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AL KHOUD
IGCSE PHYSICS – GRADE – 9
Prepared by M.Govindaraj e mail: m_govindaraj@yahoo.co.uk
1. We see, feel and hear lot of waves in our daily life. Eg sound, light, waves on water surface,
wave in musical instruments, oscillation of air in wind pipes, simple pendulum etc,
2. The waves motions are due to vibration, oscillation, rotation etc.
3. Vibration: A regular to and fro(back ward) motion of a body about mean position.
4. Oscillation: A complete to and fro motion about its mean position. Eg Simple pendulum
5. Wave : The propagation of disturbances from one particle to another in forward direction in a
medium.
6. Vibrating body is the sources of waves.
Direction of propagation
Direction of vibration
One Wavelength λ
Distance
Amplitude
Half Wavelength λ/2
Definitions
10. Displacement : The displacement of a vibrating object is its distance from the rest or central
position in either direction. The unit is metre.
11. Amplitude(a) The amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest or central position
in either direction. The unit is metre.
12. Period(T) The period is the time of vibrating object takes to makes one complete oscillation.
The unit is second.
13. Wave length λ: The distance travelled by wave for one full vibration/ oscillation. Or The
distance between two successive particles which are at exactly the same point in their paths at
the same time and are moving in the same direction. Its unit is metre.
14. Frequency(f): The number of complete oscillations(or vibration/ cycles/rotation/ ) in one
second. The unit is second-1 or cycles or Hertz(Hz).
1 1
15. The relation between frequency and time period Frequency = Timeperiod
f =
T
16. Isochronous or Simple Harmonic: The vibration which has constant period, whether the
amplitude is large or small, is called isochronous vibration or simple harmonic motion.
Types of waves
17. The waves motions are two types:
1. Mechanical waves. Eg. Waves on water surfaces, waves on stretched string.
2. Electromagnetic waves. Light, Infra red, Ultra violet, X-rays, etc.
18. The propagation of disturbances from one particle to another in forward direction in a
medium is called mechanical waves.
19. Mechanical wave is two types:
1. Transverse wave : Transverse wave are ones in which the displacement of the particle is
at right angles to the direction of the wave motion.
2. Longitudinal Wave: Longitudinal wave are ones in which the displacement of the particle
is parallel to the direction of wave motion.
21. Progressive wave: A progressive wave or travelling wave is the movement of a disturbance
which carries energy away from a source.
22. Crest : The maximum displacement in positive direction.
23. Trough: The maximum displacement of particle in negative direction.
24. Compression: In longitudinal wave, when particles come close together the pressure
increase, called compression.
25. Rarefaction: In longitudinal wave. When particle move away from each other the pressure
decreases, called rarefaction.
26. The wave equation Wave speed = frequency x wavelength or c = f λ.
1. It carries energy
2. the medium doesn’t travel with the wave
3. The particle displace by wave motion vibrate about rest position.
4. Each particle vibrates in the same way, but the vibration have a time lag in the direction of
travel of the wave.
5. The speed of a wave is not affected by the shape but affected by the nature of the medium
it travels.
29. Diffraction of waves: Diffraction is the spreading of waves round corners and edges of
barriers.
30. Waves can be reflected and refracted
31. Waves obey law of reflections
32. Waves travel slowly in shallow water than in deep water.
33. Ratio velocity of waves in two different mediums is
C1 1
=
C2 2
34. By plane reflector : The reflected wave front is also a circular wave front.
35. By concave reflector ; The reflected wave front is converging wave front converging at
focus
36. By convex reflector : The reflected wave front is diverging wave front with virtual focus.
37. Reflection of Circular wave front
38. By Plane reflector : The reflected wave front is circular diverging and appear to come from
virtual source
39. By Concave reflector ; The reflected wave front is straight wave front goes parallel to
principal axis.
40. By concave surface : The refracted wave fronts are converging circular wave front
converging at principal focus.
41. Refraction of Circular wave front
42. By concave Surface : The refracted wave front is converging circular wave front converging
to principal.
