RULEBOOK -UPDATED 12/25/01

Clash of Giants
The Campaigns of Tannenberg and The Marne, 1914

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8.0 Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.0 Game Components . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.0 Reinforcements and Replacements . . . 5
3.0 Game Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 10.0 Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.0 How to Win . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11.0 Operational Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.0 Sequence of Play . . . . . . . . . . . 3 12.0 Combat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.0 Stacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 13.0 Forts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.0 Zones of Control . . . . . . . . . . . 4 14.0 Cavalry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

GMT
GAMES
Game Design by Ted Raicer

1.0 INTRODUCTION
CLASH OF GIANTS contains two
separate games (both using the same
basic system) covering the two most
famous battles of the opening phase of
the First World War. Tannenberg was
the German victory that halted a Rus-
sian offensive into East Prussia and
destroyed the Russian Second Army.
The Marne was the climactic battle of
Germany’s attempt to defeat France in
the war’s first six weeks. Arguably a
tactical draw, it was a strategic defeat
for the Germans as their armies re-
coiled from the gates of Paris.
The CLASH OF GIANTS system is
intended to emphasize playability while
still providing players with proper his-
torical feel. The game’s focus is on the
difficulty of commanding groups of
armies while striving to achieve various
geographical victory conditions.
Living Rules Note: All segments
marked with a red circle to the left
of the rule are NEW additions or
clarifications from the original
rulebook.
2.0 GAME COMPONENTS
The components to a complete game
of CLASH OF GIANTS include:
This rulebook
One battle book with two battles
Two mapsheets
One player aid card
One and one-half sheets of counters
Two six-sided dice
2.1 The Game Map
The maps depict the battlefields over
which the German, Russian and Allied
forces fought in August and September
1914. A hexagonal (hex) grid has been
printed over the maps to regulate the
placement and movement of units. Each
hex contains natural and/or manmade
terrain features that can affect the
movement of units, combat between
units and the tracing of supply.
Each hex has a unique four-digit iden-
tification number. These hex numbers
are used when setting up a game, and
can be used to record the position of
units if a game is interrupted and must
be put away before it is finished.
Note that the compass rose on the map
has been adjusted slightly from mag-
netic north to align directions with the
four map edges for ease of reference.
Whenever a compass direction is given
in the rules, use the directions as they
are printed on the compass rose.
Each map also contains a Retreat Com-
pass that indicates in which direction
units of each side normally retreat.
The charts and tracks printed on the
maps are used to record and resolve
various game functions. Their uses are
explained in the appropriate rules sec-
tions below.
2.2 The Counters
The counters included in the game rep-
resent combat formations (also called
“units”), or are provided as informa-
tional markers and memory aids.
Every combat unit counter displays
several pieces of information: nation-
ality, historical identification, unit size
(division or brigade), combat/step
strength, tactical efficiency rating, turn
of entry or setup code or hex number.
2.21 Sample
Combat Turn
Unit of Arrival
Combat/Step Strength Tactical Efficiency
The unit above is the German 7th Re-
serve infantry division, IV Reserve
Corps, First Army. It is a two-step in-
fantry unit, has a Tactical Efficiency
Rating of 4, and enters the game as a
reinforcement on turn 4.
Clash of Giants
2.22 Nationality. A unit’s nationality
is indicated by its color scheme:
British: Tan
French: Blue
German: Gray
Russian: Green
2.23 Command Designation and His-
torical Identification. Each combat
unit is identified by its historical divi-
sion or brigade number and/or an ab-
breviation of its name (see the battle
book). Superior command designations
(corps and/or armies) identify groups
of units operating together under a
single commander. Corps designations
have an effect on stacking, while Army
designations define groups of units that
will move at the same time.
2.24 Unit Types. The boxed symbols
in the center of the counters indicate
unit type. The unit types are:
Infantry Jaeger Infantry
Cavalry Motorized Cavalry
2.25 Movement Allowance. This is a
measure of a unit’s ability to move
across the hex grid printed on the map.
Units pay various movement point
costs from their Movement Allowance
to enter different hexes, based on the
terrain in the hexes and along the
hexsides around them. The Movement
Allowance for all units is determined
on an army-by-army basis by the use
of the Command Table (see 10.0).
