Lx)/ (Lx-1+Ly-1)*∆M
In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited to
the adjacent spans. Since no effects on neighboring support sections need be considered
only a simple balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative process is
involved.(EBCS-2-1995 Art A.3.3.3 method I I )
ML MR
8.73 6.15
5m 5m
∆M= (MR-ML)*1000/ MR
=(8.73-6.15)*100/8.73=29.5%>20%
Md (larger) =Mmax-(1/Lx)/ (Lx-1+Ly-1)*∆M
= 8.73-(8.73-6.15)*4-1/(1/(4-1+4-1))
=7.44KN-m
Between panel-2 and 4
12.2 11.8
∆M= (MR-ML)*1000/ MR
= (12.2-11.8)*100/12.2=3.2 %< 20%
Md= (MR+ML)/2
= (12.2+11.8)/2=12.08KN-m
9.3
11.8
∆M= (MR-ML)*1000/ MR
= (11.8-9.3)*100/11.8=21.18% > 20%
Md (larger) =Mmax-(1/Lx)/ (Lx-1+Ly-1)*∆M
=9.30-(11.8-9.3)*4-1/(5-1+4-1)
=10.72KN-m
Between panel-3 and 5
6.15 7.34
11.8 10.62
∆M= (MR-ML)*1000/ MR
Md= (MR+ML)/2=11.24KN-m
7.34
7.02
P11
5m
P12
5m
P10
P9
P7
P8
4m
4m
P5
P6
5m
P4
P3
5m
P1
P2
5m 4m
Step 5
Before we directly go to the reinforcement calculation first we have to check the
adequacy of the effective depth requirement using the maximum moment.
Mmax=10.722KN-m
2
reinforcements
0.75L
Panel-1/11
4m
Pd=11.54KN/m2
βvx=0.485
βvy =0.4 for the continues part
βvx =0.32 5m
βvy =0.26 for discontinues part
Vx(cont) = βvxPd*Lx=0.485*11.54*4=22.4KN/m
Vy(cont) =Pd*Lx*βvy=0.4*11.54*4=18.5KN/m
Vx(discon) =Pd*Lx*βv x=11.54*4*0.32=14.8KN/m
Vy(discon) =Pd*Lx*βvy=11.54*4*0.26=12.01KN/m
Likewise the loads from the slab is transferred to beams by using computer aided
program (SAP-2000) and analyzed to design the beam and the column.
= 9.17KN/m
Dead load on the landing portion
Landing Slab = 0.21*1*24 = 5.04KN/m
Plastering = 0.4*1 = 0.4KN/m
Cement screed = 0.4*1 = 0.4KN/m
Terrazzo tile = 0.46*1 = 0.46KN/m
6.3KN/m
Total load on the landing = 6.3KN/m
Live Load
On stair category A, qt = 3 KN/m2 (EBCS-2,1995 table 2.10)
Total live load on stair case = 3 KN/m2 * 1m = 3 KN/m
Design Load
On stair, DL1 = 1.3*9.17+1.6*3 = 16.72 KN/m
On landing, DL2 = 1.3*6.3+1.6*3 = 13 KN/m
Reinforcement Design
Ks = 4.19
Hence
As = Ks * M = 4.19 * 58.27 = 1305.8 mm2
d 0.187
Spacing
S = as * b = 201 * 1000 = 153mm
As 1305.8
Spacing provided
Ф16 c/c 150
Design of Stair 2
d=(0.4+0.6*300)*4200 =142.8
400 25
D=142.8+15+8 = 166mm
Use D=170mm
d=147m
Loading
Design load the same as stair case 1
DL1 = 16.72KN/m
DL2 = 13KN/m
d = (35.52E6/(0.0187*1000*260.87*(1-0.4*0.0187*28.78))1/2
= 96.33mm < 147mm OK!
Rienforcement Design
As =ρmin*b*d =(0.5/300)*1000*147=245mm2
use φ8c/c200mm,in the shorter direction.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Wind
3. 2 Earth quake
The external and the internal wind pressure on the wall of then building are computed as
:
We =qref*ce(ze)*cpe
Wi = qref*ce(zi)*cpi ,where the parameters have the same meaning as described in the
roof analysis.
From the previos analysis qref=242N/m2
The critical case is when the wind comes on the longer side of the building.
A B C
d=9m
h<b
ze = h =13.21m
Ground
e = min. b=28m
2h=26.42m, e=26.42m
D=9m<e=26.42m
Case:d<e
e/5=5.3m
h=13.21m
wind A B*
zone A B C D E
d/h cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,10
≤1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.3
zone
We(kn/m2)
A -0.478
B* 0.384
D 0.384
E 0.137
Internal wind pressure
Wi ==qref*ce(zi)*cpi ,in our case ce(zi)=ce(ze)=1.983
Taking the most crituical cases ,cpi =+0.8 or -0.5
qref =242n/m2
Wi =242*1.983*0.8=0.384KN/m2
=242*1.983*-0.5 =-0.24 KN/m2
The net wind pressure
zone
We(kn/m2)
A -0.478
B* 0.384
D 0.384
E 0.137
Internal wind pressure
Wi ==qref*ce(zi)*cpi ,in our case ce(zi)=ce(ze)=1.983
Taking the most crituical cases ,cpi =+0.8 or -0.5
qref =242n/m2
Wi =242*1.983*0.8=0.384KN/m2
=242*1.983*-0.5 =-0.24 KN/m2
The net wind pressure,Wnet =We-Wi
The critical wind pressure occurs on zone A of the building.
Wnet ,max =-0.478-0.384 = -0.862KN/m2 ,suction pressure.
