Abcs Ueb

The ABCs of UEB
_______________________
A Guide for the Transition

from
English Braille American
Edition (EBAE)
to
The Rules of Unified

English Braille (UEB)
Constance Risjord
The ABCs of UEB
The purpose of this book is to alert persons presently knowledgeable in braille

transcribing to the differences between English Braille American Edition (EBAE)
and The Rules of Unified English Braille, June 2013 (UEB). It is not designed for
those wishing to learn braille. References to UEB are given throughout. The
reader is encouraged to look up the complete rules, study the many examples
given in UEB, and become familiar with the vocabulary as shown in the UEB
Glossary.
In the following sections, the examples given first demonstrate the correct
braille using EBAE rules and then again using UEB rules. When UEB
terminology differs from that used in EBAE, the familiar EBAE term is shown
followed by the bracketed UEB term or expression.
Rules for formatting headings, paragraphs, contents page, and other

items involving spacing or placement on a page are not affected by
UEB rules.
__________________
Contents
1. Capitalization ................................................................ 5
2. Punctuation .................................................................. 7
Reading & Writing Practice 1 ....................................... 11
3. Contractions ................................................................. 15
4. Font Attributes .............................................................. 31
5. Grade 1 Mode ............................................................... 35
6. Numbers in Non-Technical Materials ................................. 41
7. Symbols & Abbreviations ................................................ 45
8. Electronic Addresses and File Names ................................ 49
9. Accented letters and Foreign Words ................................. 51
Index ............................................................................... 57
risjord/February 2014 2
The ABCs of UEB
PREFACE
Braille, the ingenious system of six dots invented by Louis Braille almost 200
years ago, has meant literacy to thousands of blind people. Over the years, the
braille code has changed as it has adapted to new language conventions, and
added new symbols that were needed to more accurately reflect different types of
text. Since braille represents a living language—English—periodic modifications are
necessary to reflect changes in our language and keep braille vital and
contemporary. The development of Unified English Braille (UEB) had its origin in
the need to make revisions to our current code so that it could more accurately
reflect changes in the English language.
The Braille Authority of North America (BANA) is responsible for the creation
of the rules and guidelines for literary and technical materials used by blind
persons in North America. BANA currently consists of representatives from 17
different organizations, and BANA's committees include dozens of knowledgeable
people who care deeply about braille and literacy. The Unified English Braille (UEB)
code project was started by BANA in the early 1990s to reduce the complexity and
increase the accuracy of braille transcription. The project grew to become an
international effort among seven English-speaking countries under the auspices of
the International Council on English Braille. UEB, developed primarily by braille
readers, is based on current literary braille and is designed to be flexible,
unambiguous, extensible, and computable. In 2012, the United States adopted
UEB as an official code.
This document outlines the major differences between English Braille,
American Edition (EBAE) and UEB. It is not a complete instruction manual but it
does provide examples and practice exercises so that people who already know
EBAE will be able to quickly build on their knowledge of braille to understand UEB.
Many thanks to Constance Risjord for volunteering to take on this project. It is a
valuable and helpful resource as we make the transition to UEB.
Frances Mary D'Andrea

Chair, Braille Authority of North America
The ABCs of UEB
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many thanks to John Kralovetz, who helped develop the reading and
writing exercises, and to Julie Sumwalt and Barbara Finkelstein for their careful
proofreading and helpful suggestions.
My special thanks go to Darleen Bogart, who served as chair of the UEB
Project Committee from 1991 to 2010, and who allowed me to plumb the
depth of her knowledge of UEB with patience and grace, nudging me gently
when I strayed from the UEB path. Without her this work could not, and would
not, have happened. Thanks aren't enough for all that you did, Darleen, —but,
thank you.
~C.R.
©2014, Braille Authority of North America

This is the work of Constance Risjord, written under the auspices of the Braille Authority of North
America. It is not to be changed, edited, or altered without the consent of the author and the Braille
Authority of North America.
This document or portions of it may be used with the following attribution:

"This document or excerpt is from The ABCs of UEB authored by Constance Risjord under the
auspices of the Braille Authority of North America."
The ABCs of UEB
1. CAPITALIZATION [UEB §8]

[EBAE composition sign]
1.1 Letter
As in EBAE, in UEB dot 6 [capital letter indicator] indicates that the

following letter is capitalized.
[EBAE & UEB]

B&B ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃@`⠈⡈⢈⣈&⠯⡯⢯⣯,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
1.2 Word
1.2(a) Like EBAE's double capital sign, two dot 6's [capital word indicator]
indicate that the following word or letter sequence is fully capitalized.
[EBAE & UEB]
STOP! ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏6⠖⡖⢖⣖
1.2(b) Capitals terminator: Just like the termination sign in EBAE, in

partially capitalized letter groupings the capitals terminator (6,3), placed
after the final capitalized letter, stops the effect of the double capital sign
[capital word indicator].
[EBAE Update 2007 & UEB]

ABCs ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
1.2(c) As well as the capitals terminator, in UEB a space, or any non-

alphabetic (i.e., non-letter) symbol such as a hyphen, dash, apostrophe,
slash, number, etc., terminates the effect of the capital word indicator. [UEB
8.4.2, 8.6]
[EBAE] [UEB]
BOB'S CAFE BOB'S CAFE
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
BOB's CAFE BOB's CAFE
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
MERRY-GO-ROUND MERRY-GO-ROUND
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽-⠤⡤⢤⣤Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
The ABCs of UEB
1.2(d) Because the presence of a hyphen in a fully capitalized hyphenated-

compound word terminates the effect of the capital word indicator, when
that word is divided between braille lines following the hyphen, the capital
word indicator must be repeated at the beginning of the second line. [UEB
8.4.3]
1.2(e) The capital word indicator is not repeated when a non-hyphenated

word is divided between braille lines. [UEB 8.4.4.]
1.3 Passage
1.3(a) A capitalized passage indicator, (6, 6, 6) precedes three or more fully
capitalized consecutive words or symbols-sequences.* The capitals
terminator, (6, 3) placed after the last capitalized word, indicates the end of
the capitals.
The effect of the passage indicator carries through any non-letter symbols in
the passage. [UEB 8.5‒6]
[EBAE] [UEB]
CAUTION: 10 MPH LIMIT CAUTION: 10 MPH LIMIT
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝3⠒⡒⢒⣒ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝3⠒⡒⢒⣒ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
*A symbols-sequence is any unbroken string of braille signs (letters,

numbers, punctuation, or any other signs), that is preceded and
followed by a space.
1.3(b) Only an accent symbol [modifier] or the ligature indicator (see §9

below) can come between a capital indicator and the letter or word to which
it applies. [UEB 8.3.3, 8.7.1, 4.3.2]
1.3(c) The effect of the capital passage indicator is not terminated by

enclosure or font attribute symbols. [UEB 8.5.3]
[UEB]
PUT THE "GIVE" IN THANKSGIVING
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑0⠴⡴⢴⣴ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧+⠬⡬⢬⣬,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
Note: Font attributes, such as the bold typeface used above, are discussed
in §4.
The ABCs of UEB
2. PUNCTUATION [UEB §7]
2.1 Punctuation that remains the same

2.1(a) The configurations for the following marks of punctuation are the same
in EBAE and UEB: period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma,
semicolon, colon, hyphen, and forward slash [solidus].
2.1(b) The same braille configuration (4⠲⡲⢲⣲) is used for all print dots: the
period, decimal point, ellipsis, and the computer dot.
[EBAE]I bought this 1.49 carat [UEB] I bought this 1.49 carat
diamond … at diamond … at www.diamonds.com.
www.diamonds.com. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃"⠐⡐⢐⣐\|⠳⡳⢳⣳ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃"⠐⡐⢐⣐\|⠳⡳⢳⣳ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ 4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ '⠄⡄⢄⣄'⠄⡄⢄⣄'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲
_⠸⡸⢸⣸+⠬⡬⢬⣬Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎.⠨⡨⢨⣨Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍_⠸⡸⢸⣸:⠱⡱⢱⣱4⠲⡲⢲⣲ [Note that opening and closing CBC indicators are
not used in UEB.]
2.2 Configurations and/or rules affecting punctuation that

have changed
As noted below, the dot configurations for the following marks of
punctuation have changed: dash, quotation marks, parentheses,
brackets. There has also been a minor rule change for the use of the
slash [solidus]. See 2.2(e) below.
2.2(a) Dashes and underscore [UEB 7.2]
,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ dash
Used for pauses and omissions, but not for blanks to be filled in. Follow
print spacing for the dash regardless of where it occurs in a sentence. If
print spacing is unclear, leave spaces around the dash.
[EBAE] Ah— did you say that Sue got [UEB] Ah— did you say that Sue got
the job? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ the job? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃8⠦⡦⢦⣦ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃8⠦⡦⢦⣦
Sue P—— got the job. Sue P—— got the job.
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲*
Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲
The ABCs of UEB
* Except for the letters a, i, and o, a letter sign [grade 1 symbol indicator]
is required before single letters and initials when followed by a dash that
indicates missing letters. [UEB 5.7]
"⠐⡐⢐⣐,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ long dash [UEB 7.2.4]

Used only when print uses both a short and a long dash and a distinction
must be made between the two.
Ah— did you say that Sue

[EBAE] [UEB]Ah— did you say that
P—— got the job? Sue P—— got the job?
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃8⠦⡦⢦⣦ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏"⠐⡐⢐⣐,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮
Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃8⠦⡦⢦⣦
.⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤ underscore or low line
Used for blanks to be filled in, and in electronic addresses (see §8 below).
[BF 10.5] [UEB]

Snow is hot. ___ true ___false Snow is hot. ___ true ___false
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝[{⠪⡪⢪⣪ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝[{⠪⡪⢪⣪ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞4⠲⡲⢲⣲ .⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ .⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
17 plus 9 equals _____. 17 plus 9 equals _____.
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤4⠲⡲⢲⣲ .⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤4⠲⡲⢲⣲
As in EBAE, when hyphens are used to represent missing letters, follow print.
2.2(b) Quotation marks [UEB 7.6]
[1] The opening and closing double quotation marks [one-cell, nonspecific]
remain the same (8⠦⡦⢦⣦ and 0⠴⡴⢴⣴), as well as the opening single quotation
mark (,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦). UEB has changed the closing single quote mark to ,⠠⡠⢠⣠0⠴⡴⢴⣴ in order
to fit the UEB symbol construction.
[EBAE] "Please sing, 'Varsity'." [UEB] "Please sing, 'Varsity'."

8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎+⠬⡬⢬⣬1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎+⠬⡬⢬⣬1⠂⡂⢂⣂
,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽0⠴⡴⢴⣴'⠄⡄⢄⣄4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽,⠠⡠⢠⣠0⠴⡴⢴⣴4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
The ABCs of UEB
[2] There are other forms of specific quotation marks that can be used
when, in rare cases, it is important to distinguish between non-directional
(i.e., straight ["]), directional (i.e., slanted ["] or curled [“ ”]), or Italian
(« »), or when there is a quotation within an inner quotation.
[UEB 7.6.2‒7]
2.2(c) Parentheses "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣ "⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ [UEB 7]
[EBAE] Nancy (her cousin) is my [UEB] Nancy (her cousin) is my

sister-in-law. sister-in-law.
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎9⠔⡔⢔⣔7⠶⡶⢶⣶ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎9⠔⡔⢔⣔"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌]}⠻⡻⢻⣻-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌]}⠻⡻⢻⣻-⠤⡤⢤⣤9⠔⡔⢔⣔-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲ [Note that the
"in" contraction is used in "sister-in-law." See
3.5(7)[a] below.]
2.2(d) Brackets (square) .⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣ .⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜ [UEB 7]
[EBAE] He will arrive in the spring [UEB] He will arrive in the spring
[May, I think]. [May, I think].
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬
,⠠⡠⢠⣠7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹9⠔⡔⢔⣔Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅7⠶⡶⢶⣶'⠄⡄⢄⣄4⠲⡲⢲⣲ .⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹9⠔⡔⢔⣔Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅.⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜4⠲⡲⢲⣲
There are also new symbols for angle (@`⠈⡈⢈⣈<⠣⡣⢣⣣ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈>⠜⡜⢜⣜) and curly (_⠸⡸⢸⣸<⠣⡣⢣⣣ _⠸⡸⢸⣸>⠜⡜⢜⣜)
brackets. Note that the UEB symbols of enclosure: parentheses; square,
angle, and curly brackets; and transcriber's note symbols all have the same
root (<⠣⡣⢣⣣ >⠜⡜⢜⣜), making them easy to recognize.
2.2(e) Slash [Solidus] [UEB 7.4.1]
Do not use a hyphen following a solidus when a word grouping that includes
a solidus is divided between braille lines.
[EBAE] typist/stenographer [UEB]

typist/stenographer
Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌-⠤⡤⢤⣤
Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌
/⠌⡌⢌⣌5⠢⡢⢢⣢Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
/⠌⡌⢌⣌5⠢⡢⢢⣢Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
Summary of UEB rules for the solidus
Capital and numeric indicators must be repeated following a solidus, but a

typeform indicator is not repeated.
Contractions can be used next to the solidus with the exception of: (1)
alphabetic contractions, (2) lower whole-word signs*, (3) be, con, dis, (4)
the whole-word contractions for child, shall, this, which, out, still, and (5)
shortforms.
The ABCs of UEB
*The one exception to this exception is the contraction for the word "in,"
which can be used anywhere so long as it is in a sequence that contains
an upper dot.
2.3 Punctuation with the capitals terminator [UEB 8.6.2]

The capitals terminator (,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄) can be placed either after or before ending
punctuation in a fully capitalized passage; however, paired characters such
as parentheses, brackets, or quotes, should be nested, i.e., closed in the
reverse order of opening.
[EBAE] BEST BUY IN TOWN! [UEB] BEST BUY IN TOWN!

