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Abstract— This paper investigates the difference between The third stage concerns the end-of-life, reusing and
Field-Oriented Control (FOC) strategies for induction and recycling of the machine and its materials.
synchronous reluctance motors. It illustrates the concept of Considering the increased lifetime of machines today [3]–
model-based control scheme for both types of motors. The
simulation models developed for both types of motors take into
[5] and extensive intermittent use, such long-term gains as
consideration the differences between these motors and allow not lower energy consumption and, as a consequence of that,
only to study the entire system but also to implement them for lower stress and heat emission, can play a significant role in
real-time target machines. Additionally, the paper provides an shortening the return of investment period.
example of operating energy losses calculation methodology Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine
based on the motor efficiency and serviceable life of electric (PMSynRM) is one of the promising technologies gaining
motor that can be considered as background for future Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) for studied types of electrical machines.
popularity due to a number of economic and technical
advantages [6]. Many works have been carried out [7]–[12] in
Keywords— induction motors; permanent magnet motors; the field of PMSynRM rotor design, because it is possible to
computer simulation; MATLAB; machine vector control improve torque characteristics and power factor by increasing
d-q axis inductance difference (Ld-Lq) and inductance ratio
I. INTRODUCTION (Ld/Lq), respectively [13]. Apart of engaging loss minimization
Choosing the most efficient electrical machine for the problem through the machine design, mainly control
device is often considered enough to provide an optimal techniques are proposed to reduce losses during
solution to a problem, further optimization of existing set-up is operation [13]–[17]. The nature of the losses in PMSynRM is
often neglected as having too insignificant impact to justify identical to other ac electrical machines and comprises of
additional investment. The European legislation on the hysteresis and eddy-currents (or iron losses), copper losses,
ecodesign emphasizes the role of the lifecycle of goods from and mechanical and stray load losses [18].
raw material to their final disposal [1]. ISO 14040 defines Life The aim of the paper is to provide a background for the
Cycle Assessment (LCA) as compilation and evaluation of the second phase of LCA and prepare a tool for comparative study
inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a of different ac motors. Field-oriented control (FOC) was
product system throughout its life cycle. ISO 14044 chosen as a control method for electrical machines, while it
characterizes the LCA performance process. can be easily applied to induction motor (IM), synchronous
The environmental study of electric motor consists from reluctance motor (SynRM) and PMSynRM. FOC operating
three parts. It starts by modelling and construction phase, the features of electrical machines are taken into account and their
motor is assembled from a set of materials. The second stage specific influence on tested ac machines losses are analyzed.
is to assess the impacts of the motor use phase, which are MATLAB/Simulink was chosen as simulation environment as
related to the operating energy losses. These losses are tightly it would be applied for future research in real-time simulation
connected with the cumulative operating time, the actual on the developed hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system.
working conditions and total lifetime of motors [2]. MATLAB/Simulink SimPower system library models were
used as controlled machines. The machines parameters were
A motor is generally considered to be an energy converter measured from the real IM and SynRM machines (Table 1).
device but not an end use device, therefore, only losses that For the future research the electrical machines models will be
appear inside the motor, should be taken into account. adjusted according to the particular research needs.
This research has been supported by the Estonian Research Council under
grant PUT1260
I c = −I a − I b , (8) 1 , (11)
K p = Lm ; K i =
Tr
Second, the block for calculating the angle of the rotor
position (Fig. 3). The speed controller (Fig. 5) is described by the following
equation:
Zp
ω= , (12)
Jp + 1
Zp
ω= , (14)
The flux linkage controller (Fig. 4) is described by the Jp + β
following equation:
L I where ȕ is the viscous damping. Proportional and integral
ψr = m d , (10) coefficients of the controller are respectively:
Tr p + 1
Zp J ,
Coefficients of the flux linkage controller are: Kp = ; Ki = (15)
β β
2018 25th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Optimization in Control of Electric Drives (IWED), Moscow, Russia. Jan 31 – Feb 02, 2018
Uq
Iq = , (17)
Lq p + R s
1 R
K p1 = ; K i1 = s , (18)
Fig. 9. Efficiency of SynRM.
Rs Ld
The graphical dependences show that the efficiency of an
1 R IM under rated load is 89.1%, for a PMSynRM – 98% and for
K p2 = ; K i2 = s , (19) a SynRM – 75%.
Rs Lq The energy losses Eloss of an electric machine can be
estimated by the following equation:
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ENERGY LOSS CALCULATION
During the conducted studies, the FOC-control modeling § η ·
Eloss = Pn ¨1 − n ¸ ⋅ 8760 ⋅ Y , (20)
results for IM, SynRM and PMSynRM were obtained. The © 100 ¹
efficiency diagrams Figs. 7-9 present the motor shaft to input
power ratio for studied motors. where Pn is the rated motor power, ηn is the rated motor
efficiency in % and Y is the motor operation time in years.
The energy losses of studied motors, operated for 25 years
in IEC 60034-1 S1 operational mode, will be 179 MWh for
IM, 45.1 MWh for PMSynRM and 564 MWh for SynRM.
Motor Type
Parameter
IM SynRM PMSynRM
Motor size 132 MA 132 MA 132 MA
CONCLUSIONS
Electrical motor drives models, based on the real machines
(Table 1), have been developed. The IM used for studies is a
standard industrial motor and the SynRM was particularly
designed for the studies and has an option to add permanent
magnets to rotor and thereby study the same machine as a
PMSynRM. The design of SynRM is based on studied IM
frame. It is worth mentioning that for the same standard frame
size the SynRM and PMSynRM shows better performance and
Fig. 8. Efficiency of PMSynRM. the output power is 40% higher comparing to IM.
2018 25th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Optimization in Control of Electric Drives (IWED), Moscow, Russia. Jan 31 – Feb 02, 2018
FOC is widely used in the electrical machine industry and 2014 15th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power
Engineering (EPE), 2014, pp. 579–582.
could be applied for all studied motors. Furthermore, the FOC
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