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OMAE2014
June 8-13, 2014, San Francisco, California, USA
OMAE2014-23250
n f tan α tan α
• anti-buckling tapes resistance,
• elasto-plastic material behavior of armors, Figure 1: illustration of periodicity: initial helix wire
S'1
• contact pressures or normal gaps between layers A'1
○ ○
A'2
of the pipe and associated friction loads, ○ ○ B'2 ○ S'2
The model and its evolutions are first explained. Then, different A'5○ ○ B'5 ○ S'5
applications are presented such as steel armor stress assessment, A'1 ○ ○ ○
B'1 S'1
lateral buckling and collapse studies. 2πa
n f tan α
( )
Bis Bi' = Bis C ' + C ' Bi' = R φ C .Bi C + C ' Bi' (3)
and beam elements are computed so that their stiffness
is equal to the one of the various sheaths and steel
equation (2) can be written: layers situated under the armor layers. Optionally, the
C ' Bi' = R φ ( ) .(CB + A A )
C
i i i
'
(4)
internal kernel can be modeled as a multi-layer kernel
for collapse applications. In this case, all the layers are
In the case of shell and beam FE, periodicity conditions for explicitly represented, see section “Effect of traction
rotational dof are written: on the collapse of flexible pipes” for details.
R φ ( ) = R (φ ) .R (φ )
Bi C Ai
(5) Each kernel and anti–wear layer have 8 elements in the flexible
Equations (4) and (5) are then linearized in order to compute axis direction and 200 elements in the circumferential direction.
the tangent stiffness matrix of the Newton algorithm. Linearized Nine circumferential beams are embedded in each kernel. Each
equations are respectively. armor wire is meshed with 8 elements in the section and 2
δ u B − δ uC = δθˆC .R (φ C ) .(CBi + Ai Ai' ) + R (φ C ) .δ u A
elements in the tangential direction of the armor. All the
i i
(6) elements are linear and, when available, reduced integration
δθ B = δθC + R (φ C ) .δθ A
with Hourglass control is used. Figure 4 shows a typical mesh
(7) of a 3D-Periodic model for a 2 armor layers flexible pipe.
i i
where δ u A , δ u B , δ uC , δθ A , δθ B , δθC
i i i i
are the linearized
Note that during bending, the normal n to the wire may not
Figure 5: kinematic conditions of the central beam and load coincide with N, except when the wire follows the geodesic
application. curve. The wire kinematics is described by the displacement
with respect to the reference tore, whose components in the
Internal and external pressure loadings can also be applied to basis are ∆ut, ∆uN and ∆uB. The last component is called
the model through pressures exerted on the internal or external transverse displacement. Similarly the curvature components
kernels, with suitable radius correction. are denoted Ct, CN and CB.
(1 − e )
exclusively on the modeling of the inner kernel. Carcass and C − γε p
pressure vault are modeled either with their actual sections, e.g. σ y = σ0 + (10)
[17,18], or through equivalent layers, e.g. [19,20]. The γ
advantage of the 3D-Periodic multi-layers model presented in where εp is the equivalent plastic strain, and C and γ are two
this section is to represent accurately both the internal layers, parameters giving the amplitude of the hardening:
the armors and the external layers of the flexible. It permits for C
instance to study accurately the influence of the armor layers on H= (11)
the collapse during the bending or the traction of the structure, γ
as described in this section. As a consequence, the 3D-Periodic The axial stiffness of carcasses and vaults can be neglected
multi-layers model can constitute a useful R&D complementary because their laying angle is close to 90°. It allows the previous
model to the analytical design model presented in [8]. equivalent parameters to be used within a transversely isotropic
model, in which the direction parallel to the flexible axis has
The study of the collapse of flexible pipes under external negligible properties, and the plane of isotropy has the above
pressure requires the 3D-Periodic model to be enhanced in calculated properties. Coupling Poisson coefficients between
order to take into account: the plane of isotropy and the direction orthogonal to it are set to
• the various layers of the internal kernel (carcass, zero in order to obtain fully uncoupled material behavior in
vaults, sheaths), those two directions.
• an initial defect that will initiate the collapse failure.
As presented in the finite element discretization section, the Finally, an initial defect is introduced in the model through an
various layers that constitute the inner kernel of the flexible can ovalization which is applied uniformly on all the layers of the
be modeled individually through structural shells. Contrary to structure.
the equivalent kernel which is placed right below the inner
armor layer, the layers of the detailed kernel are modeled at The flexible used to illustrate the capabilities of the model is a
their effective radius. It is fundamental to obtain accurate 10'' rough bore with a laying angle of 55° and no pressure
collapse pressures. In the case of a carcass or a vault, the armor. It is considered with water flooded annulus. Two
complex geometrical section of the layer is not explicitly specimens of this TECHNIP structure have been tested at
represented. It would lead to high CPU cost calculations (large IFPEN laboratory. They have been subjected to various
numbers of dof, contacts between spires) whereas local stress traction-pressure loading paths until collapse is observed. Some
state in the carcass is not of interest here. As a consequence, results are given on Figure 16:
they are simplified into equivalent structural shells with
(a) (b)
Figure 17: deformed states x30:
(a) tension (b) compression for T=2.0
[3] Sertã, O., Fumis, R., Connaire, A., Smyth, J., Tanaka, R., [12] Custodio, A.B., Lemos, C.A.D, Troina, L.M.B, de
Barbosa, T., Godinho, C., 2012, "Predictions of armour wire Almeida, M.C., 2007, “Recent Research on the Instability of
buckling for a flexible pipe under compression, bending and Flexible Pipe’s Armours”, Proceedings of the Seventeenth
external pressure loading", OMAE2012-83482, Proceedings of (2007) International Offshore and Polar Engineering
the ASME 2010 31st International Conference on Ocean, Conference, Lisbon, Portugal.
Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2012), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. [13] Sævik, S.; Thorsen, M.J., 2012, “ Techniques for
predicting tensile armour buckling and fatigue in deep water
[4] Bahtui, A., Bahai, H., Alfano, G., 2009, "Numerical and flexible riser”, OMAE2012-83563, Proceedings of the ASME
Analytical Modeling of Unbonded Flexible Risers", 2010 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and
OMAE2009-80182, Proceedings of the ASME 2009 28th Arctic Engineering (OMAE2012), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
Engineering (OMAE2009), Honolulu, Hawaii. [14] Sævik, S.; Li, H., 2013, “Shear interaction and transverse
buckling of tensile armours in flexible pipes”, OMAE2009-
[5] Sævik, S., Igland, R., 2002, “Calibration of a Flexible 79117, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd International
Pipe Tensile Armour Stress Model Based on Fibre Optic Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
(OMAE2013), Nantes, France.