2.26 Combat/Step Strength. In
CLASH OF GIANTS a unit’s combat
strength is equal to its current step
value. All units have either one or two
steps. Two step units may be reduced
by combat. Reduced infantry units may
be rebuilt through the use of replace-
ments. Units which have lost their last
step are eliminated and may not be re-
built. Units with their Combat/Step
Strength number in parentheses ( ) may
not participate in an attack.
2.27 Tactical Efficiency Rating. Every
combat unit has a Tactical Efficiency
Rating (TER) representing the unit’s
level of training, the skill of its officers
Living Rules Series Rulebook 12/25/01
Tannenberg andThe Marne
and the amount of artillery and machine
guns it contains. The higher the num-
ber, the better the unit. A unit’s TER
may never be modfied below 1.
2.28 Markers
Game Turn marker—Used on the
Game Turn Record Track to record
the current game turn.
Army Command marker (ACM)—
Used on the Command Track to
record the current Movement Al-
lowance of all units in the indicated
army; used (in The Marne only) to
determine the order in which armies
are activated.
Control marker—Marks a hex as con-
trolled by one side or the other.
Fortified Zone Destroyed marker—
Marks Fortified Zone hexes on the
map that have been destroyed.
Fort Reduced/Destroyed marker—
Marks Fort hexes on the map that
have been either reduced or de-
stroyed.
Done marker—Marks a unit that has
taken a replacement step in lieu of
movement; also (in The Marne only)
marks a unit that has completed its
own movement, but has moved
across an army boundary into an
area in which the units have not yet
been activated to move.
Replacement marker—Equivalent to a
Done marker, but used (in
Tannenberg only) as a reminder of
the limits on replacements.
Attenuated Supply (AS) marker—
Marks a unit in danger of running
out of supply.
Out of Supply (OoS) marker—Marks
a unit that has run out of supply.
Demoralized marker—Marks demoral-
ized Allied armies (in The Marne
only).
Paris Taxis marker—A special Replace-
ment marker (in The Marne only).
3.0 GAME SETUP
Choose which side (German or Rus-
sian/Allied) each player will command.
Players should set up according to the
Copyright © 2001, GMT Games
instructions found in the battle book
for the scenario they wish to play.
4.0 HOW TO WIN
4.1 Game Victory
Victory is determined by the control
of certain hexes as explained in the
battle book. In general, victory is de-
termined at the end of the final turn
of the scenario being played, though
in some cases an earlier Instant Vic-
tory is possible.
4.2 Hex Control
This is important when
determining victory. Hex
control markers are used
to help keep track of which player con-
trols a victory hex.
Control of a hex switches from one side
to the other the instant a unit of the
gaining side enters that hex. Control
of a hex may switch any number of
times during play.
The battle book tells you which hex
belongs to whom at the start of the
game.
5.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY
5.1 The Turn Sequence
Each game turn is divided
into two player turns.
Player turns are subdi-
vided into “phases” during
which players conduct
specified actions. Every action taken by
a player must be carried out in accor-
dance with the sequence given below.
Once a player finishes his activities for
a given phase, he may not go back to
perform some forgotten action, or redo
a poorly-executed one unless his op-
ponent graciously permits it.
5.2 The Sequence of Play
The exact Sequence of Play is some-
what different for each battle and is
outlined in the battle book for each
battle. In general, however, both
Tannenberg and The Marne adhere
to the outline below.
I. First (Russian/Allied) Player Turn
A. Supply Determination Phase
B. Reinforcement/Replacement
Phase
C. Operational Phase
D. Combat Phase
E. Recovery Phase
II. Second (German) Player Turn
A. Supply Determination Phase
B. Reinforcement/Replacement
Phase
C. Operational Phase
D. Combat Phase
E. Recovery Phase
III. Game Turn Advance/Victory
Phase
5.3 Phases and Procedures
5.31 Supply Determination Phases.
The active player checks supply lines
for all of his units. Remove and/or
place Attenuated Supply markers and
Out of Supply markers as determined
by the supply rules. The supply status
of all units as determined in this Phase
lasts until the player’s next Supply
Determination Phase. All units of both
sides begin game turn 1 in supply.
5.32 Reinforcement/Replacement
Phases. The active player places any
reinforcement units scheduled to arrive
during the current turn on the map. He
may assign any replacement steps avail-
able to him to eligible infantry units.
Mark those units with Done markers.