,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖ OR
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄6⠖⡖⢖⣖
The crowd shouted "STOP THAT The crowd shouted "STOP THAT
BALL!" BALL!"
,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ %⠩⡩⢩⣩\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ %⠩⡩⢩⣩\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄0⠴⡴⢴⣴
2.4 Punctuation standing alone [UEB 7.1.3‒4]

Place a letter sign [grade 1 symbol indicator] before a mark of punctuation
that could be misread as a contraction when it is shown standing alone or
enclosed within enclosure symbols. Note that the EBAE print symbol
indicator (dot 4) is not used in UEB.
[EBAE] Either a . or a ? can end a [UEB] Either a . or a ? can end a

sentence. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ sentence. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ 4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈8⠦⡦⢦⣦ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰8⠦⡦⢦⣦ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
Samuel Hudson (1942‒ ) Samuel Hudson (1942‒ )

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤7⠶⡶⢶⣶ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ "⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜
Note also that a grade 1 indicator is not used before the period in the first
example nor the closing parenthesis in the second example because they
could not be misread as contractions.
The ABCs of UEB
READING PRACTICE 1
Read the following sentences. Write them out in longhand and compare your
work with the print version on page 12.
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝8⠦⡦⢦⣦

.⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲.⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞9⠔⡔⢔⣔-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕9⠔⡔⢔⣔$⠫⡫⢫⣫
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ )⠾⡾⢾⣾\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑>⠜⡜⢜⣜4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠%⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺+⠬⡬⢬⣬ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁?⠹⡹⢹⣹Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁,⠠⡠⢠⣠0⠴⡴⢴⣴8⠦⡦⢦⣦0⠴⡴⢴⣴ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅$⠫⡫⢫⣫4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍
Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎2⠆⡆⢆⣆ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠:⠱⡱⢱⣱Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔1⠂⡂⢂⣂
Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄0⠴⡴⢴⣴
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗&⠯⡯⢯⣯ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏5⠢⡢⢢⣢+⠬⡬⢬⣬6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋/⠌⡌⢌⣌ (⠷⡷⢷⣷
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ (⠷⡷⢷⣷Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓>⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓>⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
WRITING PRACTICE 1
Braille the following sentences. Start each sentence in cell 3 and use a 40-cell
line. Compare your work with the print version on page 13.
1. "Can I please play 'Ophelia' in Hamlet, Miss Johnson?" asked Sarah.

2. Happily – despite my arthritis – I can still swim.
3. STOP: PLEASE STAY ON THE PATH!
4. Johnny can say the ABCs and sing MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB.
5. This ruler measures 12 inches or 30.5 centimeters.
6. You can find this book at www.amazon.com.
7. Columbus discovered America in ____.
8. On Sunday, please bring your spouse/significant other with you.
The ABCs of UEB
[Reference numbers in the practices refer to sections in this manual.]
Reading Practice 1
(answers)
1. Is Egypt an equatorial region? [See map of Africa.]

[brackets 2.2(d)]
2. Dr. A. J. Martin-Smith joined DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS last year. She

is working in SANA'A, YEMEN.
[Open and close capital passage indicators 1.3(a); SANA'A 1.2(c)]
3. "Can you recite from 'Hiawatha'?" she asked.

[Quotation marks 2.2(b)]
4. Pi equals 3.14159.
[Decimal point 2.1(b)]
5. Joe (a grumpy man) seldom smiles; Joe's wife (luckily) is happy.

[Parentheses 2.2(c)]
6. Walt Whitman wrote "O CAPTAIN, MY CAPTAIN!"

[Quotation marks and open and close capitalized passage indicators 2.3]
7. ATTENTION! GRAND OPENING! On the first of July the offices of HARRIS-

JONES DENTISTRY will become HARRIS-JONES-WILSON DENTISTRY.
[HARRIS-JONES is one symbols-sequence. HARRIS-JONES-WILSON is also
one symbols-sequence. A capitalized passage indicator would only be
needed if it read: HARRIS-JONES-WILSON FAMILY DENTISTRY (three
symbol sequences). 1.3(a)]
The ABCs of UEB
Writing Practice 1
(answers)
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁,⠠⡠⢠⣠0⠴⡴⢴⣴ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝8⠦⡦⢦⣦0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅$⠫⡫⢫⣫ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎>⠜⡜⢜⣜Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[Quotation marks 2.2(b)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ >⠜⡜⢜⣜?⠹⡹⢹⣹Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ /⠌⡌⢌⣌ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[Spaced dashes 2.2(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁?⠹⡹⢹⣹6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄

OR
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁?⠹⡹⢹⣹,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄6⠖⡖⢖⣖
[Capital passage terminator 2.3]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎+⠬⡬⢬⣬

,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ _⠸⡸⢸⣸Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
[Capitals terminated by apostrophe 1.2(c),
Capital passage terminator 2.3 ]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔*⠡⡡⢡⣡Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚4⠲⡲⢲⣲Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑

Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[Decimal point 2.1(b)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲

[Computer dots 2.1(b)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻$⠫⡫⢫⣫ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ .⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤4⠲⡲⢲⣲

[Underscore (blank to be filled in) 2.2(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝"⠐⡐⢐⣐Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌

Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕!⠮⡮⢮⣮Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ )⠾⡾⢾⣾ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[Slash (solidus) 2.2(e)]
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
3. CONTRACTIONS [UEB §10]
The UEB rules for contraction usage are quite different from and much less
restrictive than EBAE, and may seem strange at first. Many EBAE rules were
written to aid in the pronunciation of a word—something that the printed
word does not do. UEB has tried to lessen the reliance on pronunciation as
the reason to use a contraction, teaching that the "er" contraction, for
instance, is the letters e-r, not the sound errr. UEB, being a "universal"
code, must apply to all English-speaking countries. Pronunciation varies
greatly from country to country and even within a country.
3.1 Contractions discontinued

3.1(a) In order to render the unambiguous translation of print to braille the
following words and letter combinations are no longer contracted.
to into by
ble com dd
ation ally o'clock
"Come on, Daddy! The problem is that by eight o'clock it will be too late to
get into the station to pick up Sally.
[UEB] 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
• ation and ally were eliminated because they created complications in

rules having to do with capital letters in the middle of words. Now all
capital letters can be used anywhere.
• to, into and by were eliminated to allow for greater consistency in
usage of other symbols, and so that all words have space boundaries.
• com was eliminated in order to remove the ambiguity between the
contraction and a hyphen.
• ble was eliminated to allow for precise reading and writing of
numbers wherever they occur within literary context.
• dd was eliminated to allow for a single way to show the
period/dot/decimal point even when it occurs in the middle of words
or numbers.
• o'clock was eliminated because it is a rarely used word and an
exception to the capital rule would have been necessary.
The ABCs of UEB
3.1(b) Due to the elimination of these contractions, contraction usage has

changed for some words.
EBAE UEB
creation Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
really Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
doubled Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙\|⠳⡳⢳⣳#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇$⠫⡫⢫⣫
cobbled Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇$⠫⡫⢫⣫
3.2 No sequencing
Words are no longer joined.
[EBAE] [UEB]
go for a ride into town go for a ride into town
Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ =⠿⡿⢿⣿Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔6⠖⡖⢖⣖Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
3.3 The Standing-Alone Rule [UEB 2.6]
In EBAE the only contractions considered "standing alone" are the lower
signs for his, was, were, be, in and enough. These contractions are used
only when the words are untouched by other letters or punctuation (they
may, however, be in contact with composition signs).
UEB uses the term "standing alone" for any letter, or unbroken sequence
of letters if it is preceded and followed by a space, a hyphen, or a dash
(whether short or long). These letters or letter sequences may be in contact
with common literary punctuation and composition signs. The "standing
alone" rule is used to determine when a braille sign is read as a contraction.
For example, in a compound term such as "child-like" the word on each side
of the hyphen is considered to be "standing alone," and the one-cell, whole-
word [alphabetic] contractions can be used.
Contractions that are used as whole words and that must stand alone,
are:
• one-cell, whole-word contractions [alphabetic wordsigns]
• child, shall, this, which, out, still [strong wordsigns]
• be, was, were, his, enough [lower wordsigns]
• shortforms
The ABCs of UEB
3.4 Contractions used more often

UEB has a much more relaxed view of contraction usage than EBAE. In
many cases (see below) it is permissible to use a contraction when it
partially falls into a prefix or suffix and partially into the base word (called
"bridging"). It is also usually possible to bridge between the letters of a
diphthong and the rest of the word. Generally, contractions are used even
when their use alters the usual form of the word.
As in EBAE, it is not permissible to use a contraction that would bridge the

words that make up an unhyphenated compound word [UEB 10.11.1]
3.5 Contractions [groupsigns, wordsigns]

In the following sections, the changes to contraction usage are listed in the
order in which they are taught in the National Library Service's Instruction
Manual for Braille Transcribing.
3.5(a) One-cell, whole-word contractions [alphabetic wordsigns]

[UEB 10.1.1]
As in EBAE, these contractions can be used in hyphenated compound words
and next to a dash and other common punctuation, but not next to a slash
[UEB 2.6.2-3]. The contractions for "do" and "so" can now be used in the
musical scale "do-re-mi-fa-so."
3.5(b) and, for, of, the, with (whole word contractions)

[strong wordsigns] [UEB 10.3]
These words are no longer joined when appearing in a sequence.
EBAE UEB
by and for the people 0⠴⡴⢴⣴&⠯⡯⢯⣯=⠿⡿⢿⣿!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏
Note: In UEB, the term "strong" as applied to contractions means those
containing dots in both the top and bottom rows and in both the left and
right columns of the braille cell.
3.5(c) and, for, of, the, with (part word contractions)