Approximate wind force calculation on the wall at each level
The approximate wind force on the wall at each level is obtained by multiplying the wind
pressure by the area of the building contributing force at that level.
Roof level
3m
3m
AREA CONTRIBUTING FORCE AT THE
SECOND FLOOR LEVEL
2nd floor level
3m
2m
b= 28m
From EBCS 8,1995 the expression for determination of the base shear
depending on the mass of the structure ,soil condition ,seismic zone, regularity of the
structure both in plan & elevation.Equivalent _static Method is used since T1<2sec
β=1.2*S/(T2/3 )≤2.5
Mekelle with good rock condition, the soil class A is taken & S=1
0.0,T1≤0.7 sec
Ft = 0.07* T1* Fb≤ 0.25 Fb,for T1>0.7sec
Y axis
panel
panel 2 panel 4 panel 6 panel 8 10 panel 12 X axis
panel 6 0
w1 10.08 1.4 14.112
w2 13.23 1.4 18.522
w3 3.26 1.788 5.82888
w4 6.615 2.93 19.38195
sum
panel 8 0
w1 10.08 1.4 14.112
w2 13.23 1.4 18.522
w3 3.26 1.788 5.82888
w4 6.615 2.93 19.38195
sum 2928.87 13613.57
Σω ι Σwiyi
y=ΣWiyi/Σωι
Mass center of1st,2nd,3rd,floor the same,ym=4.66 Y m= 4.66
Axis 2 0
A'B' 14.4 5 72
B'C' 14.4 5 72
C'D' 11.52 5 57.6
D'E' 11.52 5 57.6
E'F' 14.4 5 72
F'G' 14.4 5 72
AXIS 3 0
AB 14.4 0 0
BC 14.4 0 0
CD 11.52 0 0
DE 11.52 0 0
EF 14.4 0 0
FG 14.4 0 0
AXIS A 0
AA' 14.4 2.5 36
A'A" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS B 0
BB' 14.4 2.5 36
B'B" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS C 0
CC' 14.4 2.5 36
C'C" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS D 0
DD' 14.4 2.5 36
D'D" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS E 0
EE' 14.4 2.5 36
E'E" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS F 0
FF' 14.4 2.5 36
F'F" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS G 0
GG' 14.4 2.5 36
G'G" 11.52 7 80.64
column on ground floor lumped mass 2m foundation
column & 3m all above groundcolumn 0
AXIS 1 0
A_1 9.6 9 86.4
B_1 7.2 9 64.8
C_1 7.2 9 64.8
D_1 7.2 9 64.8
E_1 7.2 9 64.8
F_1 7.2 9 64.8
G_1 9.6 9 86.4
AXIS 2 0
A_2 7.2 5 36
B_2 9.6 5 48
C_2 9.6 5 48
D_2 9.6 5 48
E_2 9.6 5 48
F_2 9.6 5 48
G_2 7.2 5 36
AXIS 3 0
A_3 9.6 0 0
B_3 7.2 0 0
C_3 7.2 0 0
D_3 7.2 0 0
E_3 7.2 0 0
F_3 7.2 0 0
G_3 9.6 0 0
wall on grade beams 0
Axis 1 0
A"B" 35.95 9 323.55
B"C" 35.95 9 323.55
C"D" 18.48 9 166.32
D"E" 18.48 9 166.32
E"F" 35.95 9 323.55
F"G" 35.95 9 323.55
Axis 2 0
B'C' 42 5 210
E'F' 42 5 210
AXIS 3 0
AB 36.96 0 0
FG 36.96 0 0
AXIS A 0
AA' 42 2.5 105
A'A" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS B 0
BB' 42 2.5 105
B'B" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS C 0
CC' 31.92 3.1 98.952
C'C" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS D 0
DD' 31.92 3.1 98.952
D'D" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS E 0
EE' 31.92 3.1 98.952
E'E" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS F 0
FF' 42 2.5 105
F'F" 33.6 7 235.2
AXIS G 0
GG' 42 2.5 105
G'G" 33.6 7 235.2
sum 1433.8 7164.336
Σwi Σwiyi
ROOF
MASS
CENTER
Description wi yi wiyi
Purlin
p1 1.453 9.58 13.91974
p2 1.453 9.28 13.48384
p3 1.453 7.52 10.92656
p4 1.453 5.76 8.36928
p5 1.453 4 5.812
p6 1.453 4 5.812
p7 1.453 3.52 5.11456
p8 1.453 0.48 0.69744
p9 1.453 -0.5 -0.7265
Trusses 0
T1 1.76 4.5 7.92
T2 1.76 4.5 7.92
T3 1.76 4.5 7.92
T4 1.76 4.5 7.92
T5 1.76 4.5 7.92
T6 1.76 4.5 7.92
T7 1.76 4.5 7.92
T8 1.76 4.5 7.92
T9 1.76 4.5 7.92
T10 1.76 4.5 7.92
T11 1.76 4.5 7.92
T12 1.76 4.5 7.92
T13 1.76 4.5 7.92
TIE BEAM ON ROOF LEVEL
Axis 1
25*30 cm*cm
A"B" 9 9 81
B"C" 9 9 81
C"D" 7.2 9 64.8
D"E" 7.2 9 64.8
E"F" 9 9 81
F"G" 9 9 81
Axis 2
30cm*40cm
A'B' 14.4 5 72
B'C' 14.4 5 72
C'D' 11.52 5 57.6
D'E' 11.52 5 57.6
E'F' 14.4 5 72
F'G' 14.4 5 72
AXIS 3
25*30cm*cm
AB 9 0 0
BC 9 0 0
CD 7.2 0 0
DE 7.2 0 0
EF 9 0 0
FG 9 0 0
AXIS A
AA' 9 2.5 22.5
A'A" 7.2 7 50.4
AXIS B
BB' 14.4 2.5 36
B'B" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS C 0
CC' 14.4 2.5 36
C'C" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS D 0
DD' 14.4 2.5 36
D'D" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS E 0
EE' 14.4 2.5 36
E'E" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS F 0
FF' 14.4 2.5 36
F'F" 11.52 7 80.64
AXIS G 0
GG' 9 2.5 22.5
G'G" 7.2 7 50.4
Half column to roof level lumped mass 0
corner column 40*40 cm*cm,30*40 cm*cm
middle column 0
AXIS 1 0
A_1 5.76 9 51.84
B_1 4.32 9 38.88
C_1 4.32 9 38.88
D_1 4.32 9 38.88
E_1 4.32 9 38.88
F_1 4.32 9 38.88
G_1 5.76 9 51.84
AXIS 2 0
A_2 4.32 5 21.6
B_2 5.76 5 28.8
C_2 5.76 5 28.8
D_2 5.76 5 28.8
E_2 5.76 5 28.8
F_2 5.76 5 28.8
For the distribution of base shear forces according to their height for floor level using
the following formula from our code,EBCS 8,1995
Fi=(Fb-Ft)*wihi/(Σwihi)=791.10/82839.44=0.00955wihi
wihi(kN
level hi(m) wi(kN) m) Fi(kN)
ground 2 1433.8 2867.6 27.39
From the above calculation wind load & Earth Quake are compared & the maximum
lateral load is earth quake. The structure designed for resisting the maximum load, the
earth quake.