5.33 Operational Phases. The active
player selects an army, rolls a die, and
finds the result on the selected army’s
Command Track to determine the cur-
rent Movement Allowance for all units
of that army. Place the ACM on the
Page 3

Command Track as a reminder. The
active player may then move units of
the currently active army up to the lim-
its of thier current Movement Allow-
ances. Units under a Done marker may
not be moved. Repeat for each army in
the player’s force.
5.34 Combat Phases. The active player
may use his units to attack any adja-
cent enemy units according to the com-
bat rules.
5.35 Recovery Phases. The active
player removes all Done markers from
friendly units.
5.36 Game Turn Advance/Victory
Phase. Both players remove all ACMs
from their Command Tracks. Advance
the Game Turn marker and begin a
new game turn with the Supply De-
termination Phase. At the end of the
final game turn, determine victory ac-
cording to the rules in the game being
played (see battle book).
6.0 STACKING
6.1 In General
Stacking is the placement of more than
one unit into a single hex at the same
time. Stacking limits are only enforced
at the end of the Operational Phase,
during the placement of units on the
map and throughout the combat phase.
Units found to be stacked in excess of
the stacking limits at these times are
eliminated by their owning player. As
long as stacking limits are observed in
every hex at the indicated times, there
is no limit to the number of units that
may enter or pass through a given hex
during a player’s Operational Phase.
6.2 Stacking Limits
A player may stack up to two units of
any size in the same hex. A player may
stack up to three units if at least two
of them belong to the same corps (i.e.
share the same corps command desig-
nation). Fortifications, fortified zones
and informational markers never count
against these numerical limits.
In Tannenberg the German 1st Cav-
alry Division is considered a corps for
stacking purposes.
6.3 Cavalry Stacking
A cavalry unit may not stack with a fort
or an infantry unit.
7.0 ZONES OF CONTROL
7.1 In General
All combat units, regardless of their size,
type or current combat strength, have a
Zone of Control (hereafter ZoC) that
extends into the six hexes adjacent to
the hex occupied by the unit.
Exceptions: ZoCs do not extend
across Lake or Sea hexsides, and
into or out of certain other terrain
types as noted on the Terrain Ef-
fects Chart; Out-of-Supply units
do not exert ZoCs.
7.2 ZoC Effects
Units must halt movement when they
enter an enemy ZoC. No unit may
move directly from one enemy ZoC to
another except for advance after com-
bat and Emergency Withdrawal [11.5].
Units may not trace supply or retreat
through an enemy ZoC.
Enemy ZoC are negated by the pres-
ence of a friendly unit for supply, re-
treat and Emergency Withdrawal only.
Units in different hexes wishing to
combine to attack a single hex may do
so provided that all enemy units in
their ZoC will be attacked, or have al-
ready been attacked during that Com-
bat Phase by other friendly units.
Clash of Giants
8.0 SUPPLY
8.1 In General
Units need supply to operate at full effec-
tiveness. The supply state of all units of a
player is determined once per turn dur-
ing that player’s Supply Determination
Phase, and always lasts until that player’s
next Supply Determination Phase.
8.2 How Units Are Supplied
Units are supplied when they can trace a
supply line (a hex path) to a supply source
of their side. There is no limit on the num-
ber of appropriate units that can trace sup-
ply to an appropriate supply source.
8.21 Supply Source Hexes. Supply
sources for each side are listed in the battle
book. Even if captured, one side’s supply
source hexes never function as supply
sources for the units of the other side.
8.22 Tracing a Supply Line. Units are
supplied when they can trace a hex path
of any length from their position to an
appropriate supply source hex. Supply
lines may not be traced into any hex
containing an enemy ZoC, enemy units
or intact enemy forts or fortified zones.
Exception: The presence of a
friendly unit in a hex negates an
enemy ZoC for this purpose.
Though a supply line may be of any length,
only the first five hexes counted from the
unit may be traced in any direction or com-
bination of directions. The remainder of
the path to the supply source must be traced
from hex to hex in directions allowed by
that side’s Retreat Compass.
8.3 Procedure
1) Remove AS and OoS markers
from all units that can trace a
supply line.
2) All units already marked with an
AS marker (from a previous turn)
and still unable to trace a supply
line have the marker flipped to
Living Rules Series Rulebook 12/25/01
Tannenberg andThe Marne
read “OoS” (Out of Supply). A
unit already under an OoS marker
simply remains Out of Supply.
3) All units without a marker that are
unable to trace a supply line must
be marked with an AS marker.