[strong contractions] [UEB 10.3]
These contractions are used even when they bridge a prefix and a base
word.
EBAE UEB
pandemic Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏&⠯⡯⢯⣯Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉
Vandyke ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧&⠯⡯⢯⣯Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
professor Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗(⠷⡷⢷⣷Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗
profile Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗(⠷⡷⢷⣷Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
The ABCs of UEB
3.5(d) child, shall, this, which, out, still [strong wordsigns] [UEB 10.2.2]
In EBAE, with the exception of child's and still's, these contractions cannot
be used next to an apostrophe. UEB permits the use of these strong
wordsigns with words that have an internal apostrophe followed by d, ll, re,
s, t, and ve. [2.6.4]
EBAE UEB
This'll do the job. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
Which'll be first? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠:⠱⡱⢱⣱Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊*⠡⡡⢡⣡'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠:⠱⡱⢱⣱'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
This'd better be ,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎'⠄⡄⢄⣄Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹'⠄⡄⢄⣄Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
good.
3.5(e) ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st [strong groupsigns] [UEB 10.4]
With only a few exceptions, these contractions are used wherever they
occur. Note, however, that they cannot be used in ordinal numbers (see
6.1(b) below), or when they would bridge the components of a compound
word, or when the "h" is aspirated.
EBAE UEB
mistake Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
1st 4th #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙?⠹⡹⢹⣹ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓
EBAE & UEB
painstaking [compound] Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅+⠬⡬⢬⣬
mishap [aspirated "h"] Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏
3.5(f) ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ing [strong groupsigns] [UEB 10.4]
(ble has been eliminated)
EBAE UEB
imagery Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
erase Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
derived Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧$⠫⡫⢫⣫
reread Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗]}⠻⡻⢻⣻1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
derail Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
edition Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ $⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
redistribute Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
predetermine Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
benediction Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃5⠢⡢⢢⣢$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
EBAE & UEB
kilowatt [compound] Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Shanghai [aspirated "h"] ,⠠⡠⢠⣠%⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊
The ABCs of UEB
ing [strong groupsign] [UEB 10.4.3, 10.13.4]
In UEB the ing contraction is used wherever it occurs except at the

"beginning of a word," even when two adjoining consonants are pronounced
separately.
Note: In UEB, the "beginning of a word" is defined not only as the actual
first letters of a word, but also as any letters-sequence that follows a space,
a hyphen or a dash; therefore, the ing contraction cannot be used at the
beginning of a braille line in a divided word because the letters "ing" are
following a hyphen.
EBAE UEB
meningitis Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢+⠬⡬⢬⣬Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
nightingale Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞+⠬⡬⢬⣬Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
ravish- Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩-⠤⡤⢤⣤
ingly +⠬⡬⢬⣬Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
to-ing and Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤+⠬⡬⢬⣬ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ &⠯⡯⢯⣯
fro-ing Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
As in EBAE, composition signs that occur between a hyphen or a dash and
the following letters are ignored when deciding when to use a contraction.
EBAE UEB
sing-ING Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎+⠬⡬⢬⣬-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
3.5(g) Lower signs, whole words [10.10.10]

(to, into, and by have been eliminated)
3.5(g)[1] be, his, was, were as whole words [lower wordsigns]

[UEB 10.5.1, 10.13.7]
In EBAE, the whole-word contractions be, his, was, and were can be
contracted only when they are separated by a space from all other letters or
words. They can be preceded by composition signs, i.e., the capital and
emphasis [typeform] indicators but they cannot be in contact with any sign
of punctuation.
In UEB these contractions, with or without composition signs, can be used

when they are in direct contact with signs of punctuation that contain an
upper dot (with the exception of the slash [solidus]). They cannot be used
when in contact with lower-dot punctuation, and never in contact with a
hyphen or a dash—even when separated from them by the end of a braille
line.
The ABCs of UEB
EBAE UEB
(HIS turn) 7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝7⠶⡶⢶⣶ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠8⠦⡦⢦⣦ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜
("BE QUIET!") 7⠶⡶⢶⣶8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴7⠶⡶⢶⣶ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜
to be—or not 6⠖⡖⢖⣖Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
to be -⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ 6⠖⡖⢖⣖Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆
3.5(g)[2] enough and in as whole words [lower wordsigns]

[UEB 10.5.2-3-4]
These two contractions differ from the whole-word lower signs listed above
in that they can be in contact with punctuation so long as the sequence is in
contact with an upper dot.
[EBAE] [UEB]
The in-coming plane is bringing the The in-coming plane is bringing the
food—enough for everyone. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ food—enough for everyone. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮
Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝-⠤⡤⢤⣤Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬+⠬⡬⢬⣬ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔-⠤⡤⢤⣤Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬+⠬⡬⢬⣬ !⠮⡮⢮⣮
!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤5⠢⡢⢢⣢ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[EBAE] [UEB]
Tell him to come in—his tea is Tell him to come in—his tea is ready.
ready. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 6⠖⡖⢖⣖-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[EBAE] [UEB]
"Enough's enough!" "Enough's enough!"
8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠5⠢⡢⢢⣢'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴
enough and in next to slash [solidus]: The wordsign for enough cannot
be used next to the solidus because it must "stand alone." The wordsign for
in is used in a sequence whenever it is in contact with an upper dot, and,
therefore, it can be used next to the solidus. in/enough 9⠔⡔⢔⣔_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣
3.5(h) Lower signs, part words
3.5(h)[1] in and en as part words [lower groupsigns] [UEB 10.6.8]

With only a very few exceptions, these contractions are used wherever they
occur so long as they are in contact with an upper dot. Note, however, that
they cannot be used when they would bridge the components of a
compound word.
The ABCs of UEB
EBAE UEB
binomial Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃9⠔⡔⢔⣔Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
enormous Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
renew Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺
prenatal Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗5⠢⡢⢢⣢Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
phoenix Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭
teach-in Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂*⠡⡡⢡⣡-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂*⠡⡡⢡⣡-⠤⡤⢤⣤9⠔⡔⢔⣔
toenail Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
[compound word]
Unlike EBAE, when applying the Lower Sign Rule in UEB, font attributes
(see §4 below) are considered upper signs.
EBAE UEB
bein' bein' 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ .⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂2⠆⡆⢆⣆9⠔⡔⢔⣔'⠄⡄⢄⣄
3.5(h)[2] be, con, dis [lower groupsigns] [UEB 10.6.2, 10.11.3]

(com has been eliminated)
Like EBAE, these contractions are used as parts of words only when they
constitute the first syllable of a word; however, they are not used in UEB in
names prefixed with Mc, Mac, or O' because they are not at the "beginning
of the word" (see 3.5(f) above).
EBAE UEB
McConnell ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉,⠠⡠⢠⣠3⠒⡒⢒⣒Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
Commander ,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍&⠯⡯⢯⣯]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠3⠒⡒⢒⣒Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍&⠯⡯⢯⣯]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
O'Connor ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗
3.5(h)[3] bb, cc, ff, gg, ea [lower groupsigns] [UEB 10.6.5]

(dd has been eliminated)
There are only a few changes to the use of the contractions bb, cc, ff, gg,
due to the elimination of some other contractions, but there are many
changes to words containing ea.
EBAE UEB
bubble Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃#⠼⡼⢼⣼ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
addendum Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍
The ABCs of UEB
ea [10.6.7]
Like EBAE, the contraction for ea cannot be used if it would bridge a prefix
and a base word or if it is preceded by a hyphen.
EBAE & UEB

reaction Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
deactivate Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
man-eater Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
But, unlike EBAE it can be used if it bridges a base word and a suffix, or a
diphthong and an adjoining letter, or if it begins the second part of a solid
compound word.
EBAE UEB
acreage Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
likeable Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁#⠼⡼⢼⣼ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅1⠂⡂⢂⣂Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
genealogy Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛5⠢⡢⢢⣢1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
paean Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁1⠂⡂⢂⣂Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
motheaten Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕?⠹⡹⢹⣹Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕?⠹⡹⢹⣹1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢
3.6 Initial-letter contractions [UEB 10.7]
The use of initial-letter contractions is much the same in EBAE and UEB,
although the rules and reasons differ. Although the emphasis is no longer
on the "original sound," only a few words are contracted differently.
EBAE UEB
sword Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺
partake Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏>⠜⡜⢜⣜Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Houghton ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓"⠐⡐⢐⣐\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
fever Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
atmosphere Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏"⠐⡐⢐⣐Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓
hadji Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ _⠸⡸⢸⣸Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊
3.7 Final-letter contractions [final-letter groupsigns] [10.8]

The braille formation of several words has changed, mainly due to the
elimination of ation and ally.
Unlike EBAE, final-letter contractions cannot be used at the beginning of
a line in a divided word.
The ABCs of UEB
EBAE UEB
creation Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
nationally Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
denationalize Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙5⠢⡢⢢⣢Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
really Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
Clemenceau ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥
[diphthong ignored]
mongoose Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍;⠰⡰⢰⣰Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
[adjoining consonants
pronounced separately]
care- Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤
fully ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
Partially emphasized words [9.2.3]
EBAE does not use contractions in partially emphasized words. UEB does,
but final-letter contractions cannot be used because they must always
follow a letter. They cannot follow punctuation, font attribute symbols
[typeform], or capital indicators or terminators.
EBAE UEB
HOWdy! ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓[{⠪⡪⢪⣪,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽6⠖⡖⢖⣖
AttenTION! ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖
deLIGHTful Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
3.8 Short-form words [UEB 10.9.1-2, App.1]

(o'clock, to-day, and to-night have been eliminated, but today and tonight
remain)
See also: Grade 1 mode and shortforms (5.4 below)
3.8(a) As whole words or whole names UEB uses shortforms as whole

words and whole names regardless of their meaning or pronunciation.
EBAE UEB
Port Said ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
Shortforms used for whole words must "stand alone" (see 3.3 above) and
therefore cannot be used next to a slash [solidus].
EBAE UEB
him/her Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
The ABCs of UEB
3.8(b) As parts of words Like EBAE, shortforms can only be used as parts
of words if the full word retains its original meaning and spelling.
Unlike EBAE, which bases the use of shortforms on specific rules that are
applied to determine whether a shortform can be used as part of a longer
word, UEB relies on a definitive list, the UEB Shortform List (Appendix 1 ‒
The Rules of Unified English Braille).
In UEB, of the 75 shortforms, 65 can be used as parts of words only if
the longer words are "standing alone" and are included on the Shortform
List. If a word is not on the list, it cannot be used. Although this may seem
stringent, it assures faithful automatic translation, an important
consideration in this electronic age.
The other ten words can also be used as parts of words, but the longer
words do not have to be on the Shortforms List. These words have special
rules, as follows:
Ten Special Shortforms: blind, braille, children, first, friend,

good, great, letter, little, quick
[1] blind, first, friend, good, letter, little, quick

These shortforms are used as part words only if they begin a word or
name, and if they are not followed by a vowel or "y." This rule prevents
shortform words from taking on the appearance of other words, i.e., if
the shortform for friend were used in befriended it would read befred.
There are many exceptions to this rule, as noted in the UEB Shortforms
List, such as:
snowblind Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝[{⠪⡪⢪⣪Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ goodafternoon Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝

headfirst Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋/⠌⡌⢌⣌ bloodletter Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗
firstaid Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ lettering Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬
boyfriend Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ belittle 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
feelgood Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ doublequick Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅
goody Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ quicker Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
Exceptions for these words, and others, were made because braille
readers found them familiar and easily read.
[2] children
Like those above, this shortform is used as part of a word provided it is
not followed by a vowel or "y," but it does not have to begin the longer
word. [EBAE & UEB] grandchildren Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗&⠯⡯⢯⣯*⠡⡡⢡⣡Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
[3] braille, great

Use these shortforms wherever they occur.
The ABCs of UEB
3.8(c) Shortforms in proper names [UEB 10.9.2-3]

Like EBAE, in UEB any of the shortforms can be used for whole names, e.g.,
Mr. Friend, Miss Good. EBAE, however, does not permit the use of
shortforms as parts of names.
In UEB, the 65 regular shortforms may be used as parts of names so
long as the longer name is "standing alone" and is listed on the Shortforms
List, e.g. Mustard, Nonsuch (a very rare occasion). The "Ten Special
Shortforms" may also be used as parts of names, so long as they comply
with the rules listed above in 3.8(b), but the full name does not have to be
on the Shortforms List.
[1] The shortforms for blind, first, friend, good, letter, little, quick can only
be used at the beginning of a name, and only when they are not
followed by a vowel or "y."
EBAE UEB
Letterman ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
Goodwood ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
Firstbank ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅
EBAE & UEB
Goodall ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
Goodyarn ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽>⠜⡜⢜⣜Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
Firstamerica ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
Linkletter ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇9⠔⡔⢔⣔Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
Doolittle ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
[The reader will not mistake the beginning letters in the following examples as
shortforms because although they begin the name they are followed by a vowel or y.]
Lloyd ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
Gdansk ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅
Blystone ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽/⠌⡌⢌⣌"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
[2] The shortform for children follows the same rule but it can occur
anywhere in a name.
EBAE UEB
Mr. Moschildren ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎*⠡⡡⢡⣡Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗5⠢⡢⢢⣢ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎*⠡⡡⢡⣡Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
[3] The shortforms for braille and great can be used anywhere in a name.
EBAE UEB
Greatacre ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Greatfort ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞=⠿⡿⢿⣿Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞=⠿⡿⢿⣿Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Funbraille ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
The ABCs of UEB
3.8(d) Distinguishing conventional words from shortforms

