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tray)

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trttn wrj+\ nt tnt

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I Ll. international

*,* wH4h guonx relations

Ifi,b {Ei,L^ snongxI n 0. sad,heartbroken

snengcnI
AftffiH fit;t216:E jldnydng phr. liVefiugally,bc thrift

+
JI Jrl.Jv pay (fee)
picky,particularaboutsomething,
i#f; n+11";7
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fastidious
+r&ttu.
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a
: tdo set

effi mrngpor t1. brandnamc

EE# nt1.H:t
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tLlLt rLl\Jr rv clothes

H2e. Ji:iJvK vvvj I higher-class

Ll
I1...-tl..Jr"
ILlfFe I Lnx nrl h u d zhuongpin cosmetics

gTFf*a yo o . CIur on udv other-wise

th tnl
LVI l.i raise,lift

ffiffi ;$IT)gtt JronJron adv. gradually

€'ri' snengxrn saveone from having to worry

igru Jtupo bar

BBi- r.h'
ftVEX Fu4t-:')< kdiwdnxido be kidding,bejoking
dignified (as a profession,position, or
#H *rAv nr a *r A
v Ln vn r rv
,l: . socialstatus)
t-EW* 6tirii! chilncui' adv. purely,simply
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ry[ lri':o chllt

r InformalSpeech

spokenChinesehas three major rclationship or do not know each other at all,

\ flodern
IYIstyles: the informal or colloquial style,
the formal style which is very close to the writ-
ten style, and the style in between which can
be called "neutral style." The choice of style is
decided by many factors, such as the relation
of the speakerto the listener and the topic of
the speech.Naturally, the speakerwill choose
the informal style when the listeneris socially
close.However, when they do not have a close
the speaker may still choose the informal style
to express an intention to grow closer to the lis-
tener. On the contrary when the speaker and the
listener have a close relationship but the speaker
intentionally choosesthe neutral or even the for-
mal style, this distances the speaker from the lis-
tener. For everyday topics people tend to use the
informal style. For political, academic or other
serious topics, they are inclined to use the formal 9
 style.Typically,the neutral styleis usedwhen the
participants in a private conversationare from
obviouslydi{Ierentcommunities.For example,if
a Chineseknows that you are a foreigneqhe or
shewill most likely speakin neutral style.
loquial in structure,and a formal word in such a
sentencewould seemconspicuouslyout-of-place.
Howeveqyou may purposelychansestylesat the
discourselevel.In other words,a paragraphmay
consistof differentstyles.

Different stylesof spoken Chinesedifler in vo-
cabulary sentencestructure)and even in gram-
mar. Generally,a speakermust maintain consis-
tency within a sentence.When )'ou use a highly
colloquialword, the whole sentencemust be col-
The lessonsyou learned in first and secondyear
Chincse were mainly written in the neutral style.
Now it is the time to get to know the other two
styles.Here we try to outline some basic features
of the informal or colloouial stvle.

[r E;gqe3lrqai]
In informal speech, a native speaker olten uses exaggeration, usually resorting to imagery to make a
statement stronger or more expressive.The followins are some examples:

Neutral 6+fktrilj*6*?,L" &-4HEtrEEtlX4.*t"L"

*,4y'-8n,, *"4V.L-*t-"
Collooiriai d+f^E#JKtE LfcT " G.lBdniEFr
**E'Ln7 "
nfu*"l " Ft"Yt#<1
"
='t
2 Ay'.nnri n-rrtirlr'<

Speechin colloquials$rletendsto containMood pardclessuchas "eF1", "o7o", "o(-", "*."

(('fr[" '.
rnaybe usedfor emphasis.
"'f6" ' '.'may indicateslightcontrast.
"s(." l' sometimesis a pure pauseor may indicatesuggestion
and supposition.
"4."'i. may indicateconfirmation.
t[-g-_-_qt_q-11_ti11q1-q_!,*":_]
In informal speech,you may hear many seemingly unnecessarywords and phrases that some people
call hesitation blank fillers because their main function is to give the speaker time to organize sentences
to follow In Lesson One, we have seen such phrasesas "4?*o64*si€" , "i}"tg/fi-R-J,vi6" , etc.
An important function of such phrases, in addition to filling blanks of hesitation, is to confirm that the
speaker is speaking to the listener,not to onesell Mood particle "v('" rrray also function as a hesita-
tion blank filler.

to
ldiornaticPhrases

4.,)< IJL
franhly speaking/to tell the truth
used in a context r.then one wants to be-
come more candid
I
I
+f,TfrEFFX l
!