3.2.3 The distribution of floor level forces to each for different direction
of earth quake Load Among Each frames According to their stiffness ( D_
Value)
Assuming that the frame s are rigid laterally the total lateral force is distributed
through the vertical members on proportion to their relative rigidity. The location of the
center of rigidity is determined as follows
Xs=Σ(Diy*xi)/ΣDiy, ys=Σ(Dix*yi)/ΣDix
D=akc
Where a= (0.5+ k )/(2+ k ) for fixed column base
The corrected shear force on the frames is obtained for torsion correction by a
factor α
αx=1+Σ Dx*ey*y/(Jx+Jy)
αy=1+ΣDy*ex*x/ (Jx+Jy)
Jx,Jy = D value moment of inertia, ex & ey the design eccentricity in x & y direction
Qn=Qd/ΣD
The corrected shear for torsion will be
Q Corrected=Qn α
Since there is no shear wall the entire load should be supported by the frame only
For the calculation of each parameters
Initial Beams& columns determined from Vertical Load transferred from slab
analyzing by approximate method of analysis, deflection requirement ( our code
EBCS,1995)
axis A A B C D E F G
axis
C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 1
4m
axis2
C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
5m
C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 axis3
5m 5m 4m 4m 5m 5m
71111 71111
1_G 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
53333 30000
2_A 300 400 3000 3.3 0
71111 71111
2-B 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
71111 71111
2_C 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
71111 71111
2_D 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
71111 71111
2_E 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
71111 71111
2_F 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
53333 30000
2_G 300 400 3000 3.3 0
71111 71111
3_A 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
53333 30000
3_B 300 400 3000 3.3 0
53333 30000
3_C 300 400 3000 3.3 0
53333 30000
3_D 300 400 3000 3.3 0
53333 30000
3_E 300 400 3000 3.3 0
53333 30000
3_F 300 400 3000 3.3 0
71111 71111
3_G 400 400 3000 1.1 1.1
y_Axis
For axis A& G
column 1_A
kbar=140630/711111.1=.0.19
140630 8
kc
711111.
1
a=0.09
D=akc=64
140630
column2-A
140630 112500
k=140630+112500/300000=.84
300000
a=.296
140630 112500 D=89
column3-A
112500 k=.158
711111.1 a=.0733
112500 D=52.12
112500 k=.21
533333.3 a=.095
112500 D=51
400000 k=.75
140630 k=.38
a=.16 533333.3 a=.273
711111.1
400000 D=145.45
400000 D=113.6
column2-B
column2_A
column3-A column3-B
column 1-
A
400000 k=.375
1066700
a=.37 400000 k=.5
D=395
800000 a=.4
column2-A column2-B
column3-A
column3-B
320000 k=.3
a=.35
Axis 2
Axis 1 and 3 ground up to third floor
First up to third floor
column1-A
column2-A
300000 a=.273
320000 320000 k=.9
112500 112500 D=81.9 a=.31
711111.1
column1-C D=220.7
320000 400000
140630 140630 k=.938
300000 a=.32
column2-D
column1-B
D=451
112500 140630 k=1.62
300000 a=.45
column1-D column2-C
column2-D
foundation columns
400000 400000 k=.75
column1-A a=.45
1066700
320 k=.3 D=485
a=.35
1066700
D=373
column1-B
column1-C
column1-D
Along Y_axis
axis A and G axis B,C.D.F and F
sum of
sum of D D
64 89 52 205 62 107.4 51 220.4
Along X axis
axis 1 and 3
52 81.9 89 96 89 81.9 52
52 81.9 89 96 89 81.9 52
52 81.9 89 96 89 81.9 52
axis 2
Divide the Floor level force on Each Frame according to the proportion of their
D_value
A. Roof level
Axis A & G have the same stiffness so they share equal force
Axis AS &G 0.5*(2*2505/ (2*2505+5*22.4))*78.66=10.66 KN each
Since the remaining axis B,D,C ,E,F the stiffness share equally the remaining force
B. 3rd floor level
G 205 28 5740
SUM 1512 21163.4
A 347.2 0 0
1st floor B 482 5 2410
C 482 10 4820
D 482 14 6748 xs=14
E 482 18 8676
F 482 23 11086
347.2 28 9721.6
sum 3104.8 43461.6
ground A 1029 0 0
floor B 1089 5 5445
C 1089 10 10890
D 1089 14 15246 xs=14
E 1089 18 19602
F 1089 23 25047
G 28 28812
SUM
7523 85440
Yi
Calculation of Eccentricities
Actual eccentricities
ex=xm-xs ey=ys-ym
level xm xs ex ym ys ey
Roof 14 14 0 4.6 4.766 0.166
2nd 14 14 0 4.66 4.766 0.106
3rd 14 14 0 4.66 4.766 0.106
1st 14 14 0 4.66 4.728 0.068
ground 14 14 0 4.755 4.708 -0.047
to cover un
Accidental Eccentricities certainities
exa=±0.05Lx eya=±0.05Ly
0.05*28=±1.4 ±0.05*9=±0.45
ed,x=ex+exa ed,y=ey+eya
Coefficient calculation for the shear correction due to Torsion effect developed due to the
above eccentricities
The corrected shear force on the frames is obtained for torsion correction by a factor α
αx=1+Σ Dx*ey*y/(Jx+Jy)
αix=1+(Dx)*ey*yi/ (Jx+Jy)
αiy=1+(Diy)*edx*x/ (Jx+Jy)
Jx,Jy = D_ value moment of inertia, ex & ey the design eccentricity in x & y direction
respectively
Qn=Qd/ΣD formula for shear force for each storey according their
stiffness determined in previous pages. The corrected shear for torsion will be
Q Corrected=Qn α
To calculate the correction factor α the above eccentricity table and the following
table will be used using the above formula for the correction factor calculation.
Dix(ys-
Dix(ys-
yi)2
i
level
axis
yi)2
1 9 4.728 -4.272 850 15512.4864
x 2 5 4.728 -0.272 1421.4 105.1608576
3 0 4.728 4.728 850 19000.8864
sum
Jx 34618.53366
E 18 14 4 1089 17424
F 23 14 9 1089 88209
G 28 14 14 1029 201684
ground
floor sum Jy 614634
Jr 697984
α αx α y
level direction axis α x1 x2 α y1 α y2 max max
1 0.99 1.05 1.05
x 2 0.999 1 1
3 1.01 0.99 0.99
Frame lateral force at each storey & axis in both x & y direction Shear forces
correction factors & corrected forces will be shown in the following tables.
leve ROO
l F 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd
α
Axi αm Q αm Q Q ma Q αm Q
s Qi ax corr Qi Qi ax corr corr Qi x corr Qi ax corr
10.6 10.9 16.8 1.0 17.3 1.0
A 6 1.03 8 42.57 31.00 1.03 43.85 31.93 0 3 0 3.76 3 3.87
13.6 13.8 25.1 1.0 25.7 1.0
B 0 1.02 7 54.29 39.47 1.02 55.38 40.26 8 2 6 4.73 2 4.82
13.6 13.7 25.1 1.0 25.4 1.0
C 0 1.01 4 54.29 39.47 1.01 54.83 39.86 8 1 3 4.73 1 4.78
13.6 13.6 25.1 1.0 25.1 1.0
D 0 1.00 0 54.29 39.47 1.00 54.29 39.47 8 0 8 4.73 0 4.73
13.6 13.7 25.1 1.0 25.4 1.0
E 0 1.01 4 54.29 39.47 1.01 54.83 39.86 8 1 3 4.73 1 4.78
13.6 13.8 25.1 1.0 25.6 1.0
F 0 1.02 7 54.29 39.47 1.02 55.38 40.26 8 2 8 4.73 2 4.82
10.6 10.9 16.8 1.0 17.2 1.0
G 6 1.03 8 42.57 31.00 1.03 43.85 31.93 0 3 4 3.76 3 3.87
17.0 17.0 38.8 1.0 39.0 1.0
1.00 0 1.01 9 67.90 49.40 1.01 68.24 49.65 6 1 5 8.00 1 8.05
44.6 44.6 178.1 129.5 178.1 129.5 65.0 1.0 65.1 11.4 1.0 11.4
2.00 3 1.00 3 7 6 1.00 7 6 0 0 3 1 0 1
17.0 17.1 38.8 1.0 39.1 1.0
3.00 0 1.01 7 67.90 49.40 1.01 68.58 49.89 6 1 7 8.00 1 8.05
F5
F1
Using the above latera load & vertical load sap analysis is made for different
combination in order to obtain design forces as show in the sample frame .The detail
loading can be displayed in SAP 2000 Version 7.4 in display Mode. In the frame
Analysis there are five loading combination. ,From EBCS 8, 1995 recommends.
1. Comb1 =vertical Loading only=1.3ΣDead load+1.6ΣLive load
2.Comb2=0.75(Comb1)+Earth Quake in the X direction
3. Comb3=0.75(Comb1)+ Earth Quake in theY direction
4. Comb4=0.75(Comb1)+ Earth Quake in the -ve X direction
5 Comb5=.0.75(Comb1)+ Earth Quake in the -ve Y direction
Keeping the above data as it is, sap analiys made for the design of the structural
members for critical load combination.
CHAPTER FOUR
Any structural element is designed for resisting the type of action acting on it.