8.4 Effects
8.41 Attenuated Supply
Effects. Attenuated Supply
(AS) is an intermediate step towards be-
ing OoS. A unit marked with an AS
marker is not eligible to receive replace-
ments, but otherwise functions normally.
8.42 Out of Supply Effects. A unit that
is OoS suffers the following effects:
1) It loses its ZoC.
2) Its Tactic al Effi-
ciency Rating is re-
duced by 2 (but
never below 1).
3) Its Movement Allowance is re-
duced by 1.
4) It is not eligible to receive re-
placements.
5) Infantry units marked with an
OoS marker may not ignore cav-
alry ZoCs for retreat purposes.
6) It may not “hold the door” for
Emergency Withdrawal [11.5].
There are no other effects for being
OoS—a unit never loses steps for be-
ing without supply.
8.5 Fort Supply
Each friendly Fort hex may provide sup-
ply to any two brigades or one division
worth of units stacked in its hex during
the Supply Determination Phase. Forts
themselves do not require supply. Fortified
zones do not provide (or require) supply.
9.0 REINFORCEMENTS
AND REPLACEMENTS
9.1 In General
Reinforcements are new units entering
play for the first time. Replacements
Copyright © 2001, GMT Games
are troops used to rebuild (back to full
strength) existing units that have taken
combat losses.
9.2 Reinforcements
Reinforcements enter the game on the
turn indicated on the unit and accord-
ing to the battle book. The entry of
reinforcements may not be delayed.
Reinforcements always enter in full
supply, and may operate normally once
placed on the map.
9.3 Replacements
Replacements allow reduced two-step
units to regain a lost step. The avail-
ability of replacements is detailed in
the battle book.
9.31 Replacement Restrictions. Only
infantry units with two steps may re-
ceive replacements. Replacements are
used to rebuild a reduced (one-step)
unit back up to full strength (two
steps). A unit already at full strength
may not receive replacements. Elimi-
nated units may not be returned to play
using replacements. To be eligible for
replacements a unit must be in full (not
fort) supply (free of AS and OoS mark-
ers).
9.32 Procedure. Mark the
unit with a Done marker
during the Reinforce-
ment/Replacement Phase
and increase the unit’s strength by flip-
ping it to its two-step side. While
marked with the Done marker, the unit
may not move or attack.
10.0 COMMAND
10.1 In General
Each turn, players must roll on the
Command Track for each command to
determine the current Movement Al-
lowance for their combat units. Gen-
erally a separate roll is made every turn
for each army level command, and ev-
ery unit of that command has the same
Movement Allowance that turn. A
player will roll for and move each com-
mand individually, finishing all move-
ment for one command before rolling
on the Command Track for the next.
The order in which commands are
rolled is determined by the rules in the
battle book. Command affects move-
ment only, not combat.
10.2 Command Tracks
Each command has its own Command
Track. If a track contains two differ-
ent die roll ranges (one at the top of
the track and on at the bottom) the
battle book rules indicate which to use.
10.3 Command Roll
Exceptions
In all cases, exceptions to the above
which are found in the rules in the
battle book take priority.
11.0 OPERATIONAL
MOVEMENT
11.1 In General
A unit’s Movement Allowance is de-
termined by the Command Track die
roll for its army, and may change from
turn to turn. The resulting number is
the number of Movement Points
(MPs) available to the unit for move-
ment during its Operational Phase.
A player may move all, some or none
of his units in each of his Operational
Phases.
Units move from hex to adjacent hex,
paying varied MP costs to do so de-
pending upon the terrain in the hex
being entered and/or hexsides crossed.
These costs are detailed on the Terrain
Effects Chart.
11.2 Limits
1) Movement Points may not be
accumulated from turn to turn,
Page 5

nor lent from one unit to
another.
2) Moving units need not expend
all available points before
stopping.
3) The movement of each unit
must be completed before that
of another is begun.
4) Once a move is done, a player
may change it only if his
opponent allows it.
5) No unit may move more than
once per turn.
6) A unit marked with a Done
marker may not move.
Advances and retreats performed during
the Combat Phase are not considered
movement for the purpose of this rule.
11.3 Terrain Effects
Most hexes on the map may be entered
at the cost of 1 MP each. Some terrain
have additional costs/restrictions.
Forests and Marshes. Hexes contain-
ing forests or marshes cost 2 MPs
each to enter.
River. Major river hexsides cost an ad-
ditional 1 MP to cross.
