Use of Indigofera zollingeriana as Forage

Protein Source in Dairy Goat Ration

L. Abdullah, D. Apriastuti & T. Apdini

Bogor Agricultural University
Indonesia
 Introduction
Economical prospect of dairy goat business in
Indonesia
– High price on-farm US $ 2,55-3,06 per liter
– Feed cost-milk price ratio = 1 : 3-4
– Increase farmer income (Rp. 4.215.000/month for 5
lactating does)
– Increase national goat milk population 11.2% within 2005-
2007 (DGLAH statistic, 2008)
Significant Problem in Dairy Goat Production System

– Milk production still low only 45-73% of genetik potential

(average 1.5-1.8 L/day/head)
– Low quality of feed at farmer level
• Based on non perishable local forage (easy to be rot, bulky, difficult to
transport)
• Forage protein supply (<7-11%) to low for dairy goat

– Concentrate cost increase  high import feed stuffs (for

protein source)
Strategic Approach

– Increase supply and use of high quality forage

(legume) like Indigofera
– Improve utility value of high quality forage
– Business/industry development for high quality
forage, based on local species
Indigofera zollingeriana
High forage production
Easy to grow
High reproductive
High quality forage
Drought stress tolerant
Improve soil P and N
 Nutrition Value of Indigofera Leaf

• Water content: 10-12% • TDN : 75%-78%

• Crude protein : 27-31% • IV-DM digestibility : 78-80%
• Crude fat : 2,9-3,4% • IV-Protein digestibility : 86,32%
• Crude fiber : 13-14% • Condensed Tannin 0,027%
• NDF : 47-61% • Saponin : 2,24%
• ADF : 21-39% • Ca : 1.78%
• Cellulose : 11-16% • P : 0.34%
• Lignin : 10-24% • K : 1.42%
• Essential amino acid • Mg : 0.51%
Indigofera Plantation Model
Foliar fertilizer
preparation :
mixed with goat
urine (1.25L)
and mineral
nutrient
solution (8.75L)
Forage harvesting, let the trunk height 1 m for regrowing
 Indigofera forage production

Foliar fertilizer application (g/10L)

Parameters
0 10 20 30 40 50
Forage production (ton
DW/ha/year) 38.6c 43.0 49.8a 51.6a 43.4b 44.4b

Percentage of leaf shoots (%) 16.9b 13.1c 19.3a 20.9a 14.8bc 16.3b

Leaf-stem ratio 2.38b 2.68ab 2.75a 2.93a 2.44b 2.38b

Source : Abdullah et al., 2010
Branching dynamics of Indigofera (Abdullah, 2010)

160
140
Number of active twig

120
100
80
60
40 0.75 m
1.00 m
20
1.50 m
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Defoliation (times)
Forage Production Dynamics of Indigofera (Abdullah, 2010)

12.0
11.0 0.75 m
Forage production ton

1.00 m
10.0
(DW/ha/harvest)

1.50 m
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Defoliation (times)
Hay and Pellet making from Indigofera leaf
Indigofera leaf is easy to be dried

100
70oC
90 55oC
80 40oC
Water content (%)

70 Mth
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Drying time (hour)
 Pelleted Product INDIGOFEED

Easy feed serving, conserved quality, ease in distribution, efficient storage

 Water content of Indigofera leaf after pelleting

10.5
14
10
12
Water content (%)

10 9.5

Water content (%)

8 9
6
8.5
4
8
2
0 7.5
7 15 30 60
3 mm 5 mm 8 mm
Storage time (days)
Pellet diameter
 Physical properties of Indigofera leaf pellet
2
1.8 1.35
1.6 1.34
Density (kg/m3)

Density (kg/m3)
1.4 1.34
1.2
1 1.33
0.8 1.33
0.6 1.32
0.4
0.2 1.32
0 1.31
0 7 15 30 60 1.31
Storage time (days) 3 mm 5 mm 8 mm
Pellet diameter
100
98
96.0
96
Durability (%)

95.5
94 Durability (%) 95.0
92 94.5
90 94.0
88 93.5
86 93.0
84 92.5
3 mm 5 mm 8 mm 0 7 15 30 60
Diameter pelet Diameter pelet
SIMPLE FEEDING TRIAL OF INDIGOFERA
 Objectives
• To improve nutrient content of ration at farm
level, particularly protein content
• To improve milk production and milk
production persistency during a month before
dry period
 Materials and Method
• 2 groups of does :
– Saanen (third lactation period)
– Etawah cross (2nd lactation period)
• Feeds
– 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate (CF)
 daily feed of the farm
– 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf (PIF)
• Feeding
– Feeds were given during a month prior end of lactation
 Parameters
• Milk production (amonth prior dry period),
• Feed digestibility,
• Feed efficiency and
• Protein use efficiency
 Nutrition composition of trial feeds
Feedstuffs CF PIF
Elephant grass (%) 60 60
Commercial concentrate 40 0
Pellet Indigofera 0 40
Total 100% 100%
Dry matter (%) 48.25 48.85
Ash (%) 8.31 7.82
Crude protein (%) 12.76 17.23
Crude fiber (%) 32.01 28.56
Crude fat (%) 2.35 1.91
Non N extract materials 33,94 34,81
TDN 56,98 65,77
Feeding and in vivo experiment
 Results
Feed DM digestibility (%) Feed efficiency (%)
80 40
70 35
60 30
50 25
40 20
30 15
20 10
10 5
0 0
CF PIF CF PIF CF PIF CF PIF
Saanen Etawah Saanen Etawah
Crossbred Crossbred

CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate

PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
 Results
Feed conversion (kg feed/L
milk) Protein use eficiency (%)
7 8
6 7
6
5
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1
1
0
0 CF PIF CF PIF
CF PIF CF PIF
Saanen Etawah
Saanen Etawah Crossbred
Crossbred

CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate

PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
 Results

Milk production (ml/day) Feed cost (US $/L milk)

A month prior dry period
1
900 0.9
800 0.8
700 0.7
600
500 0.6
400 0.5
300 0.4
200 0.3
100 0.2
0 0.1
CF PIF CF PIF 0
Saanen Etawah CF PIF CF PIF
Crossbred Saanen Etawah
Crossbred

CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate

PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
Milk production a moth prior dry period

CF – Etawah cross (k=-0.32)

PIF– Etawah cross (k=3.54)

CF – Saanen (k=-8.57)
PIF– Saanen (k=-2.85)
 Conclusions
• Use of Indigofera in dairy goat ration
– Improved nutrition content of does ration
– Improved feed efficiency and
– Reduced feed cost
– Improved milk production and its persistency a
month prior to dry period
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
 Microbiological observation on Pellet Indigofera
at 30 days storage

Ukuran Pelet
(mm) Jenis mikroba Nama Mikrobes
3 Fungi Rhizopus sp.
5 Aspergillus parasiticus
Rhizopus sp.
Mucor sp.
8 Rhizopus sp.
Bacillus sp. & Staphylococcus (TPC
3 Bakteri 5,6x10-5)
5 Bacillus sp. (TPC 4,8 x 10-5)
Bacillus sp. (2 species) TPC 3,6 x
8 10-4)