[UEB 10.9.5-6]
A letter indicator [grade 1 symbol indicator] is placed before any group of
letters, either "standing alone" (see 3.3 above) or that occurs at the
beginning of a word or name, that could be mistaken for a short-form word.
EBAE UEB
How's Al today? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓[{⠪⡪⢪⣪'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙8⠦⡦⢦⣦ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓[{⠪⡪⢪⣪'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙8⠦⡦⢦⣦
Lloyd Llhuyd ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
Use a grade 1 word indicator before a letters-sequence occurring after the
beginning of a word that could be read as a short-form. (See 5.2 below.)
EBAE UEB
WisBrl (Wisconsin ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇*
Braille)
*Note that WisBrl is treated as one word [letters-sequence], not two

(UEB Glossary, page 8). The capital indicator is not regarded as a "non-
alphabetic sign." It is simply part of the letter B. (UEB 8.3.1)
3.9 Usual form of the word

The UEB approach to the "usual form of the word" is quite different from
EBAE. EBAE says that a contraction should not be used if it would result in
an alteration of the usual braille form of a base word.
UEB says (10.11.6) to "use a groupsign [part-word contraction] when the

addition of a prefix or the formation of an unhyphenated compound word
provides an opportunity to use a groupsign not used in the original word,
even if this alters the usual braille form of the original word."
They both agree that when there is a choice, the contraction to use is the
one that most nearly approximates the usual pronunciation of the word and
that does not distort the form of the word.
EBAE UEB
uneasy Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽
changeable *⠡⡡⢡⣡Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁#⠼⡼⢼⣼ *⠡⡡⢡⣡Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛1⠂⡂⢂⣂Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
freedom Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑$⠫⡫⢫⣫Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍
indistinguishable 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞+⠬⡬⢬⣬Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁#⠼⡼⢼⣼ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌+⠬⡬⢬⣬Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
incongruous 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
The ABCs of UEB
READING PRACTICE 2
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁%⠩⡩⢩⣩ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ (⠷⡷⢷⣷
!⠮⡮⢮⣮ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞+⠬⡬⢬⣬Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙$⠫⡫⢫⣫ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
:⠱⡱⢱⣱Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ _⠸⡸⢸⣸Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢+⠬⡬⢬⣬Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓$⠫⡫⢫⣫Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧&⠯⡯⢯⣯Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛]}⠻⡻⢻⣻_⠸⡸⢸⣸Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ _⠸⡸⢸⣸Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗?⠹⡹⢹⣹1⠂⡂⢂⣂/⠌⡌⢌⣌ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
(⠷⡷⢷⣷ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏&⠯⡯⢯⣯Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ \|⠳⡳⢳⣳ :⠱⡱⢱⣱5⠢⡢⢢⣢ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗(⠷⡷⢷⣷Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗
Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗]}⠻⡻⢻⣻1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠*⠡⡡⢡⣡Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃5⠢⡢⢢⣢$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠>⠜⡜⢜⣜Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥/⠌⡌⢌⣌4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁?⠹⡹⢹⣹Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢0⠴⡴⢴⣴,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍
Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞"⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅1⠂⡂⢂⣂Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ !⠮⡮⢮⣮
Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗$⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
WRITING PRACTICE 2
1. Capt. Littlefield could barely read the lettering on the letterhead.
2. The savagery and rioting continued well into the night.
3. Ingmar met Ingrid (his bride-to-be) at a fly-in fishing camp in Sweden.
4. Oddly enough, the house was deserted and an uneaten meal was still on
the table.
5. Disabled by arthritis, Lloyd Littlesmyth hobbled up the steps.
6. "I just saw your latest edition," she gushed. "It's simply PRICEless!"
7. The atmosphere here is toxic; it was a mistake to come.
8. Mike O'Conner bubbled with enthusiasm over the acreage.
The ABCs of UEB
Reading Practice 2
(answers)
1. The pebble created a splash in the middle of the enormous lake.

[pebble 3.1(a)(b); middle 3.1(a); enormous 3.5(h)[1]]
2. Florence Nightingale befriended the soldier who had meningitis.

[Nightingale, meningitis 3.5(f)
3. Hedda Vandyke (a friend from Germany) had a fever caused by a reaction

to the new medication.
[Hedda 3.1(a); Vandyke 3.5(c); fever 3.6; by 3.1(a); medication 3.1(a)]
4. The huge anthill was on the northeast side of the ravine and surrounded by
anteaters.
[northeast, anteaters 3.5; of the 3.2; by 3.1(a)]
5. Pandemonium broke out when the professor said, "Reread Chapter 9 and
enumerate the ways Benedict Arnold created mistrust."
[pandemonium, professor 3.5(c); reread 3.5(f);
enumerate, 3.5(h)[1]; Benedict 3.5(f); mistrust 3.5(e)]
6. Runners like to partake in the nationally known Comstock Marathon.

[to 3.1(a); partake 3.6; nationally, Comstock 3.1(a)]
7. The governess said, "That's quite enough"—in a firm tone.

[enough, in 3.5(g)[2]]
8. The likeable young man's reaction to the situation was predictable.

[likeable, reaction 3.5(h)[3]; to, situation 3.1(a);
predictable 3.1(a)s, 3.5(f)]
The ABCs of UEB
Writing Practice 2
(answers)
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗+⠬⡬⢬⣬

Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[Littlefield 3.8(c); lettering: this special shortform is used even though it
is followed by a vowel because it is on the Shortforms List; letterhead
3.8(b)[1]]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞+⠬⡬⢬⣬ 3⠒⡒⢒⣒Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞9⠔⡔⢔⣔Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕

!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[savagery 3.4, 3.5(f); into 3.1(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣8⠦⡦⢦⣦ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜

Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽-⠤⡤⢤⣤9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺$⠫⡫⢫⣫5⠢⡢⢢⣢4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[parenthesis next to lower-sign 3.5(g)[1];
fly-in 3.5(h)[1]]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢\|⠳⡳⢳⣳<⠣⡣⢣⣣1⠂⡂⢂⣂ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝

Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ /⠌⡌⢌⣌ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[oddly 3.1(a); uneaten 3.5(h)[3]; table 3.1(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠4⠲⡲⢲⣲Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ >⠜⡜⢜⣜?⠹⡹⢹⣹Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽?⠹⡹⢹⣹

Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[disabled, hobbled 3.1(b); by 3.1(a); Lloyd Littlesmyth 3.8(c)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌ $⠫⡫⢫⣫Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝1⠂⡂⢂⣂0⠴⡴⢴⣴ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥%⠩⡩⢩⣩$⠫⡫⢫⣫4⠲⡲⢲⣲

8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴
[edition 3.5(f)]; PRICEless 3.7]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏"⠐⡐⢐⣐Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉2⠆⡆⢆⣆ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁

Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[atmosphere 3.6; mistake 3.5(e); to, come 3.1(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇$⠫⡫⢫⣫ )⠾⡾⢾⣾ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢?⠹⡹⢹⣹Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍

Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[O'Conner 3.5(h)[2]; bubbled, acreage 3.5(h)[3]]
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
4. FONT ATTRIBUTES [Typeforms] [UEB §9]

[EBAE composition sign]
4.1 Italics, bold, underlining, and script
Like EBAE, font attributes [typeforms] are used in UEB only when needed
for emphasis or distinction. Unlike EBAE that uses the same emphasis
indicator for italics, bold, underlining, script, etc., UEB has a specific symbol
for each.
In UEB, font attribute symbols are two-cell symbols. The first cell (the
prefix) identifies the type of font.
italics .⠨⡨⢨⣨ bold ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘ underlining _⠸⡸⢸⣸ script @`⠈⡈⢈⣈
The second cell (the root) indicates the extent of the symbol's effect, i.e.,
one letter or symbol, a whole word or sequence of letters/symbols, or an
entire passage (similar to the UEB letter/word/passage capital indicators).
single letter/symbol 2⠆⡆⢆⣆ word 1⠂⡂⢂⣂ passage 7⠶⡶⢶⣶ terminate '⠄⡄⢄⣄

(used for 3 words
or more)
letter/symbol word passage terminator
italic .⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶ .⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄

bold ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘2⠆⡆⢆⣆ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘7⠶⡶⢶⣶ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄
underline _⠸⡸⢸⣸2⠆⡆⢆⣆ _⠸⡸⢸⣸1⠂⡂⢂⣂ _⠸⡸⢸⣸7⠶⡶⢶⣶ _⠸⡸⢸⣸'⠄⡄⢄⣄
script @`⠈⡈⢈⣈2⠆⡆⢆⣆ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈1⠂⡂⢂⣂ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈7⠶⡶⢶⣶ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈'⠄⡄⢄⣄
When only the beginning or middle portion of a word or string of unbroken

symbols/letters is printed in a special typeface a terminator indicates the
end of the emphasized section.
The symbol for the ending of a passage [terminator] is placed, unspaced,

after the last word of the passage.
The ABCs of UEB
EBAE UEB
d is for dog .⠨⡨⢨⣨;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ .⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ .⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
dog .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
two dogs .⠨⡨⢨⣨Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
happy dogs .⠨⡨⢨⣨Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
the dogs bark .⠨⡨⢨⣨!⠮⡮⢮⣮ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄
the dogs bark .⠨⡨⢨⣨!⠮⡮⢮⣮ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ _⠸⡸⢸⣸7⠶⡶⢶⣶!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅_⠸⡸⢸⣸'⠄⡄⢄⣄
the dogs bark .⠨⡨⢨⣨!⠮⡮⢮⣮ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘7⠶⡶⢶⣶!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄
the dogs .⠨⡨⢨⣨!⠮⡮⢮⣮ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈7⠶⡶⢶⣶!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅@`⠈⡈⢈⣈'⠄⡄⢄⣄
bark
4.1(a) Single letter or symbol in a special typeface
[Typeform Symbol Indicator] (2⠆⡆⢆⣆) [UEB 9.2.2-3]
The typeform symbol indicator affects only the letter or symbol immediately
following it, and therefore, a termination indicator is not required.
[EBAE] 1897 not 1997 [UEB] 1897 not 1997

#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁.⠨⡨⢨⣨Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁.⠨⡨⢨⣨Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁^~⠘⡘⢘⣘2⠆⡆⢆⣆#⠼⡼⢼⣼Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁^~⠘⡘⢘⣘2⠆⡆⢆⣆#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
In UEB, when the first letter of a contraction is in a special typeface the

contraction is used. When a letter or letters within a contraction are in a
special typeface the contraction cannot be used; however, other applicable
contractions can be used.
[EBAE] Go Children! [UEB] Go Children!

.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙.⠨⡨⢨⣨Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘2⠆⡆⢆⣆,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠*⠡⡡⢡⣡Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙^~⠘⡘⢘⣘2⠆⡆⢆⣆Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗5⠢⡢⢢⣢6⠖⡖⢖⣖
4.1(b) Word in a special typeface [Typeform Word Indicator] (1⠂⡂⢂⣂)

[UEB 9.3, 9.4.4]
The typeform word indicator signals that an individual word or any sequence
of unspaced symbols (letters, numbers, abbreviations, hyphenated
compound words, etc.) ‒ or the remainder of such a sequence ‒ is printed
in a special typeface.
Unlike the capital word indicator [1.2(c) above] that is terminated by any
non-alphabetic symbol, the effect of the typeform word indicator continues
through hyphens, slashes, and other symbols until the reader encounters a
blank cell or a typeform termination indicator.
The ABCs of UEB
EBAE UEB
R.S.V.P. .⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏4⠲⡲⢲⣲
six .⠨⡨⢨⣨Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈1⠂⡂⢂⣂Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕'⠄⡄⢄⣄Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅
o'clock
pick that one Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
The typeform-termination indicator is used when only the beginning or
middle part of a word or letter/symbol sequence is in a special typeface.
EBAE UEB
baseball Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
baseball .⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
two-fold Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤.⠨⡨⢨⣨Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤.⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
two-fold .⠨⡨⢨⣨Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
4.1(c) Passage in a special typeface [Typeform Passage Indicator] (7⠶⡶⢶⣶)

[UEB 9.4]
In EBAE when four or more consecutive words are emphasized, the first
word is preceded by the double emphasis indicator, and a single emphasis
indicator is placed before the last emphasized word.
In UEB when three or more consecutive words are emphasized, a typeform

passage indicator is placed before the first word and a passage-termination
indicator is placed after the last emphasized word.
CAUTION: wet
[EBAE] [UEB]
CAUTION: wet
paint! paint!
.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝3⠒⡒⢒⣒ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
.⠨⡨⢨⣨Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞6⠖⡖⢖⣖ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞6⠖⡖⢖⣖^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄
4.1(d) Numbers in special typeface [UEB 9.2.1.]
When one digit is emphasized in print, in UEB it is preceded by the typeform

symbol indicator. When more than one digit is printed in a special typeface
use the typeform word indicator.
The ABCs of UEB
[EBAE] Subtract 6 from 24. [UEB] Subtract 6 from 24.