Fortified Zones. Intact fortified zone
hexes cost enemy units (only) all
their current Movement Allowance
to enter. Enemy units may only en-
ter such a hex if they begin their
move adjacent to it. Fortified Zones
are destroyed when occupied by an
enemy unit.
Forts. A unit may never enter a hex con-
taining an enemy fort; the fort must
first be eliminated through combat.
Prohibited Terrain. Units may never
enter hexes containing enemy units
or intact enemy forts, nor may they
move into all-sea or lake hexes, or
nor may they cross all-sea or lake
hexsides.
Note: Railroads do not negate the
Operational Movement cost of
other terrain.
11.4 Minimum Movement
All units with a current Movement
Allowance of 1 or more may always
move one hex regardless of the move-
ment cost (subject to normal move-
ment, terrain, command and ZoC re-
strictions and prohibitions).
11.5 Emergency Withdrawal
A unit in supply that has not yet moved
may negate, for movement purposes,
any enemy ZoC extending into its hex
for any adjacent friendly units (only),
provided those units move only in a
direction allowed by retreat, and do not
end their move adjacent to any enemy
unit. The unit negating the enemy ZoC
(“holding the door open”) for the with-
drawing unit(s), may move normally
after such a withdrawal is completed.
11.6 Cavalry Restrictions
Cavalry may never end its move in a
friendly fort or fortified zone hex, or
stacked with a friendly infantry unit.
Cavalry may never enter an intact en-
emy fortified zone hex.
Design Note: The prohibition on cavalry
stacking with infantry or in fort/fortified
zone hexes is intended to prevent ahistorical
tactics. In 1914, cavalry operated very
much as an independent force for scouting,
screening and, less often, raiding.
12.0 COMBAT
12.1 In General
During your side’s combat phase, you
can attack all enemy units across play-
able hexsides that are adjacent to your
units. The active player is always con-
sidered “the attacker,” and the other
player is “the defender,” no matter the
overall situation on the map. Attack-
ing is always voluntary, but when con-
ducted follows the procedures
herebelow.
12.2 Who May Attack
An enemy-occupied hex may be at-
tacked in one battle by as many units
as you can bring to bear from the sur-
Clash of Giants
rounding hexes. A single defending hex
may thus potentially be attacked by up
to six surrounding enemy stacks. How-
ever, no single attack may have as its
objective more than one hex (i.e., mul-
tiple defending hex combats are not
allowed).
All units in a defending hex must de-
fend together. All units in an attack-
ing hex do not have to attack together.
Some attacking units could attack a
different hex, or not attack at all.
Units with their Combat/
Step Strength number in
parentheses ( ) may never
attack.
No attacking unit may attack more
than once per combat phase, and no
defending unit may be attacked more
than once per combat phase.
12.3 Indivisibility of Units
No single attacking unit may have its
combat value divided and applied to
more than one battle. Likewise, no
defending unit may have part of its
defense factor attacked by one or more
attackers while another part is attacked
by others.
12.4 Combined Attacks
Units in different hexes may combine
to attack a single hex ONLY if all other
enemy units in the attackers’ ZoC will
be, or have already been attacked by
other friendly units during that Com-
bat Phase. Cavalry and infantry may
never combine together in an attack.
12.5 Attack Sequencing
Aside from the restrictions described
above, there is no limit on the number
of attacks each player may initiate dur-
ing his combat phase. The attacker
need not declare all attacks beforehand,
and he may resolve them in any order
he wishes, as long as the resolution of
one is completed before the next is be-
gun.
Living Rules Series Rulebook 12/25/01
Tannenberg andThe Marne
12.6 Combat Strengths and
Tactical Efficiency Ratings
A unit’s combat strength is the same
as its current step value (basically a
measure of the unit’s size). Combat
strengths are used to determine the
odds of a particular combat and the
resulting die roll modifiers (DRMs) for
the Combat Resolution Step. Combat
strength may be modified by terrain as
shown on the Terrain Effects Chart.
Step losses are inflicted as a result of
combat.
Tactical Efficiency Rating or TER (the
smaller number on the bottom right of
the unit) is a measure of the unit’s abil-
ity in combat, including its training,
leadership and weaponry. A unit’s TER
may be lowered by its supply status.
12.7 Combat Procedures
The attacker designates all attacking
units and the defending hex (all enemy
units in the hex must defend together).
