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dy
e.g: (1) x2 y sin x
dx
(2) 3 y 2 3 xy 5 x 7e 4 x
d2y dy
(3) xy 2
y e3x 0
dx dx
dy
e.g: (1) x y2 0
dx
2
dy
(2) x (1 y ) 1 x y 0
dx
d3y dy
(3) 3
ex y ln x
dx dx
2
d4y d3y
(4) y 3 e 4 x 0
dx 4 dx
dy
e.g: (1) x y2 0
dx
d2y dy
(2) 2
3 2 y x2
dx dx
2
d4y d3y
(3) y 3 e 4 x 0
dx 4 dx
2
d3y d2y
(4) 3 x 2 y 4 cos x
dx dx
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FORMATION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
(a) y Ax x 2
A
(b) y x
2
x
(c) y Ax 2 Bx 5
2
(3) Linear equation.
(4) Exact equation.
SEPARABLE EQUATION.
dy dy f ( x)
f ( x) g ( y ) or
dx dx g ( y )
This type of equation can be solve by separating x with dx and y with dy.
[note: when separating x and y, make sure the y term must be at the LHS.]
dy 2x
Example 1: Solve .
dx y 1
dy
Example 2: Find the solution for 2 y sin x .
dx
3
dy y 2 ty 2
Example 3: Solve 2 .
dt t y t2
Exercises: Solve
dy
(a) 1 x 1 y
dx
dy
(b) 5y 2x
dx
4
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION.
dy x 3 y
(a)
dx 2x
dy
(b) 2x 2 x2 y2
dx
(c) x3 x 2 y dy
dx
xy y 2
dy
(note: before substituting y and , make sure that the
dx
dy
coefficient of is 1.)
dx
v with dv = x with dx
5
Example 2: Solve the homogeneous equation dy ( xy ) ( x 2 y 2 ) dx .
6
dy 2 xy 3 y 2
Example 3: Solve the equation 2 .
dx x 2 xy
7
Exercises: Find the solution of the equations
dy 2x
(a) 2x 2 x2 y2 (ans: y x )
dx ln x c
(b) x dy
dx
2
xy
xy y 2 (ans: xy Ae y ).
x
LINEAR EQUATIONS.
dy
a( x) b( x ) y c ( x )
dx
(1) 1 x dy 5 y e 7 x
dx
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dy y
x y
2
(2)
dx x 2
dy
(3) 7 e 3 x y 1
dx
dy
Step 1 : Make sure the coefficient of is 1.
dx
dy
Py Q
dx
Step 2 : Find P dx .
9
Step 3 : Calculate the integrating factor (µ)
e
P dx
Step 4 : Solve y Q dx
Find what is y ?
dy
Example 1: Find the solution for 5 y e2x .
dx
dy
Example 2: Solve the equation x y x sin x .
dx
10
dy
Example 3: Solve x 5 y x7 .
dx
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EXACT EQUATIONS.
M N
.
y x
(a) 2 x 3 y dx 6 xy 2 y dy 0
2
y 2 x3
(b) 3x dx 1 dy 0
x y
(c) 1 cos x
2
dy y sin 2 x dx
12
How to Solve Exact Equations.
u
?
y
u
Determine ( y ) by comparing N .
y
( y ) ( y ) dy
u ( x, y ) A
where A is a constant.
13
Example 2: Solve sin x dy y cos x x sin x dx 0
14
Example 3: Determine whether the differential equation
3 x 2 y 2 dx (2 x 3 y e 7 y ) dy
is exact equation. If so, solve it.
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