CHEN4017 BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING

LECTURE 2

Cell Basics And Microbial Diversity

1
 Governing Parameters of A Process
Product Yields Impurities
Concentration

Choice of Reactor
Operating Strategy

Sustainable Performance Reliable

Substrate
Cell/enzyme
Mixing/gas exchange req.
Product specification
Sterility and maintenance
Process control 2

Technoeconomic Con.
CELLS
 All creatures are made of cells.
 Cells: small membrane-bounded units filled with a
concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed
with the extraordinary ability to create copies of
themselves by growing and dividing in two.

3
SIMPLE CELLS: BACTERIA (PROKARYOTIC)

4
A PLANT CELL: EUKARYOTIC

5
AN ANIMAL CELL: EUKARYOTIC

An animal cell: Eukaryotic

6
VIRUS: A BACTERIA VIRUS

7
FUNGI
 All fundgi are heterotrophs by absorption. Fungal cell walls
include chitin
 Some fungi have filamentous bodies, others have yeast
morphology
 Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually

 Fungi obtain nutritions by external digestion of living or dead

organisms
 Fungal metobolic pathways provide resources for humans

 Fungi are among the most important decomposers in terrestrial

ecosystem
8
…FUNGI
 Four major groups Fungi
 Chytridiomycota; Zygo mycota; Basidiomycota; Ascomycota
 Yeasts
 5-10 µm in size, spherical, cylindrical or oval in shape.
 Most commonly used is saccharomyces cerevisiae, i.e., in Baker’s yeast
production under aerobic conditions and for alcohol production under
anaerobic conditions.
 Yeast are also used in large scale production of proteins for enrichment of
animal food.
 Molds
 Filamentous fungi with a mycellial structure and are used for production
of citric acid and antibiotics.

9
FUNGI
 Yeasts  Phycomysetes

 Molds  Ascomycetes

 Algae  Basidiomycetes

 Protozoa  Deuteromycetes

10
YEAST

11
DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
 Temperature
 Grows best below 20˚C Phychrophiles
Grows best between 20 and 50˚C Mesophiles

12

 Grows best above 50˚C Thermophiles

 pH
 Grows best near neutral pH
 Grows well at pH of 1 to 2 Acidophiles
 Grows well at pH as high as 9

 Moisture
 Most cells require a minimum moisture content
 Some cells grow in the near absence of moisture
DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS

 Salinity
 Most cells require a moderate level of salinity

13
 Some cells can exist in very high salt concentrations

 Oxygen Availability
 Require oxygen for growth Aerobic
 Require lack of oxygen for growth Anaerobic
 Aerobic or anaerobic Facultative

 Nutrient Availability
 Most microorganisms require organic and inorganic nutrients to
grow and survive
 Cyanobacteria grow in the absence of key nutrients: e.g. can
convert CO2 from air into organic cellular molecules.
SIZE AND SHAPE OF CELLS
 Procaryotes: 0.5 – 3 m
 Spherical or elliptical:Coccus
Cylindrical: Bacillus

14

 Spiral: Spirillum

 Eucaryotes: several – 20 m
 Yeasts, 5 m
 Animal cells, 10 m
 Plant cells, 20 m
 TAXONOMY OF CELLS

Group Cell Structure Properties Constituent groups

Eucaryotes Eucaryotic Multicellular; extensive Plants (seeds, ferns,
differentiation of cells and mosses)
tissues Animals (vertebrates,
invertebrates)

Unicellular; coenocytic or protists (algae, fungi,

mycelial; little or no tissue protozoa)
differentiation

Procarytotes Procaryotic Cell chemistry similar to Most bacteria

(Eubacteria) Eucaryotes
Archaebacteria Procaryotic Distinctive cell chemistry Methanogens,
halophiles,
thermoacidophiles.
15
EUCARYOTES VS PROCARYOTES

