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CHAPTER: 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CLASS-IX SCIENCE
Introduction

 Matter: - Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass.

 Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have

named “matter”.

 The air we breathe the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars or a particle of
sand – everything is matter. They have both mass and volume.

 Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five elements –

the “Panch Tatva”- air, earth, fire, sky and water. According to them
everything, living or non-living, was made up of these five elements.

Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based
on their physical properties and chemical nature.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER:

1) Matter is made up of particles.

2) The particles of matter are very tiny.

3) The particles of matter have space between them.

4) The particles of matter are continuously moving.

5) The particles of matter attract each other.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:

A. On the basis of the physical states:

1) Solids

2) Liquids

3) Gases

B. On the basis of chemical composition:

1) Pure substances (it may be elements or compounds)

2) Mixtures (it may be homogeneous or heterogeneous).

PROPERTIES OF SOLID:

1) They have definite shape and definite volume.

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2) They have negligible compressibility.

3) They may break under force but it is difficult to change their shape, so
they are rigid.

4) The force of attraction between the particles is maximum.

5) The movement of particles is minimum.

6) Their rate of diffusion is least.

7) The space between particles is minimum or very less.

PROPERTIES OF LIQUID:

1) They have no definite shape but, have definite volume.

2) They flow and change shape, so they are fluid.

3) The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids.

4) The particles have greater space as compared to particles in the solid

state.

5) The particles move freely.

6) The force of attraction between the particles is intermediate.

7) They are less compressible.

PROPERTIES OF GASES:

1) They have no definite shape or not definite volume.

2) The space between the particles is maximum.

3) The force of attraction between the particles is minimum.

4) They are highly compressible.

5) The rate of diffusion is higher as compared to liquids or solids.

6) The movement of particles is maximum.

HOW TO CHANGE STATE OF MATTER

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CHANGE OF SOLID TO LIQUID:

 We can change solid into liquid by the method of melting.

 Melting: - On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of

the particles increases. Due to increase in kinetic energy, the particles
start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by the heat
overcomes the force of attraction between the particles. The particles
leave the fixed position and start moving freely. A stage is reached when
solid melts and is converted into liquid. This is also known as fusion.

 The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the

atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

CHANGE FROM LIQUID TO GAS:

 Boiling: - When we supply heat energy to water, particles start moving

even faster. At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the
particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of
each other. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas, this is
called boiling.

 The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric

pressure is known as its boiling point.

SUBLIMATION:

It is the method of a change of a state directly from solid to gas without

changing into liquid state or changing of a liquid to solid is known as
sublimation.

EVAPORATION:

 In liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic

energy, is able to break away from the force of attraction of other
particles and converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a
liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION:

1) Surface area

 If the surface area exposed to the atmosphere is increased, the rate of

evaporation increases.

2) Temperature

 If the temperature rises, the rate of evaporation increases.

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3) Humidity

 If the humidity decreases, the speed of evaporation increases

4) Wind speed

 With the increase in the wind speed, there is also increase in the rate of
evaporation.

HOW DOES EVAPORATION CAUSE COOLING?

 In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid

absorb energy from the surroundings to regain the energy lost during
evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the
surroundings cold.

 Latent heat of vaporization: - It is the heat energy required to change 1

kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

 Latent heat of fusion: - It is the amount of heat energy required to change

1 kg of solid into liquid at its melting point.