History of Architecture - [Aug-Dec 2014]

Department of Architecture
Hindu School of Architecture
B.Arch. III Year

History of Architecture (AR-311-G)

SEMESTER SCHEDULE

Fourteen Week Programme

Theory Course
Lectures: 2 Periods per Week
Course Credits: 2+2 = 4
Internal Sessionals: Max. Marks 50
External Examination: Max. Marks 50

Course conducted by:

Ar. Deepshikha Jain

INTENT

The history of architecture traces the changes in the history of architecture through various countries and
dates.

History of architecture is a very vast subject, but is an indispensable and invaluable key to understand
architecture. Architecture has always been very close to civilizations along development, in fact we can see
architecture as a mirror, reflecting civilizations changes, advancements and hopes throughout history. The
same applies to other forms of art and culture, but architecture, since it is not only a form of art but also
catering to fundamental human needs, can sometimes be a deeper portrait of what happened in a certain place
at a certain time.

By studying history of architecture, we not only study history of civilizations, but, since architecture is a
coherent chain of events, styles, tendencies, beliefs and techniques, we also gain a direct understanding of how
and why architecture is made today, and clues to how architecture can be tomorrow.

CONDUCTANCE
The course will be conducted via Lectures as per the chronology detailed below with each lecture
comprises two periods. Of these two hours, the first one and half hours will be devoted to the lecture while the
remaining half hour is for discussion and feedback.

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 History of Architecture - [Aug-Dec 2014]

SCHEDULE OF LECTURES

UNIT I THE WESTERN WORLDS

Week-01 Industrial Revolution and its architectural Implications

Week-02 19th Century Neo Classicism in Europe and America

Week-03 Development of Architecture in Victorian England

Week-04 Technology of Iron and Steel

Week-05 Town Planning Trends in Europe

Week-06 Rise of the Idea of Expositions

Week-07 Birth of the American Skyscraper

Week-08 Alternate Trends in late 10th and early 20th century in Europe.

UNIT Il INDIA

Week-09 Culture of colonialism and British Response to Indian Context

Week-10 Early British Architecture

Week-11 Birth of Indo Saracenic Style

Week-12 Classical Revival and Building of New Delhi

SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anthony D. King, Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power & Environment, (London, 1976)
Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, (Cambridge, 1982)
Arthur B. Gallion, Urban Pattern: City Planning & Design, (New York, 1980)
Charles Correa, The New Landscape, (Bombay, 1985)
Christopher Alexander, et al. Pattern Language, (Oxford, 1977)
Christopher Alexander, et al. A New Theory of Urban Design, (Oxford, 1987)
Constantinos A. Doxiadis, Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlement, (London, 1968)
Edmund N. Bacon, Design of Cities, (New York, 1967)
Gordon Cullen, The Concise Townscape, (London, 1986)
Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, (Cambridge, 1960)
Kevin Lynch, What Time is This Place?, (Cambridge, 1972)
Kevin Lynch, A Theory of Good City Form, (Cambridge, 1981)
Lawerence J. Vale, Architecture, Power and National Identity, (New Haven, 1992)
Louis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, (London, 1938)
Louis Mumford, The City in History, (London, 1961)
M. Girourard, Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History, (New Haven, 1985)
Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution, (London, 1949)
Paul D. Spreiregen, Urban Design: The Architecture of Town & Cities, (New York)
Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order, (London, 1998)
Rob Krier, Urban Space, (London, 1979)
Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, (New York, 1966)
Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meaning through History, (London, 1991)

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SCHEDULE OF ASSIGNMENTS

For Internal Assessment each student has to submit the following:

 Assignment: Individual assignment and seminar from the topics mentioned below
 One Minor Test: Individual submission [Max. Marks: 15]
 One Major Test: Individual submission [Max. Marks: 15]

ARCHITECTS

1. J.J. Hitroff/ Awmpugin- Aditi

2. Henri Labrouste- Ishti
3. Charles Garnier- Bhawna
4. William Morris- Akshita
5. Philip Webb- Praveen
6. Charles Berry- Shubham
7. William Butterfield- Ashish
8. John Ruskin- Shrutika
9. Richard Norman Shaw- Vaibhav
10. Joseph Paxton- Arun
11. G. G. Scott- Rachit
12. Gustave Eiffel- Meera
13. Ebenzer Howard- Aanchal
14. Tony Garnier- Akansha
15. Augustus Perret- Deepanshu
16. H.H. Richardson- Milan
17. Louis Sullivan- Diksha
18. Le Corbusier- Monoranjan
19. Violette- le- Duck- Poonam
20. Victor Horta- Deepika
21. C R Markintosh- Shashi
22. Antoni Gaudi- Sudhir
23. William Hodges- Punam
24. Edwin Lutyen- Divya
25. Herbet Baker- Nitin
26. Antonio Sant Ellia- Neeraj
27. James Fergusson-

ESSAY

1. The Industrial Revolution made an important contribution to the development of construction

materials and building techniques. Justify the above statement with relevant examples.