He calculates the combat odds as ex-
plained below, and checks the Combat
Chart to determine the die roll modi-
fiers (DRMs), if any, for combat reso-
lution. The DRM used on attacking
units is to the left of the slash, the
DRM used on defending units is to the
right. An N means that side’s units can-
not be affected by that particular com-
bat. To resolve combat, each player rolls
for his own units (defender first) us-
ing the DRMs (if any) obtained from
calculating the combat odds.
12.71 Combat Odds. The attacking
player should strive to have more at-
tack factors involved in a given battle
than the defender has defense factors.
Such battles are called “high odds at-
tacks.” The attacking player calculates
his “odds.” Add the attack factors of
all the attacking units involved in the
battle; then add up the defense factors
of the units defending in the battle.
Divide that defender total into the
attacker’s total and round down any
remainder.
Copyright © 2001, GMT Games
12.72 Attacker Loss Limit. The chart
also lists the maximum number of at-
tacking units (Attacker Loss Limit)
that may be affected (must conduct
combat rolls) in that combat. This limit
may be affected by certain terrain, e.g.,
forts and fortified zones. When the
attacker has more units involved than
he is required to involve in the combat
result, he may choose which units will
participate. He must roll for all divi-
sions before any brigades.
EXAMPLE 1: At 2-1 odds the table lists –
1/+1. This indicates all attacking units will
subtract one from their combat resolution
rolls, while all defending units will add one
to their combat resolution rolls. The attacker
loss limit is 4, so if five or more units were
involved in that attack, the attacker would
only have to roll to resolve combat on four of
them (attacker’s choice).
EXAMPLE 2: In a 4-1 odds attack in-
volving four attacking units against de-
fenders in a clear hex, the attacker would
choose two of the four units (the Attacker
Loss Limit at those odds) for the combat
resolution roll. At 4-1 odds he would sub-
tract three from each die roll.
12.73 DRM Limit. Die rolls may
never be modified above 6 or below 1.
12.74 Unmodified Rolls. Natural rolls
of 1 and 6 are never modified by
DRMs. A roll of 1 is always No Ef-
fect, while a die roll of 6 is always a
Step Loss.
12.75 Defender Rolls. The defender
must roll ONE DIE FOR EACH de-
fending unit. If the modified die roll is
less than or equal to the unit’s TER, there
is no effect. If the modified die roll is
greater than that unit’s TER, the defend-
ing unit loses a step and must immedi-
ately retreat a number of hexes equal to
the difference between the modified die
roll and its TER (to a maximum of three
hexes). Retreat only each unit in the stack
that takes a step loss. Each unaffected
defending unit remains in place.
12.76 Attacker Rolls. After the de-
fender has resolved combat for all his
units, the attacker must roll the die
ONCE FOR EACH ATTACKING
UNIT (but he need not roll for more
units than his Attacker Loss Limit,
unless attacking a fort or fortified zone
hex). If the attacking unit’s modified
die roll is greater than that unit’s TER,
that unit takes a step loss. Attacking
units never retreat.
12.77 Advance After Combat. If all
defending units were forced to retreat
or were eliminated (or were cavalry re-
treating before combat [13.2]), the at-
tacker may advance some or all of the
surviving attacking units into the hex
(regardless of enemy ZoCs) up to the
stacking limit. The decision to advance
must be made immediately, before any
other battles are resolved. Such units
may not attack again that turn, but can
be useful for cutting off the retreat or
supply of enemy units. The defender
never advances after combat.
12.8 Retreats
12.81 Retreat Distance. A defending
unit forced to take a step loss must re-
treat the difference between its modi-
fied combat resolution die roll and its
TER. No unit may ever be forced to
retreat more than three hexes.
Exception: Defending units in
forts and fortified zones may ignore
(if the player wishes) all retreat re-
sults. The defending player may
choose to retreat normally from
such hexes.
12.82 Retreat Direction. Units must
retreat if possible in a direction indicated
by that side’s retreat compass. They may
retreat in any other direction only to
avoid elimination due to enemy ZoCs
and impassable hexes or hexsides (in-
cluding the edge of the map). Units are
retreated by their owning player.
12.83 Stacking During Retreats. Re-
treat only the unit(s) in a stack required
to retreat (do not retreat those not sus-
taining step losses). Stacking limits
must be observed at the end of a unit’s
retreat—if the only hex into which a
unit can retreat would cause it to
Page 7
overstack, retreat that unit additional
hexes to reach a hex where it is within
the stacking limits. If no such hex ex-
ists it is eliminated.
