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Heat Transfer
Analysis
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂T
x
k + k + z
k = ρ C −λ (1)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂t
y p
where:
ki = thermal conduction in direction i (Watts/m/ 0C )
ρ = physical mass (kg)
λ = volumetric heat generation (W/m3 )
C p = specific heat capacity (J/kg/ 0C )
T = temperature (0C )
*see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotropic_material
MAE 323 Lecture 8: Heat Transfer and
2011 Alex Grishin 3
Multiphysics
Heat Transfer and Multiphysics
Analysis
Conduction
∂ 2T
kx = 0
∂x 2 (2)
∂T
kx = −q
∂x
•As fluid moves, it carries heat with it. In engineering applications, this
phenomenon can be characterized by:
q = heat flow per unit area (W/m 2 )
q = h (Ts − T∞ ) (3) where
Ts = surface temperature (0C )
T∞ = fluid temperature far from surface (0C )
T∞
Ts qo
qi
•In this course, we will only deal with steady-state thermal analyses
with heat sources, conduction, and convection. Element formulations
for such phenomena are straightforward and have direct analogies
with static structural problems. To see this, let’s start with the case of
bar/truss and a conduction in 1 dimension
•We can do the same thing with the conductivity equation (1).
Assuming steady state conduction with no volumetric heat
generation in x-direction only, equation (1) becomes:
∂ 2T
k x 2 = 0 Units: Energy/time*Temperature/length3 (9)
∂x
•We saw in chapter 2 that we can integrate equation (8) twice and
apply boundary conditions to solve it.
EA 1 −1 u1 F1
= (10)
L −1 1 u2 F2
•Equation (9) has the same form, so we should expect to be able to
create an analogous 1D (thermal link) element
kA 1 −1 T1 Q1
=
L −1 1 T2 Q2
(12)
•Equations (12) and (13) demonstrate that the thermal link elements in
a steady-state thermal analysis are analogous to structural spring
elements. Thus the heat flow, Q is the analog of the structural force F
and T is the analog of the structural displacement. These analogies
lead directly to the notion of thermal resistance, R:
Structural Displacement Force
stiffness
•Without going through the details, we will simply mention that the
equations (1) and (3) can be combined to yield the governing
equations for a system experiencing both conduction and convection.
This combined system may be expressed as:
( R + H ) ⋅ T = Q + Qh (14)
κ = conductivity matrix
where: h = convection coefficient
N = vector of shape functions
R = ∫ BT ⋅ κ ⋅ BdV
∂N
V
∂x 0 0
H = ∫ NT hNdS ∂N
B= 0 0
S ∂y
Q h = ∫ NT hTdS 0 0
∂N
S
∂z
Continued . . .
MAE 323 Lecture 8: Heat Transfer and
2011 Alex Grishin 16
Multiphysics
Heat Transfer and Multiphysics
Analysis
Performing a Steady-State Thermal Analysis in ANSYS
Workbench
The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the
contact heat flux q:
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
MAE 323 Lecture 8: Heat Transfer and
2011 Alex Grishin 18
Multiphysics
Heat Transfer and Multiphysics
Analysis
Performing a Steady-State Thermal Analysis in ANSYS
Workbench
• Given Temperature:
– Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies
– Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for
MAE 323 Lecture 8: Heat Transfer and
2011 Alex Grishin 19
Multiphysics
Heat Transfer and Multiphysics
Analysis
Performing a Steady-State Thermal Analysis in ANSYS
Workbench
• Convection:
– Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses).
– Convection q is defined by a film coefficient h, the surface area A, and the difference in the surface
temperature Tsurface & ambient temperature Tambient
Static Structural
Analysis with
Thermal Loads
∫ N e
α E ∆TdV e
Ve
•∆T is thus the difference between the temperature of the body and
the reference temperature at which the CTE was measured.
•It is easy to see that if two bodies with differing CTE’s (calculated at
the same reference temperature) are raised to the same temperature,
they will experience differing thermal-structural loads. If the two
bodies are connected, they may experience stresses due to this
“thermal mismatch”*
http://www.ami.ac.uk/courses/topics/0162_sctm/index.html
MAE 323 Lecture 8: Heat Transfer and
2011 Alex Grishin 23
Multiphysics
Heat Transfer and Multiphysics
Analysis
Performing a Single-Phase Structural analysis with thermal
loads in ANSYS Workbench
Coupled-Field
(Multiphysics)
Problems
Heat
Electricity
Transfer
Solid
Mechanics
Fluid
Magnetism
Mechanics
Direct Method:
•
[ [K11] [K12]
[K21] [K22] ] { } ={ }
Subscript 1 represents one physics
[X1]
[X2]
[F1]
[F2]
Sequential Method:
[ [K11] [ 0 ]
[ 0 ] [K22] ] { } ={ } [X1]
[X2]
[F1]
[F2]
• Subscript 1 represents one physics
• Subscript 2 represents the other physics
• Coupled effects are accounted for by the load terms F1 and F2
• At least two iterations, one for each physics, in sequence, are needed
to achieve a converged coupled response
• Separate results files for each physics
– jobname.rst (structural)
– jobname.rth (thermal, electrostatics)
Step 1:
Solve the
Thermal
Analysis
Step 2:
Solve the
structural
model