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Reading:
C. C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E. Chapters 9 of Salmon & Johnson
1
Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Compact Members (AISC F2) Failure Mode
Failure Mode A beam can buckle in a
lateral-torsional mode
Plastic LTB (Yielding)
when the bending
Inelastic LTB moment exceeds the
Elastic LTB critical moment.
Moment Gradient Factor Cb
5 6
C b = 1.0
Buckled
Mp
Position
plastic inelastic elastic
Mr
Lb
Lp Lr
7 8
2
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Elastic LTB Plastic LTB (Yielding)
coupled differential equations for rotation and lateral Flexural Strength M n = M p = Fy Z (AISC F2-1)
translation dφ d 3φ (8.5.10)
M z = GJ − ECw
dz dz 3 where Z= plastic section modulus & Fy= section yield stress
where Limits
Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
S x ho ⎜⎝ rts ⎟⎠
(AISC F2-4)
⎛ Lb ⎞
or ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rts ⎠
(The square root term may be conservatively taken equal to 1.0)
⎡ ⎛ L − L p ⎞⎤ (c in AISC F2-8a,b for doubly symmetric I-shape, and channel, respectively)
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − (M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) ⎜ b ⎟ ≤ Mp (AISC F2-2)
⎜ L − L ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ r p ⎠⎦⎥
E Jc ⎛ 0.7 Fy S x ho ⎞
2
Limit Lr = 1.95rts
0.7 Fy S x ho
1 + 1 + 6.76⎜⎜
⎝ E Jc ⎟⎠
⎟ (AISC F2-6)
I yC w
2
rts =
Sx
(AISC F2-7)
11 12
3
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Cb for a Simple Span Bridge
Moment Gradient Factor Cb
The moment gradient factor Cb accounts for the variation
of moment along the beam length between bracing
points. Its value is highest, Cb=1, when the moment
diagram is uniform between adjacent bracing points.
When the moment diagram is not uniform
12.5M max (9.6.3)
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C (AISC F1-1)
where
Mmax= absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced length
MA, MB, MC= absolute moment values at one-quarter, one-half, and
three-quarter points of unbraced length
13 14
15 16
4
Flange Local Buckling (cont.) Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
Failure Mode Nominal Flexural Strength Mn
plastic when b / t f ≤ λp and M n = M p
The compression flange
bf
λ=
λp λr tf
17 18
19 20
5
Web Local Buckling (WLB) Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Compact or Noncompact Webs (AISC F4) Failure Mode
Failure Mode The web of a beam can
also buckle locally
Compact Web (Yielding) when the bending
Noncompact Web stress in the web
Slender Web exceeds the critical
stress.
Nominal Flexural Strength, Mn=min (compression
flange yielding, LTB, compression FLB, tension
flange yielding)
21 22
6
Web Local Buckling (cont.) Web Local Buckling (cont.)
LTB (Elastic) Lb > Lr
LTB (Inelastic)L p < Lb ≤ Lr
Flexure Strength
Flexure Strength M n = Fcr S xc ≤ R pc M yc (AISC F4-3)
⎡ ⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
M n = Cb ⎢ R pc M yc − (R pc M yc − FL S xc ) ⎜ (AISC F4-5)
2
⎟⎥ ≤ M p Cbπ 2 E J ⎛ Lb ⎞
⎜λ −λ ⎟ Fcr = 1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ rf pf ⎠⎦⎥ (AISC F4-12) ⎛ Lb ⎞
2
S x ho ⎜⎝ rt ⎟⎠
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rt ⎠
where FL= a stress determined by AISC F4-6a, b Limit (AISC Table B4.1)
2
E J ⎛F S h ⎞
Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76⎜ L x o ⎟ (AISC F4-8)
FL S x ho ⎝E J ⎠
25 26
(kc shall not be less than 0.35 and not greater than 0.76)
27 28
7
Shear Strength Shear Strength (cont.)
Failure Mode Failure Mode
Shear-Buckling Coefficient
The web of a beam or
Elastic Shear Strength plate girder buckles
Inelastic Shear Strength when the web shear
stress exceeds the
Plastic Shear Strength
critical stress.
For shear ϕvVn(ϕv = 0.9 except certain rolled I-
beam h/tw≤2.24√E/Fy, ϕv = 1.0)
Vn=0.6FyAwCv (AISC G2-1)
29 30
λ
λp λr
31 32
8
Lateral Bracing Design Lateral Bracing Design
AISC Provisions – Stability
Bracing Design for Beams
33 34