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ .⠨⡨⢨⣨#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ .⠨⡨⢨⣨#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ .⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋
.⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
4.2 Order of punctuation and font attributes [typeform
indicators] [UEB 9.7]
4.2(a) The order of punctuation and typeform indicators is not rigidly
prescribed in UEB. Place the typeform terminator at the point where the
special typeface changes. When in doubt, except for the hyphen, dash, and
ellipsis, include the punctuation in the typeform.
[EBAE]Do you have a copy of [UEB] Do you have a copy of Rules
Rules of Order? of Order?
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ (⠷⡷⢷⣷
.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨(⠷⡷⢷⣷ .⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻8⠦⡦⢦⣦ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄8⠦⡦⢦⣦
Do you have Is There No Place Do you have Is There No Place For
For Me? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ .⠨⡨⢨⣨.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Me? ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠"⠐⡐⢐⣐!⠮⡮⢮⣮
,⠠⡠⢠⣠"⠐⡐⢐⣐!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑8⠦⡦⢦⣦.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄
.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑8⠦⡦⢦⣦
4.2(b) As with punctuation (see 2.3 above), close font attribute symbols and
other paired characters in the reverse order of their opening, i.e., nested.
[EBAE] (THE KING AND I) [UEB] (THE KING AND I)

7⠶⡶⢶⣶.⠨⡨⢨⣨.⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅+⠬⡬⢬⣬ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠&⠯⡯⢯⣯ .⠨⡨⢨⣨,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊7⠶⡶⢶⣶ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣.⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅+⠬⡬⢬⣬ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜
[open parens, open italics, open capitalized
passage – text – close capitals, close italics,
close parens]
4.3 More than one indicator [UEB 9.8]

When it is necessary to show that a word or phrase is printed in more than
one typeface, all of the appropriate indicators are used ‒ and they are
closed in the reverse order described above.
[UEB] a flock of sheep ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘7⠶⡶⢶⣶_⠸⡸⢸⣸7⠶⡶⢶⣶Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏_⠸⡸⢸⣸'⠄⡄⢄⣄^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄
4.4 Special symbols for font attributes such as: colored

type, double underline, crossed-out type [UEB 9.5]
UEB has special symbols only for the four typefaces described above. It
does not have specific symbols for colored type, crossed-out type, double
underlining, etc. There are four "transcriber-defined" typeform indicators,
shown in UEB 9.5, that the transcriber can assign to symbols other than the
four listed.
The ABCs of UEB
5. GRADE 1 MODE [UEB §5]

Indicators and modes: Some indicators apply only to the symbol next to it,
while others assign meanings, i.e., establish "modes," that extend over several
symbols or even multiple words. For example, a number indicator assigns a
number meaning to the following symbols, and the sequence is said to be in
the "numeric mode"; a fully capitalized word, initiated by the capitals indicator,
is in the "capitals mode."
5.1 Grade 1 Symbol Indicator (;⠰⡰⢰⣰) [UEB 5.2, 5.7, 10.12.13,

10.12.16]
Like the EBAE letter sign, the UEB grade 1 symbol indicator is used before
any letter, letter grouping, or symbol that could be misread as a contraction
or shortform. This means that, unlike EBAE, a grade 1 symbol indicator is
not used before a, i, or o, (whether they stand for letters or words),
because they have no contraction meaning.
A grade 1 symbol indicator is used before abbreviations and initials
(whether they are followed by periods or not), in lists and outlines, when
letters are preceded and/or followed by apostrophes or hyphens indicating
missing letters, for free-standing punctuation, and in stammering.
EBAE UEB
aeiou ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥
A. B. C. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲
Hello, Al ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
see section (f) Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋7⠶⡶⢶⣶ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜
d--n Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
end it with a ? 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ )⠾⡾⢾⣾Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈8⠦⡦⢦⣦ 5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ )⠾⡾⢾⣾ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰8⠦⡦⢦⣦
g-g-ghost Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕/⠌⡌⢌⣌ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛-⠤⡤⢤⣤<⠣⡣⢣⣣Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕/⠌⡌⢌⣌
rock 'n' roll Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ '⠄⡄⢄⣄Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ '⠄⡄⢄⣄;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
Unlike EBAE, UEB follows print for enclosed and/or emphasized single
letters.
EBAE UEB
Team "a" will ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
race team "b." Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦;⠰⡰⢰⣰Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
5.2 Grade 1 Word Indicator (;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰) [UEB 5.3]

In EBAE letter signs are not used in spelled-out words and context is often
relied upon to convey the correct meaning, so that S-T-O-P, if taken out of
context, might be read SO-THAT-O-PEOPLE. In UEB each print symbol is
represented by an unambiguous braille symbol (Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ can only be "so", etc.).
The ABCs of UEB
In order to identify each letter as a letter and not a contraction, a grade 1

indicator is required. In order to minimize the number of indicators needed
in spelled-out words UEB uses a grade 1 word indicator.
Terminator The effect of a grade 1 word indicator is terminated by a

space. When there is no space, a grade 1 terminator (;⠰⡰⢰⣰'⠄⡄⢄⣄) is used to signal
the end of grade 1 mode.
EBAE UEB
T-H-I-E-F! ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋6⠖⡖⢖⣖
b-b-b-b-but Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰'⠄⡄⢄⣄Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
Note that a capital word indicator could not be used for T-H-I-E-F because a
hyphen (or any non-alphabetic symbol) cancels the effect of that indicator
(see 1.2(c) above). Note also that the grade 1 word indicator is only used in
stammering when there are more that three letter sounds. [UEB 10.12.16]
5.3 Grade 1 Passage Indicator (;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰) [UEB 5.4]
A passage of three or more spelled-out words is preceded by a grade 1

passage indicator and followed by the grade 1 terminator.
[EBAE] s-t-o-p t-h-i-e-f, S-T-O-P!

Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏6⠖⡖⢖⣖
[UEB] s-t-o-p t-h-i-e-f, S-T-O-P!
;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏;⠰⡰⢰⣰'⠄⡄⢄⣄6⠖⡖⢖⣖
5.4 Grade 1 mode and shortforms [UEB 5.7.2]

EBAE UEB
CD-DVD ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙*
CD/DVD ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙**
*Shortforms "stand alone," meaning that they can be used next to a hyphen
or dash; therefore, without a letter sign [grade 1 symbol indicator] the
letters CD would be read as "could."
**A letter sign is not required because "standing alone" a shortform cannot
be in contact with a slash (see 3.8(a) above); therefore, the letters CD
would not be read as "could."
The ABCs of UEB
READING PRACTICE 3
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉'⠄⡄⢄⣄Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙

Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆ )⠾⡾⢾⣾\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽/⠌⡌⢌⣌]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎*⠡⡡⢡⣡ Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦^~⠘⡘⢘⣘7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺]}⠻⡻⢻⣻1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔=⠿⡿⢿⣿Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇[{⠪⡪⢪⣪ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ (⠷⡷⢷⣷Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽?⠹⡹⢹⣹+⠬⡬⢬⣬4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂0⠴⡴⢴⣴
Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶4⠲⡲⢲⣲Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵ Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎$⠫⡫⢫⣫ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍1⠂⡂⢂⣂Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦9⠔⡔⢔⣔Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
5⠢⡢⢢⣢Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ 4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊$⠫⡫⢫⣫ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠%⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎*⠡⡡⢡⣡ Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍5⠢⡢⢢⣢,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋"⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗-⠤⡤⢤⣤Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗-⠤⡤⢤⣤Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗-⠤⡤⢤⣤Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵+⠬⡬⢬⣬ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
WRITING PRACTICE 3
1. In the following words the accented syllable is indicated by italics: reunify,

unlikely, discard, and pretend.
2. NOTICE: The YMCAers will experience a beautiful day at the seashore on

Saturday at 7 pm.
3. Memo: The Dog That Wouldn't Be! is the camp movie this week.
4. "It was a hit 'n' run—the driver was goin' like a bat outta h---," said the
officer.
5. The sign in the barracks read: A-T-T-E-N-T-I-O-N! LIGHTS OUT AT 2300.
6. J E Randall, G R Allen, and A C Steene wrote "Fishes of the Great Barrier

Reef and Coral Sea."
7. O, say can you see ... sang Al.
The ABCs of UEB
[Reference numbers in the practices refer to sections in this

manual.]
Reading Practice 3
(answers)
1) The ad read "you simply can't afFORD to be without a FORD."

[closing parenthesis 2.2(c); partially emphasized word 3.7; bold
indicator 4.1]
2) The Mysterious Attitude. A statement such as, "I wish I could tell you
the answer, but ..." implies that you have inside information that would
blow the lid off everything.
[bold passage indicator and terminator 4.1(c); ellipsis 2.1(b)]
3) "Just call me Mr. R—not Mr. Rather," he said to the students.

[grade 1 symbol indicator 5.1; dash 2.2(a); to 3.1(a)]
4) By disability (as used in the Social Security Act) is meant "inability to

engage in substantial gainful activity ..."
[By 3.1(a); italicized passage 4.1; parentheses 2.2(c); ellipsis 2.1(b)]
5) The class studied Shakespeare's later plays (such as THE TWO NOBLE
KINSMEN).
[italicized passage 4.1; capitalized passage 1.3(a); capitals terminator
1.2(b); italics terminator 4.1; order of font attributes 4.2]
6) "Br-r-r-r, it's freezing in here."

[grade 1 word indicator 5.2]
The ABCs of UEB
Writing Practice 3
(answers)
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇[{⠪⡪⢪⣪+⠬⡬⢬⣬ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁3⠒⡒⢒⣒5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑

Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨2⠆⡆⢆⣆Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽1⠂⡂⢂⣂
Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝.⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽1⠂⡂⢂⣂ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙1⠂⡂⢂⣂ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞5⠢⡢⢢⣢Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[italic symbol and word terminators 4.1(a)(b)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑3⠒⡒⢒⣒ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑

Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃1⠂⡂⢂⣂Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎1⠂⡂⢂⣂%⠩⡩⢩⣩Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ _⠸⡸⢸⣸1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗"⠐⡐⢐⣐Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
_⠸⡸⢸⣸2⠆⡆⢆⣆#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[underlined word 4.1(b); underlined number 4.1(d)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕^~⠘⡘⢘⣘'⠄⡄⢄⣄3⠒⡒⢒⣒ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑6⠖⡖⢖⣖.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[bold word and terminator 4.1(b);
italicized passage 4.1(c), terminator 4.2(b).
Note that if the colon following "Memo" were also in bold type a
terminator would not be required because the influence of the typeface
word indicator continues until the reader encounters a space.]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ '⠄⡄⢄⣄;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴

Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕9⠔⡔⢔⣔'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ \|⠳⡳⢳⣳Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤1⠂⡂⢂⣂0⠴⡴⢴⣴ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ (⠷⡷⢷⣷Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉]}⠻⡻⢻⣻4⠲⡲⢲⣲
['n', goin', h--- 5.1]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙3⠒⡒⢒⣒

;⠰⡰⢰⣰;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝;⠰⡰⢰⣰'⠄⡄⢄⣄6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊<⠣⡣⢣⣣Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
\|⠳⡳⢳⣳ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[grade 1 word indicator and terminator 5.2; capitalized passage indicator
and terminator 1.3(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗&⠯⡯⢯⣯Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇5⠢⡢⢢⣢1⠂⡂⢂⣂ &⠯⡯⢯⣯