2. 19TH CENTURY NEO CLASSICISM IN EUROPE AND AMERICA

a) The pivotal role played by the great French Institution ‘Ecole des Beaux Arts’ towards the
development of architectural education in the 19th century can hardly be overstated. Describe the
Ecole’s institutional framework from architectural education in the 19 th century. France and its
impact on architectural education across the world.
b) Outline the phenomenon of the classical revival in Europe with relevant examples.

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3. TECHNOLOGY OF IRON AND STEEL

a) Write short notes illustrating with examples the following built- form types using the technology
of iron and steel in the 19th century Europe.
 Factory
 Bridge
 Railway stations
 Green house/ Glass house

4. TOWN PLANNING TRENDS IN EUROPE

a) Discuss various industrial settlements during 19th century in detail
b) Explain the models in detail introduced by Ebenzer Howard and Tony Garnier

5. RISE OF THE IDEA OF EXPOXSITION

a) Write short notes on the layout and architecture of the following 19 th century Industrial
Exhibitions
 London, 1851
 Vienna, 1873
 Paris, 1889
b) What new architectural forms emerged during the Paris Exhibition or London Exhibition?
 Crystal Palace
 Eiffle Tower

6. BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER

a) Chicago served as the breeding ground for the evolution of the sky scrapper in the 19 th
century.
b) With the focus of sky scrapper architecture shifting to USA. Europe experimented with a
number of architectural movements in an attempt to find a new form of expressions for a new
age. Outline the major architectural movements to take place across Europe in late 19 th and
the beginning of 20th century.

7. ALTERNATE TRENDS IN LATE 10TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN EUROPE

a) Write short notes on illustrating with examples on the following architectural styles of the
20th century.
 Art Nouveau
 Expressionism
 Futurism
b) The development of Art Nouveau as a artistic medium of expression had a rather limited
appeal in architecture. Trace the development of the style in late 19 th and early 20th century in
Europe.

8. CULTURE OF COLONIALISM AND BRITISH RESPONSE TO INDIAN CONTEXT

a) Colonial architecture interventions included the transformation of an existing pre- colonial
city into distinct territorial enclaves. Comment on the above statement and illustrate your
point with appropriate examples of cities from the Indian Sub continent.
b) Write short notes on the following settlement level interventions by the British in colonial
India. Illustrate each type with relevant examples.
 Cantonment
 Hill Stations
 Native City

9. EARLY BRITISH ARCHITECTURE

a) The attitude of the British to India art and architectural tradition was influence by their own
conviction of the superiority of western civilization. Justify through works of English
painters, writers and architects working in India.
b) The study of Indian Art and Architecture by the British found representation through the
medium of both art and writing with the contribution of both painters and writers being
highly valuable. Justify.

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10. BIRTH OF INDO SARACENIC STYLE

a) Indo saracenic architecture paid tribute to the architectural tradition of the Indian sub
continent with architects adopting it in a big way in Madras. Outline the characteristics of this
architectural style with examples of buildings from Madras.
b) Trace the architectural development in the two Presidency towns of Calcutta and Bombay
under the British examples.

11. CLASSICAL REVIVVAL AND BUILDING OF NEW DELHI

a) Write short notes on:
 New Delhi’s Bungalows
 New Delhi’s Churches
 New Delhi’s Princely Residences
 Government Houses
b) New Delhi was envisaged as the highest expression of imperial power. Discuss the salient
features of the new capital’s urban form in light of the above statement. Justify the above
statement demonstrating how the layout and architecture of the new capital city became tools
for exhibiting power.

The Essay must be presented as a document typed on white bond paper. The cover page must carry only
the Question, Name and Roll Number of the student. The Essay must be typed using Microsoft Word and
not exceed 1000-1500 words in Times New Roman font type. Use Sentence Case for running text and
Upper Case for Titles and Sub-titles. The font size should be 11 for running text, while for titles, font size
of 14 is recommended. Illustrations must support the text and be suitably captioned. A reference list must
accompany the essay containing works to which the student has made reference to. It should include all
websites, newspapers, archival material, etc. that have been consulted. Referencing must be done as
follows:
T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics. London and New York: Routledge,
1999.
K. Ohara, ‘The Image of “Ecomuseum” in Japan.’ Pacific Friend, 25, no.12 (1998): 26–27.

SEMINAR

The Seminar shall be presented as a power point presentation using both textual information and relevant
graphics. A CD of the presentation will be submitted after the presentation has been made. The CD must
be labeled indicating the Student’s Name, Roll Number, Course, Semester & Theme.

TEST

There will be two class tests during the course of the Semester. Each test will be of 15 minutes duration
and will have two questions of which one is to be attempted.

EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT

For External Assessment the Question Paper shall have 8 Questions, with 2 Questions from each Unit. Of
these 8 questions 5 questions are to be attempted with at least one question from each Unit.