43. PROPERTIES OF SOUND
1. Sound is a form of energy.
2. Sound is longitudinal waves.
3. Sound requires medium for motion.
4. Sound doesn’t travel in vacuum
5. Sound travels through solid liquid and gas.
6. Sound wave can be reflected refracted, diffracted, interfered and polarized.
7. Velocity of sound in air is 330m/s.
8. Velocity of sound in gas depends on
1
a. density : velocity is inversely proportional to density c α More
density
the density less the speed
b. Temperature : Velocity is directly proportional to temperature in Kelvin
C α Temperature
C1 T1
Ratio of velocity in two different gas is = More the
C2 T2
temperature more the speed.
c. Frequency : Frequency or pitch does not affect the speed.
d. Pressure : Speed is not affected by pressure.
e. Amplitude : Amplitude doesn’t affect the speed.
f. Humidity : Speed is more in moist or humid air than dry air.
g. Wind speed : Speed of sound is increased, if wind is in the direction of sound,
decreased, if wind is in opposite direction of sound.
9. Frequency and pitch :Pitch depends on frequency. More the frequency more pitch.
10. Amplitude and Loudness : Loudness depends on amplitude. More the amplitude more the
loudness.
11. Amplitude and Intensity : The intensity is directly proportional to the square of wave
amplitude. I α a2
12. The intensity of sound wave is the rate at which it carries energy away from the source.
Through a unit area at right angles to the travel of the wave.
44. Acoustics
1. It is the branch of Physics to discuss the sound in the construction of cinema theatre.
2. Echo : The reflected sound is called an echo.
3. Reverberation. Continuation of sound after it is stopped.
4. Wood, Curtain, steel, furnishers, carpet etc are good absorber of sound.
5. Furnishers, curtains, ceiling, carpet are used to reduce the echo.
45. Sound travels faster in solids, slow in liquids and slower in gas.
46. A distance train can be heard through railway track rather than hearing its sound through air.
47. A bomb is exploded under water, name what type of wave is passed out
1. from the bottom to water surface
2. water surface to near by area.
48. Sound of frequency 1-20Hz cannot be heard by human hear, called infrasonic sound. This
range of sound is called inaudible range.
49. The sound of frequency between 20Hz to 20000Hz is called audible sound, This sound can
be heard by human hear.
50. The sound of frequency more than 20000Hz(20KHz) called Ultra-sonic sound.
51. Application of Ultrasonic sound
B. 4500 mm 300m/s
C. 200cm 350Hz
D. 350m/s 300Hz
E. 420m/s 0.022MHz
F. 2m 15Hz
400mm 5s
2.5km 60min
5km 120min
2mm/s 2ms
5cm/s 500
0.036km/hr
d. Infrasonic _______________________
55. Find the wavelength and frequency of a wave whose time period is 0.4 micro seconds and
velocity is 300000 km/s.
56. Find the frequency of a wave if its wave speed is 3000km/s and wavelength is 200cm.
57. From the given figures, find displacement, velocity wave length if frequency is 450Hz.
(m) A
3
2
1
0.04mm wavelength
Wavelength___________________________
4 B
0
4micrometre Wavelength
Wavelength___________________________
cm C
10
0 7mm Wavelength
Wavelength___________________________
D
6
0 13/4cm Wavelength
Wavelength___________________________
58. Find the Wavelength, displacement and frequency of the wave in the figures below if the
velocity is 4m/s.
A
Freqency _____________________________
B
4
2
0 3 μsecond Time
Wavelength__________________________ Displacement_____________________
Frequency __________________________
59.
Plane surface
Plane surface
4. Simple pendulum is a metal bob connected with a light thread, the other end fixed to a hinge.
5. The vibration which has constant period, whether the amplitude is large or small, is called
isochronous vibration or simple harmonic motion.
8. The amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest or central position in either
direction.
9. The distance travelled by wave for one full vibration/ oscillation is called wavelength.
10. Wave length is the distance between two successive particles which are at exactly the same
point in their paths at the same time and are moving in the same direction.