+6r*s*x I
ll
i
Literal: cannot raisc one's head
Meaning: ashamcd to show one's face Cther Nc[e:;

IAifr:{il+*T V €ftE/A*E
(canafford/cannot
afford)
IE1friil+t+ Theverbscanbeanythinginvolving
expense.
As the common sayine soes...

XTrH-i.ll,). o +k{+Tfrs]'E.r4l+fr\tr+.,,
All writings are copied lrom somewhere
+\E4:tullL[+f]\rE |"
(l can'tafford
to liveina house
likethis)
else;there is nothinq new under the sun.
a Htq.^t+l1+frEEffi'*LF.
H#:E+E= ^ /' +lt+igf;ii,(^l*.
1l',r*.
xri*+++' (Onlyrichpeople to playgolf.)
canafford
bcttcr than tcn ycars of rcading books

ETtr
Patterns
Sentence

sb + flJffi + firnes+VP (Sb take advantageof + time + VP)

 l/. + tirles + if fft S(From...,
S)

O 4.r..1 4 4\t *h, *&+*& "e#rf E li + *-fl niFA'H.ItflJt r .

From the eighties on, more and more Chinese college students have used their free time to take

part-time jobs.

t4* E4E*t t "

i-lrt^)L+ +4\ f sxt +b, *&,R*e? #r*_a x+ 44'l/+lrKAB"t
From the mid-nineties on, more and more American collese students used their free time to take

part-time jobs in restaurants.

j1Qif Sn (interviewSb)(by a reporter)

i'.;,iL* 4\- FtX4 *A 7 M-{<fu

tt 4ilt t#J + L.
The reporterwent to a collegeto interviewthe principal and severalstudentswho did part-time
jobs.

:,tiiL+aFkif-if 7 -4itrErT##.t#r X+ L.
Yesterday,the reporter interviewed a college student who carried dishes (i.e. worked as awaiter/

waitress)in a restaurant.

fRlE+NP+fr\tnj* S (accordingto the statisticsof NP, S)

++nE^a/\+ Lfrt14flt r"

a'd+Y"+E*"#rzhi+,
+\4tt
According to my statistics,about B0 percent of the studentsin our school have part-time jobs.
t:ttt: 41\
ty"4n*Li{fr1thi+, ++ x+ vl + fr rtKl6 ^z=+ Lfr "
According to the statisticsof the Ministry of Education, this year's collegetuition increasedby
about twentypercent.

S (accordingto the regulations/rules

+H'.1*4e
tR+E+NP ofNP, S)

ia'J n, fi.t{-4tl^4kfr+k#r"
+L+E^A#rln
According to the regulationsof the company,employeeswho are late for work will be fined.

o +Y"+E ifl"F-, tiKT. hVtA ilu.

+ +*-Vt
l2 According to the school rules, having cell-phones on in classis not allowed.

\
 Sb + F,.'A+ * / ft+E+ t+E I I (How ) i
canSbatrord...?
.'--'--.---',

@+ fr'*zv, tL'irr+4+
E#r+ E& 2 ftF4+tu?
How can families of low economic standing afford such high tuition?
-M#r+A,€.
,nLfi+n{c#.€.afr, AX4+fu?
Brand-name clothes are so expensive - how can ordinary students afford them?

'
, F/nf,tNP I i t***e/affectNP) l

{<iLh + L LiX#r tt 4*.t f + ltt'+Ft'fi-LnX&&"

, A4a+f-
This principal thinks that students having cell phones on in classwould disrupt the order of the
classroom.
t@fr e*rf nLhh L*Yt,frt+L#t * E "
Someteachersthink that doing part-timejobs would negativelyaffectstudents'studies.