Since beam a structural member it can be subjected to various actions like axial, bending,
shear, torsion. however from the analysis of the frame it was obtained that the most
dominating stresses are bending & shear forces. For the design purpose first it was
selected four frames which possibly similar loading & stress, frame having higher stress
from those groups .Selecting the critical frame again beams are grouped having similar
loading in to tie beam,slabsupporting beam, grade beam.thirdly,critical load combination
for each frame element for determine the reinforcement. The using the critical load
combination the beam design proceeds as follows.
1) Tie beam
Sap 2000 version 7.4 gives the result
5m 5m 4m 4m 5m 5m
h
b
Design moments at support & span determining their
corresponding Reinforcement
Using design table & equation
As=4.267*28.23/0.24=501.8mm2,use 2φ20
b) span reinforcement
The typical floor beam along the axis 2,sap result shows the maximum span
moment obtained when the building is loaded only vertical load. But at the support
maximum bending occurs at support in the right part of the member ( beam ) some
members even show positive bending moment at the support. Observing the two
critical condition we design the support with lateral load combination while the span
using the vertical load only.
a) Support
Maximum bending on the continuous beam,Md=153.61 KN.m
the section selected 250*450 mm*mm at the initial accounted in the analysis.
.
Since the beam is located at the middle of the slabs some part of the slab casted
monolitcally can participate in the beam loaod carrying. Therefore the beam will be
T _shape. at support it is rectangular structurally since the bottom portion of the
beeam is is in compression .the to will be in tension.
be
Tensile Compression
Bw
b) span moment
be
Tensile Compression
bw
Msd max=66.21 KN.m, since the moment is the the section participate in carrying
loads
To check the whether th section is rectangle or not
0.8x> hf=thickness of the slab,x depth of the neutral axis
X=ρactua md
be =min(le/5+bw,le)=min(5000/5+250,5000) for T _section
be= min(le/10+bw,le)=min(5000/10+250,5000), for inverted L edge
beams
Simlarly the beams on other have been as above procedure out put
listed in the following tables
Tie beam
Slab supporting beam( 3 floor beam each toatal length 28
metre,1st,2nd,3rd, floor)
Grade beam
3.DESIGN OF BEAM ON Axis1 (3), edge beam
Tie beam
Slab supporting beam(3 floor beam each toatal length 28
metre,1st,2nd,3rd, floor)
Grade beam
Tie beam
Slab supporting beam(3 floor beam each toatal length 28
metre,1st,2nd,3rd, floor)
Grade beam
compressiom bars
provided tension
compAs(mm2)
Moment(KN)
tenAs(mm2)
designtable
number
b d
Tie bm support 28.23 0.25 0.24 501.87 2φ20
Axis 2
slab
s.bm support 160.26 0.25 0.39 1949.86 466.21 8Φ20 2Φ20
span 68.84 0.25 0.39 962.50 5φ16
gradebm support 97.92 0.25 0.39 1130.00 4Φ20
15.25 13.7
d
vd vc -13.14
-18.26
5m 4m
63.12 47.4
- 49.53
- 65.6
5m 4m
Grade beam
Section =250mm*450mm
d=450-25-8-6 =411mm
k1 =1.6-0.411=1.189
k2 =1.282
Vc =0.25*1.034*1.189*1.282*250*411=40.5KN
VRd =0.25*11.33*250*411 =291KN
Vd =39.8KN
36.43 47.18
vd
-49.74
-36.87
5m 4m
Following similar fassion shear reinforcement for beams on the other axis is calculated in
the table below.
section
Beam Spacing,
Axis location (mm*mm) d(mm) K1 K2 vc(KN) VRd(KN) Vd(KN) S(mm)
4m 5m 4m 5m
Tie Smin Smin
B,C,D,E &F
beam 250x300 259 1.341 1.419 31.9 183.4 122.8 78.4 160 160
1st -3rd 250*450 409 1.191 1.614 50.81 289.62 13.9 14.5 Smin Smin
floor 160 160
Grade 250x450 409 1.191 1.614 50.81 289.62 24 30.8 Smin Smin
beam 160 160
Tie 250x300 257 1.343 1.084 24.1 182 12.5 12.5 Smin Smin
beam 160 160
Axis 1
1st -3rd 250x350 307 1.293 1.084 27.73 217.4 47.6 67 200 100
floor
Grade 300x400 357 1.243 1.084 37.19 217.4 36.9 36.9Smin Smin
beam 140 140
Tie 250x300 257 1.343 1.084 24.1 182 13.64 13.64 Smin Smin
beam 160 160
1st -3rd 250x450 405 1.195 1.084 33.8 286.8 59.8 108 200 70
Axis 2
floor
Grade 300x400 355 1.195 1.084 29.75 301.7 31.3 31.3 Smin Smin
beam 140 140
Axis-2
Axis-A
Calculation of α1, α2,, αm , Le, s, Ac and Ic
1) The effective buckling length Le of a column in a given plane may be obtained from
the following approximate equations; provided that the sections below is complied with,
α m + 0.4
(a) Non-sway mode: Le/L= ≥ 0.7
α m + 0.8
α1=ΣKc1/ΣKb1
α2 =ΣKc2/ΣKb2
αm= (α1+α2)/2
Where Kc1 and Kc2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L)
Kb2 and Kb2 are the effective beam stiffness coefficients (EI/L)
ΣI=s4/12
S= (ΣI*12)1/4
Assuming the columns to be in sway mode initially α, αm, Le, s, Ac, Ic are calculated as
follows in the next pages.