26. The medium through which a wave travels does not travel with the wave.
27. The particle of the medium, displaced by the wave motion, vibrate about their rest position.
28. The progressive wave is two types. They are a. transverse wave and b. longitudinal wave.
29. Transverse wave are ones in which the displacement of the particle is at right angles to the
direction of the wave motion.
30. Longitudinal wave are ones in which the displacement of the particle is parallel to the
direction of wave motion.
31. In longitudinal wave, when particles come close together the pressure increase, called
compression.
32. In longitudinal wave. When particle move away from each other the pressure decreases,
called rarefaction.
33. Each particle in the wave motion vibrates in the same way.
40. Diffraction is the spreading of waves round corners and edges of barriers.
41. The process of overlapping of two or more wave to from single wave is called interference.
43. Two waves combine to give large amplitude, called constructive interference.
44. Two waves combine to give small/ minimum amplitude called destructive interference.
3. A student measures how far a cork moves up and down on a wave in a tank of water.
Which quantity can he obtain from his measurement?
A amplitude B frequency C speed D wavelength
7. Radio waves are received at a house at the bottom of a hill. The waves reach the house
because the hill has caused them to be
A diffracted. B radiated. C reflected. D refracted
8. Waves move from deep water to shallow water where they are slower.
Which diagram shows what happens to the waves?
9. Water waves change direction when they move from shallow water to deep water.
What is the name of this effect?
A diffraction B dispersion C reflection D refraction
10. What is the approximate range of audible frequencies for most humans?
A 10 Hz to 10 000 Hz B 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
C 10 kHz to 10 000 kHz D 20 kHz to 20 000 kHz
11. 100 metre race is started by firing a gun. The gun makes a bang and a puff of smoke comes
out of the gun as shown. When does the finishing judge see the smoke and hear the bang?
12. A vertical stick is dipped up and down in water at P. In two seconds, three wave crests are
produced on the surface of the water.
Which statement is true?
A Distance X is the amplitude of the waves. B Distance Y is the wavelength of the waves.
C Each circle represents a wavefront. D The frequency of the waves is 3Hz.
13. A girl stands in front of a rock face. The girl claps her hands once. The speed of sound in air
is 330m/ s. How long is it before she hears the echo?
16. In a ripple tank, water waves move towards a barrier with a narrow gap.
Which diagram best shows the waves beyond the barrier?
17. Two astronauts without radios can only communicate in space if their helmets are touching.
There is no air in space. What does this show about sound?
18. Waves are sent along two long springs X and Y as shown.
How should the wave motions in X and Y be described?
19. The waves reach the house because the hill has caused them to be
A diffracted B radiated C reflected D refracted.
22. Boy A throws a large stone into a large still pond, as illustrated in Fig.
(a) Girl B hears the ‘plop’ sound of the stone entering the water a very short time after she
sees the splash, but it is many seconds before the water wave reaches the edge of the pond
where she is sitting.
Use this information to decide which wave travels fastest and which travels slowest.
Write ‘fastest’ in one box and ‘slowest’ in another box. Leave one box empty.
sound wave
light wave
water wave
(b) In the boxes below, state whether each type of wave is a transverse or a longitudinal
wave.
sound wave
light wave
water wave
(c) In the boxes below, put a tick alongside any of the types of wave that do not need a
substance in which to travel.
sound wave
light wave
water wave
23. A girl is walking along a path 1600m from the rock-face of a quarry (a place where stone is
obtained).
(a) The quarry workers set off an explosion at X to break up some rock. The girl measures
the time interval between seeing the flash and hearing the bang. The time is 5.0 s.
(i) Calculate the speed of the sound.
24. Fig. shows plane waves passing through a gap in a barrier that is approximately equal to the
wavelength of the waves.
(a) What is the name given to the wave property shown in Fig.?
...................................................................................................................................................
(b) In the space below, carefully draw the pattern that would be obtained if the gap were
increased to six times the wavelength of the waves.
