Steps to be followed during Synopsis writing (3000 words/15-20 pages)

(Yours’ study 90% citations/references should be post 2000. Use maximum Journal
references. Your work should be in your own wordings, you are allowed only 15%
plagiarism)
Chapter # 1 (6-8 pages)
(Write this chapter in present tense)
Introduction
1.1 Background (pages 4-5)
Introduction of study along with its origin, history and background, Introduce the topic with the
support of references in ascending order. Also write the introduction of company, organization,
sector or industry, where you are going to conduct the research. But your main focus should be
on the topic. Describe each variable in this part.

1.2 Rationale of the Study

1.3 Problem Identification/ Broad Problem Area/Need of the Study (2-3 pages)

You have to identify the problem, where the actual problem is existing theoretically as well as
practically, as we have discussed in the class how to identify the problem, I mean build a story by
three different ways 1) Find the gap from literature with proper references (future directions/
limitations of updated papers specially from 2009-10-11-12 papers); 2) build the local scenario
of your target sector or companies by comparing the theory/literature and practice/actual
situation and 3) compare the current situation of your particular sector or company with globe
and then write situation of Pakistan. This is the very important part of your study.

1.4 Problem Statement

Write the actual problem/crux in one or two sentence/s drive it from the problem identification.

1.5 Research Question/s

Derive from problem statement

1.6 Objectives of the Study

Write the objective/s of your study which start from “to” and the mostly useable words are (To
explore, to determine, to find out, to measure, to highlight, to examine, to judge)

1.7 Significance of the Study (1.5 -2 pages)

Discuss the importance/worth/rationale of the study, what kind of benefit and who will be the
beneficiary/ies of this work, what will be the practical implications, how this study will
contribute in your particular area or sector? What kind of policy will be given by this study?

1.8 Scope of the study (1 page)

What will be the scope of your research in future? How much your study will cover the scenario?
How much the study results are generalized?

1.9 Limitations of the Study

 Chapter # 2 (6-8 pages)

Literature Review (Write this chapter in past tense, almost use second form)

In this part explain your study variables by the support of citations/references, I mean bombard
this part with references. Literature review should be written as i.e. the significant relationship
was found among the dependent and independent variables (Aurther, 2009: 23 page); or Sing
(2010) conducted a research on…………. page numbers if feel convenient. Also put you voice
among the different scholars ideas/finds (I mean commentary).

The appropriate words could be (Elaborated, declared, discussed, highlighted, examined,

explored, agued, found, focused on, determined, revealed, investigated, described, showed,
used, predicted, studied, developed, follow the approach used by, documented, favored this,
noticed that, studied the determinants, Earlier researches relied on, suggested, reinforced etc.)

At the end of the literature review before theoretical framework you have to write the summery
of the literature how many variables are used and what relationship is found in the literature?

2.1 Theoretical framework (Only for primary data)

Draw a figure which shows the independent/s mediating/moderating/ intervening and dependent
variables relationship and put the sign (+ or -) on arrows on the bases of literature review.

OR

2.1 Research Model (only for secondary data)

Draw an equation and tell about abbreviation/s or alphabetic/s

2.2 Hypotheses Statements

Draw the hypothesis/es on the bases of literature review. What relationship was found in
previous researches and yours’ study assumptions/hypotheses will be in line of previous studies.
 Chapter # 3 (5-8 pages)

Methodology of primary Data collection

(At proposal writing stage write this chapter in future tense, almost use will, and shall and
students at project/thesis writing stage use past tense i.e. was, were)

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

Explain what is research design? and what will be the design of this study?

3.2 Population of the Study

Explain what is population? and what will be the population of this study?

3.3 Sampling Techniques

Explain the techniques of sampling and what will be sampling technique of this study?

3.4 Sample Size

What is sample? And what will be sample size of your study?

3.5 Instrument and Measures/ Research Tools (very important part of the chapter)

Write about the research instrument, how many variables are used? How many are independents
and dependents? Write their names. Is scale/instrument/questionnaire self developed or adopted
or adapted from previous studies? If adopted/adapted from past studies give their references.
Also write how many items/statements/questions are used to measure the each variable. Which
software will be used for analysis?

3.6 Procedure/ data collection

Explain what will be the procedure of data collection

3.7 Data Analysis

What will be the appropriate tests for your study and write the assumptions/applications of those
tests?
 Chapter # 3 (5-10 pages)

Methodology of Secondary Data collection

3.1 research Design

3.2 Methodological Literature

Write the different techniques of data analysis which have been used in previous studies i.e.
Smith (2011) conducted research/analyzed on………………. And used/apply the technique
towards data analysis ……………….

3.3 Data

From where the data of each variable was taken and what was the time span?

3.4 Statistics

Write about the variables, their formulas/equations etc. dependent, and independent variables

3.5 Techniques

What will be the most appropriate technique for data analysis and introduction of that technique?
Backgrounds of those technique, assumptions etc.

References (Should be in APA style, which is give in the AIOU manual at page # 52)

The citations/references which are used in text must be include in reference list and should
be written in proper referencing style.
 Questionnaire should be designed as following

Only for primary Data collection

APPENDIX

Questionnaire:

Title of the Study

The study is being conducted by -----; --- University Islamabad Campus. The primary objective
of this study is to ----------. I wish to assure you that any response you make will be strictly
confidential. If you have any query, you can contact at E-mail: -------- or Cell: ----------.

Section: 1 (Demographic Variables)

You can add or adjust these variables as per your study

1. GenderMale ( ) Female ( )

2. Age 18-31, 32-44, 45-57, 58-70

Section: 2 (research variables)

Please Tick () your responses using the following scale:

(1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4= Agreed, 5= Strongly Agree)

Rating
Strongly Strongly
Sr. # Variables Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree
(2) (3) (4)
(1) (5)
I Name of Variable 1
1
2
3
4
II Name of second Variable
III Name of third Variable

IV Name of fourth Variable

V Name of fifth Variable

If any point you are not understanding then read the AIOU manual each part is explained