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠/⠌⡌⢌⣌Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊%⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃>⠜⡜⢜⣜Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
[initials 5.1]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲4⠲⡲⢲⣲ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇4⠲⡲⢲⣲

[use and non-use of grade 1 indicator 5.1; ellipsis 2.1(b)]
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
6. NUMBERS IN NON-TECHNICAL MATERIALS

[UEB §6]
In EBAE only a space, a period, a dash, or a letter sign terminates the effect
of a number sign. The influence of the number sign continues through
commas, colons, hyphens, slashes, fraction lines, and decimal points.
In UEB, the number sign [numeric indicator] is used much more often. Its
effect is not only terminated by a space, dash, or letter (with the exception
of letters a-j), but also by hyphens, colons, slashes, and any other symbol
including composition signs (capital or italic indicators, etc.). The effect of
the numeric indicator only carries through commas, periods, decimal points,
computer dots, and fraction lines.
6.1 Letter/number combinations
6.1(a) Numbers followed by letters or words [UEB 6.5]
In UEB a letter or symbol, including hyphens, terminates the effect of a

numeric indicator; therefore, with the exception of lower case letters a-j, a
letter sign [grade 1 indicator] is not required for letters that immediately
follow numbers.
EBAE UEB
4c 4C 4.c #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲;⠰⡰⢰⣰Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉
4t 4T 4.t #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
6-cab fleet #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋-⠤⡤⢤⣤Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
17C4-6 #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋
6.2m #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋.⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃;⠰⡰⢰⣰Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍
6.1(b) Numeric indicator sets grade 1 mode [UEB 5.6.2, 6.5.4]
The numeric indicator sets grade 1 mode for the symbols-sequence, or the
remainder of a symbols-sequence. Following a number, grade 1 mode is in
effect and contractions cannot be used. Grade 1 mode is terminated only by
a space, a hyphen, or a dash, after which contractions can be used.
EBAE UEB
5th grade #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
house4rent Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙;⠰⡰⢰⣰Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
12-can box #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭
The ABCs of UEB
6.1(c) Numbers preceded by apostrophe [UEB 6.7.1]
In EBAE, when in print an apostrophe takes the place of a number(s), in

braille the number sign precedes the apostrophe. In UEB the numeric
indicator must be placed immediately before the number.
EBAE UEB
the '90's era !⠮⡮⢮⣮ #⠼⡼⢼⣼'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ '⠄⡄⢄⣄#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚'⠄⡄⢄⣄Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
6.1(d) Long numbers: the numeric space and the continuation

indicator [UEB 6.6, 6.10]
In EBAE when a space or half space is used in print to set off thousands in
long numbers, in braille the number indicator is repeated. UEB uses the
numeric space indicator, dot 5 ("⠐⡐⢐⣐) to separate the segments.
EBAE UEB
1 500 000 #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
When a very long number needs to be divided between braille lines EBAE
uses a hyphen. UEB uses a continuation indicator, also dot 5 ("⠐⡐⢐⣐), when the
division occurs after a separating comma or between digits. When the
division takes place at a numeric space, the numeric space and the
continuation indicator are both brailled, resulting in two dot 5s in
succession. Like EBAE, the numeric indicator is not repeated on the next
line.
UEB
1 500 000 000 #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐"⠐⡐⢐⣐
Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
6.2 Fractions and mixed numbers [UEB 11.3, 11.3.2]

EBAE and UEB treat fractions written one above the other or offset
diagonally in the same way using the fraction line.
EBAE & UEB

- or ½-¾ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉/⠌⡌⢌⣌Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
When fractions are printed linearly both EBAE and UEB use the slash, rather
than the fraction line. In EBAE, however, the slash does not terminate the
effect of the number indicator; in UEB, it does.
The ABCs of UEB
Note that mixed numbers are treated as two unspaced but separate
numeric items.
EBAE UEB
3/4 lb #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
open 24/7 Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏5⠢⡢⢢⣢ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏5⠢⡢⢢⣢ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
3½-4½ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉-⠤⡤⢤⣤Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙-⠤⡤⢤⣤Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁/⠌⡌⢌⣌Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
6.3 Decimals [UEB 7]

In UEB, the configuration for the decimal point is the same as for all other
print dots, (4⠲⡲⢲⣲).
EBAE UEB
.3-4.5 #⠼⡼⢼⣼.⠨⡨⢨⣨Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉-⠤⡤⢤⣤Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙.⠨⡨⢨⣨Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ #⠼⡼⢼⣼4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
6.4 Mathematical signs of operation [UEB 3.17]

In keeping with the UEB policy that every print symbol must be represented
by an unambiguous braille counterpart, symbols, rather than words, depict
mathematical signs of operation and comparison in non-technical material.
Following is a list of the most common mathematical signs. Many others are
listed in The Rules of Unified English Braille.
plus + "⠐⡐⢐⣐6⠖⡖⢖⣖ multiply x "⠐⡐⢐⣐8⠦⡦⢦⣦

minus - "⠐⡐⢐⣐-⠤⡤⢤⣤ divide ÷ "⠐⡐⢐⣐/⠌⡌⢌⣌
equals = "⠐⡐⢐⣐7⠶⡶⢶⣶
Follow print spacing for mathematical signs used in literary context.
EBAE UEB
write 2 + 2 = 4 Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ "⠐⡐⢐⣐6⠖⡖⢖⣖ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ "⠐⡐⢐⣐7⠶⡶⢶⣶ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
The ABCs of UEB
6.5 Roman numerals [8.6.3, UEB Technical Materials 2.6]

In UEB, upper and lower-case Roman numerals are brailled as if they were
normal letters using the letter indicator [grade 1 symbol indicator] and
contractions.
EBAE UEB
i vi x ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭
I VI X ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭
vi-x VI-X ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊-⠤⡤⢤⣤;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭
xth XXth ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭;⠰⡰⢰⣰?⠹⡹⢹⣹ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭;⠰⡰⢰⣰?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭?⠹⡹⢹⣹ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄?⠹⡹⢹⣹
Note that in the last example a grade one indicator is not used in "xth"
because "x" is not standing alone and cannot be read as "it."
6.6 Clock time, dates, sports scores, votes [UEB 6.7]
In UEB, the effect of the number indicator does not continue through hyphens, colons,
or slashes, but it does continue through periods (or any dot).
EBAE UEB
we won 6-0 Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋-⠤⡤⢤⣤Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋-⠤⡤⢤⣤#⠼⡼⢼⣼Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
9:30 a.m. #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊3⠒⡒⢒⣒Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊3⠒⡒⢒⣒#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲
7/14/60 #⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
7.14.60 #⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
The ABCs of UEB
7. SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS
7.1 Symbols [UEB §3, UEB Technical Materials §11]

In UEB each print symbol is represented by a unique braille symbol, regardless of
whether it appears in a literary, mathematical, or computer context. Many new
symbols are included in UEB, such as the musical accidentals ♮# ♭.
The following list does not include any of the new symbols that UEB has
introduced; it shows only the configuration differences of symbols that occur in
both EBAE or Braille Formats 2011 and UEB.
EBAE or Brl Formats UEB
→ arrow, right $⠫⡫⢫⣫3⠒⡒⢒⣒3⠒⡒⢒⣒Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ \|⠳⡳⢳⣳Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
← arrow, left $⠫⡫⢫⣫[{⠪⡪⢪⣪3⠒⡒⢒⣒3⠒⡒⢒⣒ \|⠳⡳⢳⣳[{⠪⡪⢪⣪
* asterisk 9⠔⡔⢔⣔9⠔⡔⢔⣔ "⠐⡐⢐⣐9⠔⡔⢔⣔
\ backslash \|⠳⡳⢳⣳ _⠸⡸⢸⣸*⠡⡡⢡⣡
^ caret 9⠔⡔⢔⣔5⠢⡢⢢⣢ * @`⠈⡈⢈⣈5⠢⡢⢢⣢
† dagger 5⠢⡢⢢⣢5⠢⡢⢢⣢ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈,⠠⡠⢠⣠?⠹⡹⢹⣹
‡ dagger, double 9⠔⡔⢔⣔5⠢⡢⢢⣢ * @`⠈⡈⢈⣈,⠠⡠⢠⣠]}⠻⡻⢻⣻
o
degree Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚
x dimension Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ "⠐⡐⢐⣐8⠦⡦⢦⣦
$ dollar 4⠲⡲⢲⣲ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
> greater than .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈>⠜⡜⢜⣜
< less than "⠐⡐⢐⣐Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈<⠣⡣⢣⣣
x magnification ;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ "⠐⡐⢐⣐8⠦⡦⢦⣦
¶ paragraph Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏>⠜⡜⢜⣜ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏
% percent @`⠈⡈⢈⣈3⠒⡒⢒⣒Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ .⠨⡨⢨⣨0⠴⡴⢴⣴
£ pound sterling Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
' prime (feet) Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶
" prime, double (inches) @`⠈⡈⢈⣈9⠔⡔⢔⣔ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶7⠶⡶⢶⣶
' prime (minutes of arc) Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍9⠔⡔⢔⣔ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶
" prime, double (seconds of arc) Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶7⠶⡶⢶⣶
:: proportion ;⠰⡰⢰⣰2⠆⡆⢆⣆ 3⠒⡒⢒⣒3⠒⡒⢒⣒
: ratio "⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂[analogy] 3⠒⡒⢒⣒
[analogy & math]
Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ [math]
§ section Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎'⠄⡄⢄⣄ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
transcriber's notes ,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
@`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜
* Braille Formats assigned the same braille configuration to the caret
and the double dagger.
The ABCs of UEB
EXAMPLES:
EBAE or Braille Formats UEB

text* Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞"⠐⡐⢐⣐9⠔⡔⢔⣔
32°F #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋
9x12 rug #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊"⠐⡐⢐⣐8⠦⡦⢦⣦#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
$10.25 4⠲⡲⢲⣲#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚.⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚4⠲⡲⢲⣲Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
$hop here Explain in TN @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓
¶6 Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏>⠜⡜⢜⣜#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋
25% #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑@`⠈⡈⢈⣈3⠒⡒⢒⣒Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨0⠴⡴⢴⣴
£9 5s 5d Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙
6'10" #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚@`⠈⡈⢈⣈9⠔⡔⢔⣔ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚7⠶⡶⢶⣶7⠶⡶⢶⣶
1:500 scale #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ 6⠖⡖⢖⣖#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁3⠒⡒⢒⣒#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
hand : arm :: Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓&⠯⡯⢯⣯ "⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰2⠆⡆⢆⣆ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓&⠯⡯⢯⣯ 3⠒⡒⢒⣒ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 3⠒⡒⢒⣒3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
foot : leg
Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ "⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ 3⠒⡒⢒⣒ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛
10x zoom #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚;⠰⡰⢰⣰Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚"⠐⡐⢐⣐8⠦⡦⢦⣦ Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇5⠢⡢⢢⣢Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
lens
7.1(a) Superscript (9⠔⡔⢔⣔), subscript (5⠢⡢⢢⣢) [UEB 3.24]
A grade 1 indicator is used with superscript and subscript indicators to

prevent them from being read as contractions.
EBAE UEB
2
E=mc ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Qq⠟⡟⢟⣟Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑"⠐⡐⢐⣐7⠶⡶⢶⣶Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉;⠰⡰⢰⣰9⠔⡔⢔⣔#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃
Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃7⠶⡶⢶⣶
H2 O ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃7⠶⡶⢶⣶,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓;⠰⡰⢰⣰5⠢⡢⢢⣢#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃,⠠⡠⢠⣠Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
7.1(b) Reference indicators
Braille Formats 2011 developed special symbols to represent the various

reference indicators used in print (asterisk, dagger, double dagger, hollow
dot, colored and highlighted text, etc.). In UEB, a symbol is the same
regardless of its meaning or context. An asterisk is an asterisk, whether it is
used as a reference marker or indicates omitted matter.
The ABCs of UEB
7.1(c) Dot locator for "mention" on Special Symbols Page and in TNs
[UEB 3.13]
When attention is drawn to the dots in a braille symbol in a transcriber's

note or on a special symbol's page, in UEB the dot numbers are not
explained. Instead, a dot locator symbol (.⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿) is placed immediately before
the braille symbol giving the reader a point of reference for the dots in the
symbol. This includes all symbols, not just those with lower or right-hand
dots.
SPECIAL SYMBOLS USED