(c) The effect in Fig. 8.1 is often shown using water waves on the surface of a tank of
water.
These are transverse waves. Explain what is meant by a transverse wave.
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25. A student wrote the following report about an experiment to measure the speed of sound in
air.
My friend and I went into a field a long way from any buildings and
measured the
distance across the field. My friend stood at one side of the field and I
stood at the other.
My friend banged two pieces of wood together, and as I saw him do this,
I started a
stopwatch. I stopped the stopwatch when I heard the sound. We
obtained the following
readings.
distance across field = 238m
time for sound to cross field = 0.7 s
(b) The distance between two consecutive rarefactions in a sound wave is 2.5 m. The
speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. Calculate the frequency of this sound wave.
frequency = ....................................
(c) A person makes a loud sound and hears the echo of this sound 1.2 s later. Calculate how
far the person is from the object causing the echo.
Assume that the speed of sound is 330m/ s.
distance =.......................................
27. (a) Fig. shows the air pressure variation along a sound wave.
(i) On AB in Fig. 5.1, mark one point of compression with a dot and the letter C and
the next point of rarefaction with a dot and the letter R.
(ii) In terms of the wavelength, what is the distance along the wave between a
compression and the next rarefaction?
...................................................................................................................................................
(b) A sound wave travels through air at a speed of 340 m/s. Calculate the frequency of a
sound wave of wavelength 1.3 m.
frequency = .........................
28. (a) Figs 6.1 and 6.2 show what happens to waves at two different types of boundary.
Complete the table below.
29. The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s. A man stands 249m from a large flat wall, as shown in
Fig. 9.1, and claps his hands once.
(a) Calculate the interval between the time when the man claps his hands and the time
when he hears the echo from the wall.
0.75 s
1.50 s
2.25 s
3.00 s
30. (a) Fig.1 shows a machine for making loud sounds. It is called a siren. This consists of a
rotating disc with 25 holes. As each hole passes the jet, a puff of air passes through the hole.
Fig 1
(i) How many puffs of air will there be during one revolution of the disc?
Fig 2
(b) The siren described in (a) is located some distance from a large building, as shown in
Fig 2
The siren is briefly sounded once. A short time later, the sound is heard again.
(i) Why is this second sound heard?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the frequency of this second sound? Tick one box.
less than 1000 Hz
1000 Hz
more than 1000 Hz
(iii) What is the amplitude of this second sound? Tick one box.
less than the original sound
the same as the original sound
more than the original sound
Fig. 7
(b) On Fig. 1, draw the graph of distance travelled against time for the sound wave.
Fig 1
(c) A ship is sinking in the dark as shown in Fig. 2
Fi
g2
The sailors on the ship fire a distress flare into the air. It explodes with a bang and a
bright flash of light.
(i) A lifeboat crew hear the bang and see the flash, but not at the same time.
State which reaches the lifeboat first, the bang or the flash, and give a reason.
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(ii) The time interval in (c)(i) is 4.2 s. Use your graph in (b) to find how far away the lifeboat
is from the flare. Show clearly on your graph how you got your answer.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
32. Which statement is correct about the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?
A Ultra-violet waves have the greatest speed. B Visible light waves have the greatest speed.
C Infra-red waves have the greatest speed. D All electromagnetic waves have the same
speed.
33. Which statement is correct about the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?
A Ultra-violet waves have the greatest speed.
B Visible light waves have the greatest speed.
C Infra-red waves have the greatest speed.
D All electromagnetic waves have the same speed.
34. Which type of radiation lies between visible light and microwaves in the electromagnetic
spectrum?
A infra-red B radio waves C ultra-violet D X-rays
35. Fig. shows the various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Two of the regions
have been labelled.
(a) In the boxes provided, write the names of the other regions.
(b) Only one of the following types of wave is not an electromagnetic wave.
Tick one box to show which type of wave is not electromagnetic.
Microwave
Radar
Sound
Radio visible
36.
37. dfb
38. df
39. dfb
40.
41.