Cover Type B

TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

THIS PAPER MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE EXAM CENTRE.

SURNAME: _______________________

FIRST NAME: _______________________

STUDENT NUMBER: _______________________

COURSE: _______________________
_____________________________________________________________________

SPRING SEMESTER, 2009

SUBJECT NAME : MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 2

SUBJECT NO. : 33230

DAY/DATE :

TIME ALLOWED : Three Hours plus Ten Min. reading time

START/END TIME :

NOTES/INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

All questions are to be attempted

All questions are of equal value
Only non-programmable calculators are permitted

Answer each question in a separate booklet

 Page 1

Question 1. (20 marks) Start a new booklet

(a) Let A and b be the matrices

   
2 1 2
A= , b=
1 3 1

and let x be an unknown 2 × 1 matrix. Solve the following matrix equation for x:

Ax = b + 2x

(b) Consider the matrix

 
3 3 1
A =  0 1 2 .
0 1 1

(i) Calculate det(A)

(ii) Calculate A−1

(c) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

 
4 3
A = .
1 2

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 Page 2

Question 2. (20 marks) Start a new booklet

(a) Find all the second order derivatives of f (x, y) = x cos(y) + x2 .

(b) The electric potential at any point (x, y) 6= (0, 0) is given by

p
V (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2 ,

Find the rate of change of V at the point (4, 3) in the direction of the vector u = −i + 2j.

(c) Find the equation of the tangent plane of the surface

f (x, y, z) = z 2 − x2 − y 2 = 0

at the point (4, −3, 5).

(d) Constrained optimization : find the maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 on the unit circle centered on the origin.

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 Page 3

Question 3. (20 marks) Start a new booklet

(a) Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral

ZZ
(3x − y)dA ,
D

where D is the region bounded by y = 4x and y = x2 .

(b) Sketch the region of integration and change the order of integration for the integral
√
Z 1 Z x
f (x, y)dydx .
0 x2

(c) Consider the integral ZZ

(y 1/2 − x2 ) dA ,
D

where D is the region in the first quadrant that lies between the curves x = y 2 and x = y.

(i) Evaluate the integral.

(ii) Reverse the order of integration and evaluate the integral again.

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 Page 4

Question 4. (20 marks) - Start a new booklet

a) The width of a casing for a door is normally distributed with a mean of 650mm and a standard
deviation of 2mm. The width of the door has a mean of 645mm and a standard deviation of
1mm. Assume that these widths are independent of each other.

(i) What is the mean of the difference between the width of the casing and the width of the
door?

(ii) What is the standard deviation of the difference between the width of the casing and the
width of the door?

(iii) Find the probability that the door does not fit in the casing (i.e. difference < 0)?

b) The inside diameter of a randomly selected piston ring is a random variable with a mean of 14cm
and a standard deviation of 0.6cm.

(i) What distribution does the mean of a sample of 49 independently selected pistons take?
Which statistical result allows us to say this?

(ii) Find the probability that the sample mean is more than 0.2cm from the population mean
of 14?

c) Consider the circuit below. The probabilities in the box represent the failure rate for each
component. Find the probability that the circuit will function?

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 Page 5

Question 5. (20 marks) - Start a new booklet

a) “Measuring and Understanding the Aging of Kraft Insulating Paper in Power Transformers”(IEEE
Electrical Insul. Mag. 1996:28–34) tested the average polymerisation for a variety of paper spec-
imens. The Minitab Output 5.1 was obtained.

(i) Perform a hypothesis test to determine whether 445 would be a plausible value for the
mean polymerisation for the population. State your hypotheses, the test statistic, a p–
value, the decision made and your conclusion.

(ii) Give a 95% confidence interval for the population mean based on the sample.

Minitab Output 5.1:

One-Sample T: Polymerisation

Test of mu = 445 vs not = 445

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P

Polymerisation 17 438.29 15.14 3.67 (430.51, 446.08) -1.83 0.087

b) A factory contains two machines that produce metal pieces that are cylindrical in shape. A
sample of 50 pieces from each machine were taken, and their diameters measured. Minitab
Output 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 is provided on the next page.

(i) Use Levene’s test to determine whether the variances for the two machines are the same
or not. State your hypotheses, the test statistic, a p–value, the decision made and your
conclusion.

(ii) Based on your answer in (i), test whether the mean diameters from both of the machines
are the same or not. State your hypotheses, a p–value, the decision made and your
conclusion. Also indicate which output you used to make this conclusion.