Axis-1
Axis-2
Axis-3
Axis-A
Level α1 α2 αm Le S (mm) Ac(103mm2) Ic(109mm4)
Found
1.58 1.0 1.3 2.86 360 129.6 1.4
Ground
3.6 1.58 2.59 5.26 360 129.6 1.4
First
3.6 3.6 3.6 5.91 360 129.6 1.4
2nd
3.1 3.6 3.35 5.755 360 129.6 1.4
3rd
1.286 3.1 2.2 4.984 330 108.9 0.99
Axis-B
Level α1 α2 αm Le S (mm) Ac(103mm2) Ic(109mm4)
Axis-1
Found 1.28 1.0 182.08 2.0 824.61 175.9 0.17 0.37 0.75 6596.2
Ground 2.98 1.28 174.03 3 717.48 217.8 0.21 0.313 0.71 6245
First 2.98 2.98 134.98 3 498.53 202.47 0.196 0.22 0.35 3078.2
2nd 2.56 2.98 85.33 3 277.06 132.6 0.128 0.12 0.12 1620
Axis-2
Found 1.48 1.0 428.9 2 1717.2 404.62 0.32 0.66 0.65 6480.0
Ground 1.186 1.48 417.49 3 1578.9 647.48 0.52 0.6 1.1 9181.47
7
First 1.186 1.186 287.76 3 1072.2 431.89 0.35 0.41 0.6 5981.58
3
2nd 1.0 1.186 109.76 3 576.12 168.38 0.14 0.22 0.15 1435.4
3rd 1.04 1.0 44.63 3 73.31 66.61 0.087 0.04 0.15 1322.8
Found 1.28 1.0 182.55 2 458.31 176.38 0.17 0.2 0.24 2110.8
Ground 2.98 1.28 174.5 3 389.92 220 0.21 0.17 0.36 3166
First 2.98 2.98 135.04 3 271.62 203.5 0.196 0.12 0.38 3342
2nd 2.56 2.98 85.75 3 155.71 133.4 0.128 0.07 0.25 2198
3rd 1.06 2.56 17.17 3 58.11 29.7 0.038 0.025 0.05 365
Axis-A
Axis B
Found 3.043 1.0 140 2 1687.17 111.52 0.15 0.91 0.33 2342.76
Ground 2.43 3.043 135.22 3 1525 213.67 0.285 0.82 0.6 4259.56
First 2.43 2.43 109.46 3 1054.51 164.19 0.22 0.57 0.3 2129.78
2nd 1.60 2.43 69.25 3 564.60 112.47 0.15 0.3 0.133 1307.66
3rd 1.29 1.6 13.87 3 67.96 21.53 0.053 0.055 0.1 865.93
d’/h=0.1
Calculation of Nsd/Ncr
Ele
Ncr= π 2 2
Le
as
No. of bars n =
As
πd 2
as = where as is the x-sectional areas of individual bar.
4
Is= n × ( πD )
2 2
+ πD 2 × x
4 4
As/2
D As/2
x
A frame may be classified as non sway frame if for a given load case the critical load
ratio, Nsd/Ncr satisfies the criterion.
Axis-1
Found 6596.2 16 2.845 5.4721 0.961 3.417 824.61 11718.13 0.07 Non-
sway
Ground 6245 14 4.93 4.79 0.9475 3.417 717.48 3847.6 0.19 Sway
First 3078.2 8 5.52 2.736 0.9064 3.417 498.53 2936 0.17 Sway
2nd 1620 4 5.32 1.37 0.8791 3.417 277.06 30066 0.09 Non-
sway
Axis-2
Found 6480.0 8(φ32) 2.82 238.4 5.86 4.39 1717.2 72.73 0.024 Non-
sway
Ground 9181.47 12(φ32) 4.31 338.82 7.87 4.39 1578.97 41.76 0.038 Non-
sway
First 5981.58 8(φ32) 4.19 238.4 5.86 4.39 1072.23 32.94 0.033 Non-
sway
2nd 1435.4 4(φ24) 4.11 55 2.19 4.39 576.12 12.82 0.045 Non-
sway
3rd 1322.8 4(φ24) 4.04 35.06 1.27 2.28 73.31 7.68 0.01 Non-
sway
Axis-3
Ground 3166 10 4.9 125 0.335 3.417 389.92 13.8 0.028 Non-
sway
First 3342 10 5.47 125 0.335 3.417 271.62 11.05 0.025 Non-
sway
3rd 1345 4 4.66 41.6 0.1417 2.35 58.11 6.44 0.012 Non-
sway
Axis-A
Axis-B
Found 2342.76 8φ20 3.23 61.33 1.782 2.23 1689.17 16.86 0.1 Non-
sway
Ground 4259.56 14φ20 5.36 111.51 2.78 2.23 1525 9.55 0.16 Sway
First 2129.78 7φ20 5.15 55.76 1.67 2.23 1054.51 6.2 0.17 Sway
2nd 1307.66 5φ20 4.85 34.24 1.24 2.23 564.6 5.21 0.11 Sway
3rd 865.93 5φ16 4.4 15 5.43 0.976 67.96 2.77 0.024 Non-
sway
Axis-3
Ground 3166 10 4.9 125 0.335 3.417 389.92 13.8 0.028 Non-
sway
First 3342 10 5.47 125 0.335 3.417 271.62 11.05 0.025 Non-
sway
3rd 1345 4 4.66 41.6 0.1417 2.35 58.11 6.44 0.012 Non-
sway
Axis-A
Axis-B
Found 2342.76 8φ20 3.23 61.33 1.782 2.23 1689.17 16.86 0.1 Non-
sway
Ground 4259.56 14φ20 5.36 111.51 2.78 2.23 1525 9.55 0.16 Sway
First 2129.78 7φ20 5.15 55.76 1.67 2.23 1054.51 6.2 0.17 Sway
2nd 1307.66 5φ20 4.85 34.24 1.24 2.23 564.6 5.21 0.11 Sway
3rd 865.93 5φ16 4.4 15 5.43 0.976 67.96 2.77 0.024 Non-
sway
Limits of slenderness