IN THIS VOLUME
^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ copyright symbol

"⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ditto mark
$⠫⡫⢫⣫ shape indicator
EBAE UEB
^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽"⠐⡐⢐⣐Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ .⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽"⠐⡐⢐⣐Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
"⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑1⠂⡂⢂⣂ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃7⠶⡶⢶⣶ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ .⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿"⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅
$⠫⡫⢫⣫ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ .⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿$⠫⡫⢫⣫ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗
TNIn the example below "⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ represents the ditto mark.TN

EBAE ,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ "⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ 7⠶⡶⢶⣶#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑1⠂⡂⢂⣂ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃7⠶⡶⢶⣶ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮
Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅4⠲⡲⢲⣲,⠠⡠⢠⣠'⠄⡄⢄⣄
UEB @`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣,⠠⡠⢠⣠9⠔⡔⢔⣔ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ .⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿"⠐⡐⢐⣐1⠂⡂⢂⣂ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅4⠲⡲⢲⣲@`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜
7.2 Abbreviations [UEB §10.12]
Because a letter sign [grade 1 indicator] is used in UEB before all single
letters (except a, i, and o), whether or not they are followed by a period,
some abbreviations are formed differently from those in EBAE.
EBAE UEB
N. Dak. ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅4⠲⡲⢲⣲
V&A ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈&⠯⡯⢯⣯ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ ;⠰⡰⢰⣰,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈&⠯⡯⢯⣯ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
8. ELECTRONIC ADDRESSES and FILE NAMES

[UEB §10.12.3, Guidelines for Technical Material §17]
In UEB it is not necessary to switch into a special code to read and write
web sites, file names, URLs, or e-mail addresses ‒ and beginning and
ending indicators are not used. Contractions are used, except for those that
must "stand alone" (see 3.3 above). Addresses that are embedded in text,
such as in the example below, should be transcribed in contracted [grade 2]
braille. Displayed addresses and names (those that are separated from text
by blank lines in print) should be transcribed in uncontracted [grade 1]
braille.
Use the symbols listed in UEB §3. Note that the line continuation indicator,
which is _⠸⡸⢸⣸&⠯⡯⢯⣯ (456, 12346) in EBAE, is "⠐⡐⢐⣐ (5) in UEB. Lines may be broken at
any point, but it is preferable not to break between letters in a segment.
For more information go to:

http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb/overview_changes_ebae_ueb.html
[EBAE]
,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔=⠿⡿⢿⣿Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕3⠒⡒⢒⣒
_⠸⡸⢸⣸+⠬⡬⢬⣬Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏3⠒⡒⢒⣒/⠌⡌⢌⣌/⠌⡌⢌⣌Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺.⠨⡨⢨⣨Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽.⠨⡨⢨⣨Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛/⠌⡌⢌⣌Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃/⠌⡌⢌⣌_⠸⡸⢸⣸&⠯⡯⢯⣯
Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺_⠸⡸⢸⣸_⠸⡸⢸⣸Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎_⠸⡸⢸⣸_⠸⡸⢸⣸Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑_⠸⡸⢸⣸_⠸⡸⢸⣸Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃.⠨⡨⢨⣨Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇_⠸⡸⢸⣸:⠱⡱⢱⣱
[UEB]
,⠠⡠⢠⣠=⠿⡿⢿⣿ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔=⠿⡿⢿⣿Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁;⠰⡰⢰⣰Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕3⠒⡒⢒⣒
Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏3⠒⡒⢒⣒_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥?⠹⡹⢹⣹Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗;⠰⡰⢰⣰Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧]}⠻⡻⢻⣻"⠐⡐⢐⣐
Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺.⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤*⠡⡡⢡⣡Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎.⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑.⠨⡨⢨⣨-⠤⡤⢤⣤Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇
[Note that "braille" cannot be contracted because it is a short form and
must "stand alone."]
The Computer Dot There is no special symbol in UEB for the dot used in
electronic addresses and other computer expressions. In UEB, all dots are
represented by 4⠲⡲⢲⣲ (256), whether they are used for a period, a decimal
point, an ellipsis, a computer dot, or any other dot.
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
9. ACCENTED LETTERS and FOREIGN WORDS

IN ENGLISH TEXT
9.1 Diacritical marks and accents [modifiers] [UEB §4.2]
In general literature, EBAE does not differentiate between various diacritical

marks, using the accent symbol, dot 4, for all accented letters. Braille
Formats 2011 developed braille symbols to be used when necessary, as in
textbooks, for the most common diacritical marks, but they differ from
those in UEB.
UEB gives each diacritical mark a distinct dot configuration and refers to
them as modifiers.
Braille Formats UEB

symbol example symbol example
acute >⠜⡜⢜⣜ é >⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘/⠌⡌⢌⣌ é ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘/⠌⡌⢌⣌Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
bar or slash overlay 4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ø 4⠲⡲⢲⣲Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈*⠡⡡⢡⣡ ø @`⠈⡈⢈⣈*⠡⡡⢡⣡Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
breve ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘ ĕ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈+⠬⡬⢬⣬ ĕ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈+⠬⡬⢬⣬Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
cedilla 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ ç 0⠴⡴⢴⣴Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘&⠯⡯⢯⣯ ç ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘&⠯⡯⢯⣯Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉
circumflex 6⠖⡖⢖⣖ ê 6⠖⡖⢖⣖Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘%⠩⡩⢩⣩ ê ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘%⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
diaeresis/umlaut 2⠆⡆⢆⣆ ë 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘3⠒⡒⢒⣒ ë ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘3⠒⡒⢒⣒Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
eng $⠫⡫⢫⣫ ŋ $⠫⡫⢫⣫ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ŋ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
grave <⠣⡣⢣⣣ è <⠣⡣⢣⣣Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘*⠡⡡⢡⣡ è ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘*⠡⡡⢡⣡Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
macron _⠸⡸⢸⣸ ā _⠸⡸⢸⣸Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈-⠤⡤⢤⣤ ā @`⠈⡈⢈⣈-⠤⡤⢤⣤Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁
overdot 1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ż 1⠂⡂⢂⣂Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵ use transcriber-defined
modifier
schwa 5⠢⡢⢢⣢ ə 5⠢⡢⢢⣢ _⠸⡸⢸⣸5⠢⡢⢢⣢ ə _⠸⡸⢸⣸5⠢⡢⢢⣢
tilde "⠐⡐⢐⣐ ñ "⠐⡐⢐⣐Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘]}⠻⡻⢻⣻ ñ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝
underdot 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ ạ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ use transcriber-defined
modifier
Ligatured letters [UEB 4.3]
In UEB the ligature symbol (^~⠘⡘⢘⣘6⠖⡖⢖⣖) is placed between the two letters that are
joined in print.
Braille Formats UEB

8⠦⡦⢦⣦ æ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘6⠖⡖⢖⣖ æ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁^~⠘⡘⢘⣘6⠖⡖⢖⣖Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
The ABCs of UEB
9.2 Foreign words in English text [UEB §13.2]
Like EBAE, UEB does not use contractions in foreign words, phrases, or
passages occurring in English context, but unlike EBAE, it does not rely on
typography (italics, boldface, quotation marks, etc.) alone to determine
foreign words. In order to decide whether a word or passage is foreign, UEB
says to try to determine the author's or publisher's intent and then be
consistent throughout the work.
The UEB symbol for the Spanish inverted exclamation point is ^~⠘⡘⢘⣘;⠰⡰⢰⣰6⠖⡖⢖⣖
(45, 56, 235). The symbol for the Spanish inverted question mark is
^~⠘⡘⢘⣘;⠰⡰⢰⣰8⠦⡦⢦⣦ (45, 56, 236).
[EBAE]
—¡Ten cuidado!— "Be careful!" she said.
-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤.⠨⡨⢨⣨6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ .⠨⡨⢨⣨Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕6⠖⡖⢖⣖-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
—¿Cómo estás?— "How are you today?"
-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤5⠢⡢⢢⣢,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉@`⠈⡈⢈⣈Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌@`⠈⡈⢈⣈Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢-⠤⡤⢤⣤-⠤⡤⢤⣤ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓[{⠪⡪⢪⣪ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙8⠦⡦⢦⣦0⠴⡴⢴⣴
[UEB]
—¡Ten cuidado!— "Be careful!" she said.
,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤.⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂^~⠘⡘⢘⣘;⠰⡰⢰⣰6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕6⠖⡖⢖⣖,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑;⠰⡰⢰⣰Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇6⠖⡖⢖⣖0⠴⡴⢴⣴ %⠩⡩⢩⣩Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑
Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
—¿Cómo estás?— "How are you today?"
,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤^~⠘⡘⢘⣘;⠰⡰⢰⣰8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉^~⠘⡘⢘⣘/⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞^~⠘⡘⢘⣘/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓[{⠪⡪⢪⣪ >⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙8⠦⡦⢦⣦0⠴⡴⢴⣴
Note, since in UEB a unique braille symbol represents a print symbol

regardless of how or where it is used, that the closing question mark in
Spanish is represented by dots 236, same as the standard English question
mark.
The ABCs of UEB
READING PRACTICE 4
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞1⠂⡂⢂⣂ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂

Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇[{⠪⡪⢪⣪+⠬⡬⢬⣬ /⠌⡌⢌⣌Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣.⠨⡨⢨⣨=⠿⡿⢿⣿_⠸⡸⢸⣸5⠢⡢⢢⣢
Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎5⠢⡢⢢⣢Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎*⠡⡡⢡⣡Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲@`⠈⡈⢈⣈.⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠3⠒⡒⢒⣒Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈<⠣⡣⢣⣣Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑"⠐⡐⢐⣐
@`⠈⡈⢈⣈Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍@`⠈⡈⢈⣈>⠜⡜⢜⣜4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ 8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ :⠱⡱⢱⣱5⠢⡢⢢⣢"⠐⡐⢐⣐Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎
Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙'⠄⡄⢄⣄Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕ Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽4⠲⡲⢲⣲0⠴⡴⢴⣴
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠*⠡⡡⢡⣡>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧?⠹⡹⢹⣹ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛]}⠻⡻⢻⣻_⠸⡸⢸⣸Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌
(⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍>⠜⡜⢜⣜Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛>⠜⡜⢜⣜Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ (⠷⡷⢷⣷
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥/⠌⡌⢌⣌Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃-⠤⡤⢤⣤Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃$⠫⡫⢫⣫ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃]}⠻⡻⢻⣻?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁9⠔⡔⢔⣔ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕
,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇4⠲⡲⢲⣲
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃"⠐⡐⢐⣐\|⠳⡳⢳⣳ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ .⠨⡨⢨⣨7⠶⡶⢶⣶Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥
Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞.⠨⡨⢨⣨'⠄⡄⢄⣄ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏^~⠘⡘⢘⣘%⠩⡩⢩⣩Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲
WRITING PRACTICE 4
1. The XM16E1 machine gun was standardized as the M16A1 in 1967.
2. Dad loves watching reruns of M*A*S*H.
3. I really like this jacket. I found it at www.coats4you.com.
4. "Parlez-vous Français?" asked the bewildered French tourist.
5. 10% of $500 is $50.
6. The recipe calls for 3/4 lb pork and 1/4 lb beef.
The ABCs of UEB
Reading Practice 4
(answers)
1. The pizza restaurant, S2pizzabar, closed today.

[contraction not used following number 6.1(b)]
2. Read the following story. TN_⠸⡸⢸⣸5⠢⡢⢢⣢ represents the symbol for a schwa.TN
[TN symbols 7.1; symbol for schwa 9.1; schwa preceded by dot locator
for "mention" 7.1(c)]
3. Contact me at <summerhouse@wdl.com>.
[angle brackets 2.2(d); electronic address, continuation indicator §8.
Note that the braille symbol for @ is the same in EBAE and UEB.]
4. "Get to this whenever you can. Pas d'urgence. No hurry."

[foreign words in English context 9.2]
5. Emperor Charles the Vth of Germany and Ist of Spain was the favorite
nephew of Margaret of Austria.
[Roman numerals 6.5]
6. We reserved a 2-bed berth on a train to Istanbul.

[number followed by a hyphen 6.1(b)
7. I bought croissants and pain au chocolat at the pâtisserie.