It'+NP +iRi#f; (beoickv aboutM

l'
\. I

g4tLtr #.rir + 4 Fta /Jg.4k1,f

n"
Today'scollegestudentsare quite picky about clothes.
(@+ H/,t*t tLlki+n, 6 4kt ttui 4t€'.*ii€
"
Chinesepeople are picky about food. There are many thirgr you should pay attention to.

tovP
@*t tovP'.ntntthave
|.'ql Bt# +Vp + ( [g ) I, i\ anyway)

(...,or/otherwiseS) '
FTft+S |

Uilil,8#rii+4Fi4n1L1k1+n, 46 *, EFI+ f :*;+# ;

4*&4+*)LEAI,+/rRts,
u:'
6€)k,R"
4.4Xf" t-
College students nowadays are very fastidious about clothing so I really have to get some brand , t I
I wouldn'tbe ableto holdup mv head(I'll feelembarr*'t

"-".11";H:::r:tt'rwise
,@
1
 Ff"*aA + 4,s! *6,eR, HA
ka + ir", 4k4aft'44++t+t k#r+i^F,a b?
Since there will be an exam tomorroq you have to study hard tonight anyway don't you? Other-

wise. how would vou handle tomorrow's exam?

s: *:Fj 'sii.r "-[lfiii'r: (prestigious

socialstatus)

\'i i .i " r-a tfi $ # ',tp : (sth.negative)

(How can a prestigiousNP VPl, it's simplyVP2.)

The noun phrasefollowingby " E E" is usuallyconsideredto havehigher socialstatus,suchas
collegestudents,men, etc. The adverb " tL*:+" mainly modifies " L"
professors, .It is typically
usedin statements strongattitudes.In this pattern,VP2 is often followedby a negative
expressing
statementor a rhetoricalquestionto expressattitude.

, t .*+R-ML\A
trE#t X+ L'nfAV+ilH#.+ a"
How can a respectablecollese student go to work in a restaurant? It's positively degrading.

tr E ft4r /*48lr r- , ,fr.++

X+ 4ktfr,n$hv+ futLftrl fl .
How can a respectable
universityprolbssorwork in a restaurant?It's purely a wasteof time.

,'1.. zt'!i (Sth is popular among Sb, V

i i 1t':r.'i )t.i t{ ;,-i ,fJC

\,' j: I out in lessthan time period)

*"8 #r+ 4k,?++A,t-a1rtk&-, )Y,7"

TLtJffi+ E-F.ntn*
My book was very popular among young people;it was sold out within t'uvoweeks.
&#-+4k X.XT #Jrk{Y,, 4 ltJffi'} 1f iI,.'L)L7 "
This dish was quite to everyone's liking; it was completely finished bcfore two minutes had passed.

;if.T; l) iriry? (Who doesn'tVP?)

"i
This is a rhetoricalquestion.Literallyit means"\Arhodoesn't\??" It actuallymeans"everyonc
VP"
"x-T{_F- x)r", l|TlrM?
6i$nfr.4++T,
As the popular sa)'rnggoes,"everything under heavenis copied from somewhereelse."Who
doesn'tcopy?
14 -4+,\*F^3-
"eM,*.)L+\, /r 6 ru.7 W4\"W
z
 Everybody wants to earn a bit more money - who doesn't want to earn a lot of money?

"fr" hereis usedto emphasize thecomment,

T o p i c€ c o m m e n t ,' { E E S
whichmeans"indeed,it's truethat ..."

(4 +"frt&fik4\,4efr_E*"fr
*, tr +4kv4+ RatJi*+h4r
€*"
I do want to earn money,but in my opinion, you can't write any book without consideringthe
needsof your readers.
,,!liL4#, + + y-fta*rh, 4gfrNt**&A€,9."
Learning Chinese is indeed difficult, but the more you study, the more interesting it gets.

V FUPlaceV TiiFtJH!
NP (V NP where you cannot V in place)

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In China, you can eat many,Chinese dishesthat you can't get in the United States.

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ll. Translatethe lbllowingsentences
into Chinesc.

l. According to the regulationsof the company,employeeswho are late for work will be fined.

2. The bar indeedpays a bit more, but it is not safe for a young girl to work at that kind of place.

3. From the eighties on, more and more Chinese college studentshave used their free time to

take part-timejobs.

llI. Fill in the blanks usingthe exprcssions

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