νd =Nsd/fcd*Ac
Axis-2
level αm Lex(m) Ley(m)
Foundation 1.24 1.6 1.72
Ground 1.35 2.44 5.36
1st 1.186 2.396 5.15
2nd 1.093 2.37 4.85
3rd 1.02 2.34 2.61
Axis-3
level αm Lex(m) Ley(m)
Foundation 1.14 1.59 1.59
Ground 2.1 2.59 4.9
1st 2.91 2.68 5.47
2nd 5.41 2.64 2.64
3rd 1.77 2.53 2.53
Axis- A
level αm Lex(m) Ley(m)
Foundation 1.3 1.49 1.56
Ground 2.59 1.956 4
1st 3.6 2.4 5.1
2nd 3.35 2.4 2.4
3rd 2.2 2.3 2.53
Axis-2
level Lex Ley λx λy slenderness
X Y
Foundation 1.6 1.72 14.89 23.83 Short Short
Ground 2.44 5.36 46.42 33.9 Short Long
1st 2.396 5.15 44.6 33.2 Short Long
2nd 2.37 4.85 42.0 32.84 Short Long
Axis-3
level Lex Ley λx λy slenderness
X Y
Foundation 1.59 1.59 15.74 22 Short Short
Ground 2.59 4.9 25.64 68 Short Long
1st 2.68 5.47 26.5 75.6 Short Long
2nd 2.64 2.64 26.14 36.67 Short long
3rd 2.53 2.53 25.05 35 short short
Axis-A
slenderness
level Lex(m) Ley(m) λx λy X Y
Foundation 1.59 1.56 20.63 15.44 short short
Ground 1.96 4 27.11 39.53 short long
1st 2.4 5.1 33.3 50.41 short long
2nd 2.4 2.4 33.33 33.3 short short
3rd 2.3 2.53 31.8 35.1 long short
Design eccentricity
ed= ea+ e0+e2
Where ea = Le/300≥20mm this accounts for
imperfection.
e0= first order moment
e0 ≥ {0.6e02 + 0.4e01 or 0.4e02
where e2 is second order effect and it will be amplified
by using the amplification factor,σs.
σs=1/(1-Nsd/Ncr)
Axis-1
level ea(mm) e0x(mm) eoy(mm) e2x(mm) e2y Mdox(KN- Mdoy
m)
Foundation 20 0.074 11 0 0 74.73 15.6
Ground 20 0.123 20 amplified amp 118.26 29.4
1st 20 0.17 20.5 amplified amp 103.4 30.6
2nd 20 0.245 14 0 0 64.27 25
3rd 20 0.479 12 0 0 23.26 20.34
Axis-2
Axis _3
level ea(mm) eox(m) eoy(mm) e2x e2y mdx(KN.M) Md(KN.m)
Foundation 20 0.1 14 0 0 55 15.6
Ground 20 0 23 0 Amp 62.5 29.4
1st 20 0 24.5 0 Amp 57.04 30.6
2nd 20 0.15 16 0 0 26.5 25
3rd 20 0.25 19 0 Amp 15.7 20.3
level axial Mx My µx µy ν ω As # of
bars
Foundation 786.94 58.23 15.6 0.168 0.063 0.8 0.4 1520 8φ16
Ground 665.06 81.8 29.4 0.236 0.12 0.67 0.73 2774 6φ24
1st 448.13 76.18 30.6 0.22 0.123 0.452 0.61 2318 8φ20
2nd 240.17 58.73 25 0.17 0.1 0.243 0.4 1520 8φ16
3rd 46.23 22.14 20.34 0.064 0.08 0.05 Asmin 500 4φ14
Axis-A
level µx µy ν ω As # of
Axial(KN) Mx(KN.m) My(KN.m) bars
Foundation 688 66.16 15.0 0.19 0.06 0.7 0.5 1896 8φ20
Ground 617.2 37.4 26.3 0.11 0.106 0.62 0.25 946.3 8φ14
1st 431.3 26.6 28.6 0.075 0.16 0.44 0.298 1132.5 8φ14
nd
2 249 21.5 21.5 0.062 0.087 0.25 0.095 700(Asmin) 4φ16
3rd 70.41 17.6 13.71 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.28 726 4φ16
According EBCS 2 1995 art 4.5.3.3 the centre to centre spacing of lateral
reinforcement shall not exceed:
1) 12*φdl where φdl is diameter of longitudinal bar.
2) Least dimension of column.
3) 300mm
The diameter of transverse bars shall be ≤ (φl/4 or 6mm)
The maximum design shear force should be less than the limiting value of
ultimate shear force resisted by the concrete section given by:
0.1bwd
Vcn= * N sd
Ac
0.1 * 0.25 * 0.25
= * N sd for Axis-1 and axis-2
0.25 * 0.35
The maximum allowable center to center spacing in mm of lateral ties for each
column is shown below.
Axis-1
level
S(φ6)
Foundation
240
Ground
240
1st
240
nd
2
240
rd
3
240
Axis-2
level
S(φ6)
Foundation
300
Ground
280
1st
240
nd
2
140
rd
3
190
Axis-3
level S(φ6)
Foundation
240
Ground
240
1st
240
nd
2
240
3rd
240
Axis-A
level S(φ6)
Foundation 240
Ground 240
1st 240
2nd 240
3rd 240
Lb=φ/4*(fyd/fbd) for deformed bar fbd is twice of fctd. EBCS 2 1995 art
7.1.6.1
3) Lap length
Lo=≥a1*lb n et ≥lo, mi n
or 200mm.