[pain au chocolate 9.2; circumflex 9.1;
pâtisserie: the word "patisserie" has been anglicized and is in the
dictionary, although without the accented letter. In order to maintain
consistency, croissants and pâtisserie should be treated the same.]
The ABCs of UEB
Writing Practice 4
(answers)
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠,⠠⡠⢠⣠Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁*⠡⡡⢡⣡9⠔⡔⢔⣔Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝ 0⠴⡴⢴⣴ /⠌⡌⢌⣌&⠯⡯⢯⣯>⠜⡜⢜⣜Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵$⠫⡫⢫⣫

Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁#⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁ 9⠔⡔⢔⣔ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Gg⠛⡛⢛⣛4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[letter sign not required for capitalized letters following numbers 6.1(a)]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞*⠡⡡⢡⣡+⠬⡬⢬⣬ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗]}⠻⡻⢻⣻Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ (⠷⡷⢷⣷

,⠠⡠⢠⣠Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍"⠐⡐⢐⣐9⠔⡔⢔⣔,⠠⡠⢠⣠Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁"⠐⡐⢐⣐9⠔⡔⢔⣔,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎"⠐⡐⢐⣐9⠔⡔⢔⣔,⠠⡠⢠⣠Hh⠓⡓⢓⣓4⠲⡲⢲⣲
["reruns" 3.5(f); asterisk 7.1]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗1⠂⡂⢂⣂Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇ ?⠹⡹⢹⣹ Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊ Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋.⠨⡨⢨⣨Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Xx⠭⡭⢭⣭ Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞
Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙Yy⠽⡽⢽⣽Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥4⠲⡲⢲⣲Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Mm⠍⡍⢍⣍4⠲⡲⢲⣲
["really" 3.1(b); electronic address 8
Note that the contraction for "you" cannot be used in an electronic
address because it must "stand alone"; nor can a contraction be used
following a number.]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙4⠲⡲⢲⣲ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂8⠦⡦⢦⣦,⠠⡠⢠⣠Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Zz⠵⡵⢵⣵-⠤⡤⢤⣤Vv⠧⡧⢧⣧Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Uu⠥⡥⢥⣥Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ .⠨⡨⢨⣨1⠂⡂⢂⣂,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Nn⠝⡝⢝⣝^~⠘⡘⢘⣘&⠯⡯⢯⣯Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎8⠦⡦⢦⣦0⠴⡴⢴⣴

Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅$⠫⡫⢫⣫ !⠮⡮⢮⣮ 2⠆⡆⢆⣆Ww⠺⡺⢺⣺Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙]}⠻⡻⢻⣻$⠫⡫⢫⣫ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗5⠢⡢⢢⣢*⠡⡡⢡⣡ Tt⠞⡞⢞⣞\|⠳⡳⢳⣳Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊/⠌⡌⢌⣌4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[foreign words 9.2, cedilla 9.1]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑4⠲⡲⢲⣲ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚.⠨⡨⢨⣨0⠴⡴⢴⣴ (⠷⡷⢷⣷ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚ Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ @`⠈⡈⢈⣈Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Jj⠚⡚⢚⣚4⠲⡲⢲⣲

[percent and dollar symbols 7.1]
#⠼⡼⢼⣼Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲ ,⠠⡠⢠⣠!⠮⡮⢮⣮ Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Ii⠊⡊⢊⣊Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑ Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Ss⠎⡎⢎⣎ =⠿⡿⢿⣿ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Cc⠉⡉⢉⣉_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃

Pp⠏⡏⢏⣏Oo⠕⡕⢕⣕Rr⠗⡗⢗⣗Kk⠅⡅⢅⣅ &⠯⡯⢯⣯ #⠼⡼⢼⣼Aa⠁⡁⢁⣁_⠸⡸⢸⣸/⠌⡌⢌⣌#⠼⡼⢼⣼Dd⠙⡙⢙⣙ Ll⠇⡇⢇⣇Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃ Bb⠃⡃⢃⣃Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ee⠑⡑⢑⣑Ff⠋⡋⢋⣋4⠲⡲⢲⣲
[fractions printed linearly 6.2]
The ABCs of UEB
The ABCs of UEB
INDEX
Dates, 44
Abbreviations, 47 Dash, 7, 8
Accent symbol, 6 Decimals, 43
Accented letters, 51 dd, 15
ally, 15, 22 Decimal point, 7
Alphabetic and non-alphabetic Diacritical marks, 51
signs, 6, 26 Dimension symbol, 45
Alphabetic wordsigns, 16, 17 Diphthong, 22
ation, 15, 22 dis, 21
Divide, 43
bb, 21 Dot, 7
be, 21 Dot locator for "mention", 47
Blanks to be filled in, 8
ble, 15 ea, 21, 22
blind, 24 Electronic addresses, 49
Bold, 31 Ellipsis, 7
Brackets, 7, 9, 10 Emphasis indicator, 31
Braille, 224 with portions of words, 23, 32
Bridging, 17 enough, 20
by, 15 Equals, 43
Exclamation mark, 7
Capitalization, 5
capital letter indicator, 5 ff, 21
capital word indicator, 5, 32 File names, 49
capitalized passage Final-letter contractions, 22
indicator, 6 first, 24
capitals terminator, 5, 10 Font attributes, 6, 31
cc, 21 order of, 33
children, 24 Forward slash, 7
Clock time, 44 Fractions, 42
Colon, 7 friend, 24
Colored type, 34
com, 15 gg, 21
Comma, 7 good, 24
Computer Braille Code (CBC), 7 Grade 1 indicators
Computer dot, 7, 49 passage, 36
con, 21 symbol, 8, 10, 26, 35
Continuation indicator, 42, 49 terminator, 36
Contractions, 15 word, 26, 35
discontinued, 15 Grade 1 mode, 35, 41
strong, 17 great, 24
Crossed-out type, 34 Groupsigns, 17, 20, 21
strong, 18, 19
The ABCs of UEB
Hyphen, 7 Parentheses, 7, 9, 10
Part word contractions, 17
in, 9, 20 Period, 7
ing, 19 Plus, 43
Initial-letter contractions, 22 Prefix, 17, 21, 22, 26, 31
into, 15 Proper names, short-forms in, 24
Italics, 31 Punctuation, 7
capitals terminator, with, 10
letter, 24 order, 10, 33, 34
Letter sign, 8 standing alone, 10
Letters
enclosed, emphasized, 35 Question mark, 7
missing, 8, 35 quick, 24
Letter/number combinations, 41 Quotation marks, 7, 8
Letters-sequence, defined, 6, 26
Ligature indicator, 6, 51 Reference indicators, 46
little, 24 Roman numerals, 44
Lower groupsigns, 20, 21
Lower wordsigns, 19 Script, 31
Semicolon, 7
Magnification symbol, 45 Sequencing, 15, 17
Mathematical signs of operation, 43 Short-form words, 23-26, 36
"Mention", 47 as parts of words, 24
Minus, 43 in proper names, 25
Modifier, 6, 51 ten special, 24
Multiply, 43 Slash, 5, 7, 9, 17, 19, 20, 23
with fractions, 42
Names, short-forms in, 25 Solidus, 7, 9, 19, 20, 23
Nemeth Braille Code, 41 summary, 9
Numbers, 41 Spanish,
with apostrophe, 42 exclamation point, 52
long, 42 question mark, 52
mixed, 42 Special symbols page, 47
in special typeface, 33 Spelled-out words, 35
Numeric indicator, 41 Sports scores, 44
Numeric space, 42 Stammering, 35
"Standing alone" rule, 15, 20
o'clock, 15 Strong contractions, 17
Omissions, 7 Subscript, 46
One-cell, whole-word contractions, Suffix, 17, 22
16, 17 Superscript, 46
Order of punctuation and font Symbols, 45
attributes, 34
The ABCs of UEB
Time, clock, 43
to, 15
Transcriber defined symbols, 34
Transcriber's note, 47
Transcriber's note symbol, 45
Typeform indicators, 31
more than one, 34
numbers in, 33
order, 33, 34
passage indicator, 33
symbol indicator, 32
termination indicator, 32, 33
transcriber defined, 34
unusual, 34
used for portions of words,
23, 32
word indicator, 32
Underlining, 31
double, 34
Underscore, 7, 8
Usual form of the word, 26
Votes, 44
Whole word contractions, 17

lower signs, 19
Words
beginning of, defined, 19
partially emphasized, 23
Wordsigns, 16
lower, 16, 19
strong, 16, 18, 19
defined, 17

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The ABCs of UEB

A Guide for the Transition

The Rules of Unified

The purpose of this book is to alert persons presently knowledgeable in braille

Rules for formatting headings, paragraphs, contents page, and other

Frances Mary D'Andrea

©2014, Braille Authority of North America

This document or portions of it may be used with the following attribution:

1. CAPITALIZATION [UEB §8]

As in EBAE, in UEB dot 6 [capital letter indicator] indicates that the

[EBAE & UEB]

[EBAE & UEB]

1.2(b) Capitals terminator: Just like the termination sign in EBAE, in

[EBAE Update 2007 & UEB]

1.2(c) As well as the capitals terminator, in UEB a space, or any non-

1.2(d) Because the presence of a hyphen in a fully capitalized hyphenated-

1.2(e) The capital word indicator is not repeated when a non-hyphenated

*A symbols-sequence is any unbroken string of braille signs (letters,

1.3(b) Only an accent symbol [modifier] or the ligature indicator (see §9

1.3(c) The effect of the capital passage indicator is not terminated by

2. PUNCTUATION [UEB §7]

2.1 Punctuation that remains the same

2.2 Configurations and/or rules affecting punctuation that

2.2(a) Dashes and underscore [UEB 7.2]

"⠐⡐⢐⣐,⠠⡠⢠⣠-⠤⡤⢤⣤ long dash [UEB 7.2.4]

Ah— did you say that Sue

[BF 10.5] [UEB]

2.2(b) Quotation marks [UEB 7.6]

[EBAE] "Please sing, 'Varsity'." [UEB] "Please sing, 'Varsity'."

2.2(c) Parentheses "⠐⡐⢐⣐<⠣⡣⢣⣣ "⠐⡐⢐⣐>⠜⡜⢜⣜ [UEB 7]

[EBAE] Nancy (her cousin) is my [UEB] Nancy (her cousin) is my

2.2(d) Brackets (square) .⠨⡨⢨⣨<⠣⡣⢣⣣ .⠨⡨⢨⣨>⠜⡜⢜⣜ [UEB 7]

2.2(e) Slash [Solidus] [UEB 7.4.1]

[EBAE] typist/stenographer [UEB]

Summary of UEB rules for the solidus

Capital and numeric indicators must be repeated following a solidus, but a

2.3 Punctuation with the capitals terminator [UEB 8.6.2]

[EBAE] BEST BUY IN TOWN! [UEB] BEST BUY IN TOWN!

2.4 Punctuation standing alone [UEB 7.1.3‒4]

[EBAE] Either a . or a ? can end a [UEB] Either a . or a ? can end a

Samuel Hudson (1942‒ ) Samuel Hudson (1942‒ )

1. "Can I please play 'Ophelia' in Hamlet, Miss Johnson?" asked Sarah.

[Reference numbers in the practices refer to sections in this manual.]

1. Is Egypt an equatorial region? [See map of Africa.]

2. Dr. A. J. Martin-Smith joined DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS last year. She

3. "Can you recite from 'Hiawatha'?" she asked.

5. Joe (a grumpy man) seldom smiles; Joe's wife (luckily) is happy.

6. Walt Whitman wrote "O CAPTAIN, MY CAPTAIN!"

7. ATTENTION! GRAND OPENING! On the first of July the offices of HARRIS-

[Reference numbers in the practices refer to sections in this manual.]

3. CONTRACTIONS [UEB §10]

3.1 Contractions discontinued

• ation and ally were eliminated because they created complications in

3.1(b) Due to the elimination of these contractions, contraction usage has

3.3 The Standing-Alone Rule [UEB 2.6]

3.4 Contractions used more often

As in EBAE, it is not permissible to use a contraction that would bridge the

3.5 Contractions [groupsigns, wordsigns]

3.5(a) One-cell, whole-word contractions [alphabetic wordsigns]

3.5(b) and, for, of, the, with (whole word contractions)

3.5(c) and, for, of, the, with (part word contractions)

ing [strong groupsign] [UEB 10.4.3, 10.13.4]

In UEB the ing contraction is used wherever it occurs except at the