(Continues on next page)

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 Page 6

(Continued from previous page)

Minitab Output 5.2:

Test for Equal Variances: Machine 1, Machine 2

95% Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations

N Lower StDev Upper

Machine 1 50 0.0669009 0.0821108 0.105766
Machine 2 50 0.0760196 0.0933026 0.120182

Levene’s Test (Any Continuous Distribution)

Test statistic = 1.37, p-value = 0.244

Minitab Output 5.3:

Two-Sample T-Test and CI: Machine 1, Machine 2

Two-sample T for Machine 1 vs Machine 2

N Mean StDev SE Mean

Machine 1 50 2.0868 0.0821 0.012
Machine 2 50 1.9930 0.0933 0.013

Difference = mu (Machine 1) - mu (Machine 2)

Estimate for difference: 0.0938
95% CI for difference: (0.0589, 0.1287)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 5.34 P-Value = 0.000 DF = 96

Minitab Output 5.4:

Two-Sample T-Test and CI: Machine 1, Machine 2

Two-sample T for Machine 1 vs Machine 2

N Mean StDev SE Mean

Machine 1 50 2.0868 0.0821 0.012
Machine 2 50 1.9930 0.0933 0.013

Difference = mu (Machine 1) - mu (Machine 2)

Estimate for difference: 0.0938
95% CI for difference: (0.0590, 0.1287)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 5.34 P-Value = 0.000 DF = 98
Both use Pooled StDev = 0.0879

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 Page 7

Question 6. (20 marks) - Start a new booklet

a) Mechanical Engineers tested a new method for assessing welding technique. They classified some
welds using the new technique as well as using x-ray images of the weld. Use Minitab Output
6.1 to perform a hypothesis test to determine whether there is a relationship between these two
inspection techniques.

Minitab Output 6.1:

Tabulated statistics: X-Ray, New Technique

Using frequencies in freq

Rows: X-Ray Columns: New Technique

Bad Good Normal All

Bad 15 5 8 28
Good 8 25 13 46
Normal 10 6 35 51

All 33 36 56 125

Cell Contents: Count

Pearson Chi-Square = 37.782, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.000

b) A group of Environmental Engineers are interested in the relationship between the rainfall volume
in an area (in m3 ) and the runoff volume from a road (in m3 ). Minitab Output 6.2 and 6.3 on
the next page gives a scatterplot and regression analysis.

(i) Using the scatterplot provided, briefly discuss the strength and direction of the relationship
between rainfall volume and runoff volume.

(ii) What is the equation of the regression line?

(iii) Using the regression output, test whether there is a significant relationship between rainfall
volume and runoff volume. State your hypotheses, the test statistic, a p–value, the decision
made and your conclusion.

(iv) Give a practical interpretation for the slope of the regression line.

(Continues on next page)

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 Page 8

(Continued from previous page)

Minitab Output 6.2:

Minitab Output 6.3:

Regression Analysis: Runoff Volume versus Rainfall Volume

The regression equation is

Runoff Volume = - 1.13 + 0.827 Rainfall Volume

Predictor Coef SE Coef T P

Constant -1.128 2.368 -0.48 0.642
Rainfall Volume 0.82697 0.03652 22.64 0.000

S = 5.24046 R-Sq = 97.5% R-Sq(adj) = 97.3%

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 1 14079 14079 512.65 0.000
Residual Error 13 357 27
Total 14 14436

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 Page 9

FORMULA SHEET

Table of Integrals
xn+1 1
Z Z
xn dx = + K, n 6= 1 = log x + K
n+1 x
Z Z
sin x dx = − cos x + K cos x dx = sin x + K
Z Z
sinh x dx = cosh x + K cosh x dx = sinh x + K
1 x 1 1 −1 x
Z Z
√ dx = sin−1 + K dx = tan +K
a2 − x 2 a a2 + x 2 a a
1 1 1 1
Z Z
sin2 x dx = x − sin 2x + K cos2 x dx = x + sin 2x + K
2 4 2 4

1 n−1
Z Z
n n−1
cos udu = cos u sin u + cosn−2 udu
n n
1 n−1
Z Z
n n−1
sin udu = − sin u cos u + sinn−2 udu
n n
Formulas for multiple integrals

1. Cylindrical coordinates: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z, dV = r dz dr dθ

2. Spherical coordinates: x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, z = ρ cos φ,

dV = ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
ZZZ
3. Mass of a solid: m = ρ(x, y, z) dV, where ρ(x, y, z) is the density

4. Centre of mass, (x̄, ȳ, z̄), of a solid:

1 1 1
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
x̄ = xρ(x, y, z) dV, ȳ = yρ(x, y, z) dV, z̄ = zρ(x, y, z) dV
m m m
ZZ ZZ ZZZ
5. Area = dA Volume = f (x, y) dA Volume = dV
R R D

6. The Jacobian of the transformation given by x = x(u, v) and y = y(u, v) is

 
 ∂x ∂x 
∂(x, y)  ∂u ∂v  ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
J(u, v) = = ∂y  = ∂u ∂v − ∂v ∂u
∂(u, v)  ∂y
∂u ∂v
 

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