Axis _1
0.3lb 10φ
0.42 lb 15φ
Axis 2
level lo lo used(mm)
3rd 497 0
level L o(mm)
found 540
Ground 750
1st 710
2nd 540
3rd 0
Axis _3
Axis _A
level lo
found 660
Ground 670
1st 490
2nd 610
3rd 0
Design axial loads and bending moments are obtained from SAP analysis and
the combinations are selected depending on large reinforcement requirements.
Df =2m
C D
My
s Mx X
A B
The axial loads transferred from the supper structure are reduced by factor of 1.4
in order to use un factored load for economical design of the footing.
6 786.94 562.1
5 1675.36 1196.7
1 458.31 327.4
2 720.8 514.86
Design eccentricities
ex=My/Pd
ey=Mx/pd
Footing description ex ey
6 0 0.159
5 0.005 0.002
1 0.011 0.25
2 0 0.162
Area proportioning
Assuming the footing to be square of side ‘a’ and using the general formula for
rigid footing stress distribution due to vertical loading on soil;
6e 6e
σ all ≥ pd A 1 ± x ± y Where σ all is the allowable soil bearing capacity
a a
which is taken to be equal to 280Mpa
From the above expression the initial value of ‘a’ will be determined by trial and
error.
Footing description a
6 1.5
5 2.06
1 1.535
2 1.70
Assuming appropriate depth of the concrete slab of the footing we calculate the
dead weights of the concrete slab and the surcharge due to the weight of the soil
which will be:
taken to be 24Mpa
After calculating the total stress coming from the two portions the calculated initial
values of ‘a’ will be modified as follows.
6 1.6
5 2.2
1 1.8
2 1.90
Using the total vertical load on the footing the stress distribution will be
determined from the following formula.
Pd 6ea 6eb
σ≥ 1 ± a ± a
a2
6ea 6eb
σ1 = P 1+ +
a
2
a a
6ea 6eb
σ2 = P 1− +
a
2
a a
6ea 6eb
σ3 = P 1− −
a
2
a a
6ea 6eb
σ4 = P 1+ − Where σ n is the magnitude of the stress at
a
2
a a
edge n.
Footing-6
265.4 A
265.4 B
262.4 C
262.4 D
Footing-5
343.46 A
352.60 B
339.694 C
348.83 D
Footing-1
27.15 A
27.15 B
245.25 C
245.25 D
Footing-2
251.71 A
251.71 B
81.33 C
81.33 D
339.694 348.85
339.649 348.85
343.46 a 352.60
343.46 352.60
Depth of the footing will be determined from shear resistance of the concrete
footing subjected by the supper structure which will be determined by considering
the following possible modes of failure of the concrete footing.
a) Punching shear: The punching shear force due to the axial load and weight of
the column together with the weight of the soil above the concrete slab of the
footing will be checked at the zones of high stress and should be less than the
concrete shear capacity given by EBCS-2/7 1995.
d/2 d+s2 L
s1
d+s1
Footing description d
6 0.44
5 0.5
1 0.56
2 0.443
3) Wide beam shear: The wide beam shear is assumed to act at d distance
from the face of the column and is to be checked wither the depth
obtained is adequate for the shear applied or not and the stress at that
point is obtained by interpolation. The resisting capacity of the concrete is
given by:
2 2
d
d a
a 1
Taking axis 1-1 as the critical shear values at highly stressed zones for each
footing we will tabulate the results as follows.
1 66 42.38 578.3
CHAPTER FIVE
After calculating all the quantity of the structural component to obtain the cost of
material it is multiplied by the unit price.
A-SUB STRUCTURE
total
qtyy unit
amount
of
1. EXCAVATION & EARTH WORK price br
pnt
Clear and remove top soil to an average
depth of 200mm. m2 330 3.00 990.00
Bulk excavation in ordinary soil to a depth
not exceeding 700mm. m3 0 18.00 0.00
Pit excavation in ordinary soil to a depth
not exceeding 1500mm from reduced
ground level. m3 0 20.00 0.00
Ditto but exceeding 1500mm but not
exceeding 3000mm. m3 263 25.00 6,581.50
Trench excavation in ordinary soil for
masonry foundation to depth of 1500 mm
from reduced level. m3 92 20.00 1,846.80
Back fill around foundation with selected
material from quarry waste and compact
in layers not exceeding 200mm thick. m3 0 35.00 0.00
Fill under hardcore with selected material
from quarry waste and compact in layers
not exceeding 200mm thick. m3 50 35.00 1,764.00
Load and cart away excavated material to a
appropriate tip. m3 254 15.00 3,810.00
250mm thick basaltic stone hardcore well
rolled, consolidated and blinded with
crushed stone . m2 234 30.00 7,020.00
Total carried to Summary 22,012.30
2. CONCRETE WORK
3. MASONRY WORK
B-SUPER STRUCTURE
1. CONCRETE WORK
740,055.80
Sum of total cost=740055.80 birr
Remark the above cost estimation doesn’t include all costs but only the structuralm
component is included.( not include also the staircase & roof in cost Analysis)
CHAPTER FIVE
Results ,conclusion, Recommendation
REFERCES
1. Ethiopian Building Code Standard 1,1995
2. Ethiopian Building Code Standard 2, Part one & Part two,1995
3. Ethiopian Building Code Standard 31995
4. Ethiopian Building Code Standard 7,1995
5. Ethiopian Building Code Standard 8,1995
6. Current Market cost of construction Material.
00