16
COMPARISON OF CELLS (RAVEN & JOHNSON)

17
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS

18
PROCARYOTES
 Eubacteria
 Gram-positive
 Gram-negative

 Archaebacteria
 No peptidoglycan
 Similar nucleotide sequence in the ribosome RNA
within the group, differ from Eubacteria
 Lipid composition of cytoplasmic membrane vary
from Eubacteria

19
GRAM-NEGATIVE CELLS
 Cell Envelope
 Outer membrane: 10 - 20 nm thick, a protein-polysaccharide lipid complex
 Inner membrane: 5-10 nm thick, 50% protein - 30% lipid - 20%
 carbohydrate
 Pariplasmic space: space between membranes
 Flagellum: 10-20 nm thick hair-like structures, provides mobility

 Cytoplasm
 Nuclear material: a single chromosome of DNA with no nuclear membrane.
 Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis. Cells contain about 10,000 of them. Size
is about 10 - 20 nm. 63% RNA and 37% protein.
 Storage granules: storage of key metabolites. 0.5-1 m each.
 Spores: used by cell to survive harsh conditions of high heat, dryness, and
antibiotic agents. One spore formed per cell.

20
GRAM-NEGATIVE CELLS

21
GRAM-POSITIVE CELLS
 No outer membrane
 A very thick rigid cell wall with multiple layers of
peptidoglycan

22
 Containing teichoic acids bonded to peptidoglycan
 Have only cytoplasmic membrane--better suited to
excretion of protein
GRAM-POSITIVE CELLS

23
PROCARYOTES: GRAM NEGATIVE
CELLS

24
EUCARYOTES

25
EUCARYOTES: CELL ENVELOPE
Provides rigidity

26
 Cell wall
 animal cells have no cell wall (fragile)
 Plant cells have a wall containing peptidoglycan,
polysaccharides and cellulose.

 Plasma membrane
 phospholipid bilayer structure with imbedded proteins
similar to procaryotes
 Major difference is the presence of sterols, which
impart rigidity.
EUCARYOTES: CYTOPLASM
 Nucleus: chromosomes surrounded by a membrane.
 Mitochondria: 1-3 m cylindrical bodies. The powerhouses of
the cell where respiration and oxidative phosphorylation occur.
 Endoplasmic reticulum: Membrane complex extending from
cell
membrane, sites of protein synthesis and modification.
 Lysosomes: Small membrane-bound particles that contain
digestive enzymes.
 Golgi bodies: small particles composed of membrane
aggregates responsible for excretion of proteins and other
products.
 Vacuoles: membrane bound organelles of plant cells
responsible for nutrient digestion, osmotic regulation, and
waste storage. 27

 Chloroplasts: chlorophyl-containing structures that are

responsible for photosynthesis in plants and algae.
VIRUSES
OBLIGATE PARASITES - NOT CONSIDERED LIFE
 Structural Components of Viruses
 Genetic material: DNA (DNA viruses) or RNA (RNA
viruses)
 Capsid: a protein coat over the genetic material
 Outer envelope: some contain a lipoprotein outer
envelope
 Types of Viruses
 Bacteriophage: virus that infects a bacteria
 Plants: tobacco mosaic virus
 Humans: polio virus, SARS virus

 Beneficial Uses of Viruses

 Viruses are used as vectors for the insertion of desired
28
DNA into a host cell in genetic engineering.
 BACTERIOPHAGE
 A bacteriophage is any one of
a number of viruses that
infect bacteria

 They multiply inside bacteria

by making use of some or all
of the host biochemical
machineries

29
VIRUS REPLICATION
 Among the most important characteristics of a
virus is the nature of the proteins, especially
the glycoproteins, that make up its capsid,
envelope, and spikes. These proteins determine
the infective properties of the virus

 Virus target specific cells eg.,

  HIV - T4 (white blood) cells
 Poliovirus - spinal nerve cell
 hepatitis - liver, rabies - brain

30
SHAPES OF VIRUSES

31
STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

32
NOMENCLATURE
 Binary system (Carolus Linnaeus)
 genus (group of related species - broad).
 species (organisms which are substantially alike).
 Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) - Escherichia is the genus and Coli
is the species.

33