12.84 Enemy ZoCs. Units may not re-
treat into or through any enemy ZoC,
but the presence of friendly units negates
enemy ZoCs for the purposes of retreat.
Exception: Infantr y units not
marked with an OoS marker may
ignore cavalry ZoCs for retreat pur-
poses only.
12.85 If a unit retreats into a hex which
is then attacked in that Combat Phase
it adds nothing to the defense and is
automatically eliminated if the de-
fender takes any losses.
12.9 Terrain Effects on Combat
12.91 Defense Factors. Hexes contain-
ing broken, woods, marshes and towns
add one combat factor (total) for unit(s)
defending in them. Hexes attacked solely
across rivers (or rivers and major rivers
in combination) add one defense factor
as well. All these effects are cumulative,
so units defending in a town in broken
terrain being attacked across a river
would add a total of three defense fac-
tors to their combat strength.
12.92 Column Shifts. Units defend-
ing in hexes containing cities, forts or
fortified zones, or attacked solely
across major rivers, get a one column
shift to the left (1L) in the combat
odds. These are cumulative with any
other terrain effects.
12.93 Retreats Ignored. Defending
units in forts and fortified zones may
ignore (if the player wishes) all retreat
results. The defending player may choose
to retreat normally from such hexes.
13.0 FORTS
Forts are printed on the map. They do
not count for stacking purposes. Forts
have no ZoCs themselves, but units in
them do.
Forts in Combat. Forts are two-step
combat units with a TER of 5. They
may never attack. The Attacker Loss
Limit is ignored in attacks on fort hexes.
Units defending in a fort hex (but not
forts defending alone) get a 1L shift in
the combat odds. Units defending in a
fort hex ignore retreat results.
Use a fort reduced/elimi-
nated marker when a fort
takes a step loss or is
eliminated. If eliminated
they may not be rebuilt.
14.0 CAVALRY
14.1 Movement Restrictions
1) An infantry unit may never end its
move stacked with a cavalry unit.
2) Cavalry may never enter an in-
tact enemy fort or fortified zone.
3) Cavalry may never end its move
in the same hex as a friendly in-
fantry unit, fort or fortified zone.
14.2 Restrictions on Combat
1) Cavalry units may never attack
infantry units.
2) Cavalry and infantry units may
never combine in an attack.
3) A cavalry unit attacked by infan-
try has an automatic TER of 1,
and the Attacker Loss Limit is
always 1.
4) Infantry units not marked with
an OoS marker may always ig-
nore cavalry ZoCs for retreat
purposes only.
5) Cavalry may retreat before com-
bat [14.3].
14.3 Retreat Before Combat
The defending units in a hex contain-
ing only cavalry units may Retreat Be-
fore Combat when attacked by a force
containing no cavalry. The decision to
retreat must be made before the com-
bat resolution die roll is made. Imme-
diately retreat the units two hexes un-
der the same restrictions as combat re-
treats, except that Cavalry Retreat Be-
fore Combat MUST be in a direction
allowed by the retreat compass for that
side (otherwise the unit may not re-
treat). Units stacked together must re-
treat to the same hex. The attacker may
advance into the vacated hex. Such
advancing units may not make another
attack that turn.
14.4 Retreat From Cavalry
Cavalry may attempt to Retreat Before
Combat when attacked by enemy cav-
alry. To do so the defender must roll
the die once for each cavalry unit which
wishes to retreat. If the die roll is equal
to or less than the unit’s current TER
the unit may retreat, under the restric-
tions of 12.8.
If all cavalry units in such a hex suc-
ceed in retreating, then the attacking
cavalry may advance TWO hexes, ig-
noring enemy ZoCs. The first hex en-
tered must be the hex that was to be
attacked. The advancing cavalry may
not make another attack that turn.
Note: Cavalry retreating before com-
bat under this rule retreat two hexes,
as in 14.3.
CREDITS
Design: Ted Raicer
Development: Steve Kosakowski
and Steve Carey
Producer: Gene Billingsley
Art Director: Rodger B.
MacGowan
Playtesters: Steve Kosakowski,
Chris Perello, Jack Polonka,
John Walker, Kris
Weinschenker
Box Art: Rodger B. MacGowan
Map Art: Mark Simonitch
Counter Art: Mark Simonitch
Editing and Layout: Stuart K.
Tucker
Living Rules: Gene Billingsley
Production Coordination: Tony
Curtis