CHAPTER 6

CHEMICAL DESIGN

Introduction

Chemical design

The component exist in the distillation stream is ethanol, water and ethylene. Thus, the purpose of this
distillation column is to separate the ethanol (product desired) from other components. The condition
fed into the distillation column is at 2 bar and 50.1oC. The product at the top column leave at 1.5 bar and
87.3 oC while the bottom column leave at 1.6 bar and 25 oC.

The condition and composition of the inlet and outlet streams for distillation column 2 as shown in table
xxxx

Table : Summary of the inlet and outlet parameter

Component Feed Top Bottom

MECHANICAL DESIGN

DISTILLATION COLUMN 2

1) Design pressure

The operating pressure for the distillation column 2 at is 2 bar or 200kPa.

Operating pressure = 2 bar

The design pressure takes 10% above the operating pressure

Design pressure = 2 bar x (1.1%)

= 2.2 bar

= 0.22 N/mm2

Operating temperature is

Design Temperature

Material of Construction

2) Vessel thickness

𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 𝑃𝑖

3) Mean diameter, 𝑫𝒎
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝑖 + 𝑡 ) unit m

4) Vessel dead weight, 𝑾𝒗

𝑊𝑣 = 240 𝐶𝑤 𝐷𝑚 (𝐻𝑣 + 0.8 𝐷𝑚 )𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔

unit in kN

Where,

𝑊𝑣 = total weight of shell, excluding internal fitting such as plates

𝐶𝑤 = factor including weight of nozzles, manways and internal supports. (In this case for distillation
column take 𝐶𝑤 as 1.15).
𝐷𝑚 = mean diameter of vessel, m

𝐻𝑣 = height between tangent lines, m

𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average wall thickness, m

Dm = (Di + t x 10-3)

Dm = ( 2.5m + 14 x 10-3)

= 2.514 m

5) Weight of plate, 𝑾𝒑

𝑊𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝 × 𝑊𝑠 × 𝑁

𝐴𝑝 = Area of plate

𝑊𝑠 = standard weight of plate

N = number of plate equally spaced

𝜋𝐷𝑖 2
𝐴𝑝 =
4

6) Weight of insulation, 𝑾𝒊

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 × 𝜌𝑖 × 9.81

𝑉𝑖 = Volume of insulator

𝜌𝑖 = Density of insulation material

𝑉𝑖 = 𝜋 𝐷𝑖 𝐻𝑖 𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖 = thickness of insulation

The volume is doubled to allow fitting, sealing and moisture adsorption

 𝑉𝑖 × 2 =
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 × 𝜌𝑖 × 9.81

7) Total dead weight, 𝑾𝒕

𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊𝑣 + 𝑊𝑝 + 𝑊𝑖

In kN

8) Wind loading

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐷𝑖 + 2 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑡𝑖 ) × 10−3

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Effective diameter, m

𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average wall thickness, mm

𝑡𝑖 = thickness of insulation, mm

Wind loading per unit length, 𝐹𝑤

𝐹𝑤 = 𝑃𝑤 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑃𝑤 = wind pressure

Unit in N/m

9) Bending moment at bottom tangent line

𝐹𝑤 𝐻𝑣 2
𝑀𝑥 =
2

10) Analysis of stress

Longitudinal stress, σ𝐿

𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
σ𝐿 =
4𝑡ℎ

𝑡ℎ = highest value of thickness

Tangential stress, σℎ

𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
σℎ =
2𝑡ℎ

Unit in N/mm2

11) Dead weight stress

𝑊𝑡
σ𝑤 =
𝜋(𝐷𝑖 + 𝑡ℎ ) 𝑡ℎ

𝑊𝑡 = total dead weight

Unit in N/mm2

12) Bending stress, 𝛔𝒃

𝑀𝑥 𝐷𝑖
σ𝑏 = ± ( + 𝑡ℎ )
𝐼𝑣 2

𝜋
𝐼𝑣 = (𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
64

𝐷𝑜 = (𝐷𝑖 + 2𝑡ℎ )

13) Total longitudinal stress

 σ𝑧 = σ𝐿 + σ𝑤 ± σ𝑏

+ upwind

- Downwind

Maximum stress = σℎ − σ𝑧 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑)