101 Time and Writing About the Oxher scence, tobe nothing but an execitor ofthe laws of ‘or reason. He uses the taxonomic cover to hide his relos’, fe apeite forthe Time ofthe Other tne tobe eel into his own: “He has taken ine Place of the wolf, his true place, Western man is the wolf at eed 197: ae ie at we tke the ale oShsrat ian ofr lon rete era era oo te tine of the lam is ran the tine othe well lemon A esis ty lations between Us and the Other is the point ture, Ser the rena of amtvopsiogy A eaten ee sr el ffrdcaly to fea pore ee aghronkc ance warns otto be a fagrant example of al pter Four / The Other the Eye: Time the Rhetoric of Vision [be gh of man ae ene repre er appearance sme uy hr an of 2 ot sich commen cle noe Thos Hoes fe of main day hs aco jt rt el ke fo cj of enter, ts sean Rett ate ee FERATIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY students setting 10 do ther frst fieldwork have received, and Vow to lear the language, it powsble before beginning esearch, and to srt their inguiis on the spot by ig stlements, counting households, and dang logis ofthe instants’ This sensible adie. Moc “e'Gved if one comes to the edd prepared ingus i Maps ens it Knap charts Fe the ques. to get grip on the shape and composition of sm iy the society ated beeps records which can all the bene? No one expets his saga and cialis, but nekber most anthropologists corsered the 9, hat simple and acoable methods or techniques might be Toward a certain theory of Knowledge whose ais ality are aot beyond quesioning106 The Other and the Eye ‘Method and Vision ‘These conventional prescriptions contain atleast three un. derlying assumptions deserving critical attention First, they recommend the native language as a fon, ag nformation. Somehow, what one seek is thought to exat separately from language and th arate the sti Of speaking” To he sure, anthropologists have before sr ‘ict Whotl,maimained thatthe laguage ola people et fers clus, perhaps even the key, tof cultures fn Onc 9 {fe ome eso thon ho sa the ae guage a mete Yehicle of resarch and others, mh ps shim comers nc it the depository of culture, converged: neither Considered seriously thatthe “sefunss Of We nate ane fftge might rest on the fat that dav the researcher Sho! communicate praxis a3 reslt of whith metaphors Sch fos eh, or reacts might be difficult tose fain. All these images encourage a manipulative use of fag dere fom va and sata conepiazatos ‘hose long hisory wil occupy us throughout this chapter san th Ronen maps Clare ad tables signals convicions deeply ingrained i a empire scientine tradition. Ultimately they rest on a corpiselar Atomic theory of knowledge and information Such a the ory in turn encourages quantification and dngramatic "presentation 5 that the ty Yo "slic etre ‘ocety amos becomes synonymous for undersianding i shal all his eidncy atom ad because sui ll play role in our argument comparable wo tat of denial ot Gocalness or temporalation, nome sort of descriptive Satement i in order. ‘The term isto connote # cults al bias tovard vison the “noblest sae ad ward geomety as gropivesplconcepatiatan te Imost “exact” way of commumating knowlege. Undoub ily, the social sence ineried iat bas fron tana thought (based on Descartes dsincuon of ro cogtons an "ena fromthe ents ce Hobbes scan ‘wih geometry, However, deeper and more remote sources Ye considered inthe sections tht follow, as well a the ‘The Other and the Eye 107 om of cal possibilty that visualsn may be a non oil xpi a Shalfnm® may take diferent directions toward dl tial geometric o toward he pctoriak aesthetic eraser ae ene oe mga y precept 16 approach cute noe as 2 pature but 38 2 Mees dete has been progress in anthropology fri Counting and. mapping of calkaral traits toward ac i of culture which ae attentive to context, symbols, semana ago or late one wil come uo ‘oF knowledge, whose organizing metaphors ad tchemenare throughly tau al spate Tis bv ck cr a pr, cote Integration, organaton, function, re Teeworks exchange, transaction, and’ many others Be cannot be pure from rlerenc to odie, parte of ese nie, and gos ch so jets of Krome chose pritary mode of perception ita spat or tng Therefore tf not uring Tanhropologsts of all persuasion have been in ove Mbcing sarcemnen that their knowledge is based upon al Oy dar egy cannon sal vecomensiatons of the hind which served 8.8 ure for tee remarks cary haions of sped, ol prover In other words the are st inating a tne economy for andhropelogeal re Not only ibe total time for fldwork convention Fixed is abo thought (and often sad) tha the fel “worker “saves une” by leasing the language beforehand: he pains tne” through the Use of technsyues ane d= “dice nay take a moral twist, when the student to make goo use of tine by never letng the subset Tuniype fed notes, In all Ui the reser ne hog he pan of bd, Th ote of native ideas of Time, citer an explly formulate, as inferred fron the organisation of ritual and prac108 The Other and the Eye ca acs As a objec of knoe, the Tine of the ative will be procested by the vistalspatial tools ah methods invoked esrier i Anthropologists who have gone through the exper ence of eld reseateh, and others who ae capable of thay ining what happens oa suanger entering a society wi de iment of learning something abou ae ey be put ‘ff by this account. Why did extrapolations from simple del sensible advice regarding method rest in 9 caricature of echography? Because these recommendations nat only exe ‘ggerate (the visual), they omit dimensions of experince No'provision vers tobe made forthe beat of dram oF the blaring of bar music tht Keep you awake at night: none for Taste and texture of food, or he sels and the stench: How does mth deal withthe hours of wali, wi aliens ad les duc to confusion ob ay ‘Where does t pur the frastrations enuse by cifidence a2 intransigence, where the joys of purposeles chatter sn ‘onwivaty? Often al his ten off athe “human se ‘of our scene setivity. Method expected 0 yield obj: tve knowledge by tering ow expr mathe to mpings om he gay norton. Bot what makes + (reported) sight more objective than a (report) sound smell oF taste? Out bias for one snd again the wher thater of cultural chose rather than taiveril vl), I derives from a scientihe wadtion which was hem eal Hide by the time J Locke formulated the empiric canons ‘of modern social tiene tel ‘of the mind? he ‘maintained is “most apuy explained by words clang to the sight (1964 [1680}:227). Among all the tents of enspe "es hi oe ere to ve ben the mo ears Even if detached observation is regarded postvely asa ean it oneself above the mimes of Hectng sound ineffable odors. confused eerie ant the fw of Tae Passing, the anthropologht 0 inclined shout give, at the tery least, some thaaght to the cultural determinednes of Hiv que for anaes Even. sh erie relectign wll uve a bearing on arguments regarding mthropologye uses of Time and what I termed ts denalat coved For t Femains 1o be shown what srt of theory of knowledge The Other and the Eye 109 about, oF falitated, a discourse whose visuakspa omepts, models, and type-construets always seem 0 fagaist the grain of temporal continuity and coexie between the Koawer and the Known, and Memory: Topi of Discourse the Art of Memory, Frances Yates gives an acount ofthe and tomplexty of Western preoccupation seth visil Spatial Toot metaphors of knowledge, Her finding seen be supported by historians of scence who concur with Thesis Welem nce dns fv am air at “haere, chronologically (with read to the sequenee developments in our tadiion), aswell s systematically ing the nature of scientist), Paul Feyerabend 3s far as declaring that propagenda belongs 1 the es ce of science a view also Held, ut es outrageously fr- Mula, by TS. Kuhn in is theory of scene par digms® Far from disnising science as mere thetor—a hopeless attempt in view of is practical and technological {riimph ts postion sites the obvi fac that al i ces including the most abstract sel matheratized i ine, are socal endeavors which must be carried out ih the channdl snd means, and according to te rules, of communication svaable to» community of practitioners Sd tothe wider society of which they area par [Ns ch, the observation that a sence Fests on rheto- fic ba very general one and would not add much 10 our dering ues fs publ ho tha he ear Invoked here w 1 specifi product of our Wester tradition 4: well the principal channel through which sciences are esi ener care. cs fs ot ‘on in the “art of memory." I began a ast of prese tos ls, ard echniques develope by Greek and Roms Tetris o enable the ancient orator, who spoke without Abmanancrpe, to real he pss ae argument of a speech. She deserifes in deal several sources ithe Latin tation (06 ch, 1) whose common element was a method of fo Ing the principal pare of spec 0 objects in varios paces110 ‘The Other and the Eye in areal or imagined building. While he deters his or. ton, the Speakers mind auppoved tn walk towah tie Fim or ur ofthe dng sop cme he things ont which he preva (and habla confer the Mats of “pace” of memory (hence the Greek tn seas be pe terete reaching ar beyond iv sparen simple, emote feats eran et cee memory and recall; as it was developed in more and more Ee near the'paae f'ay nd'f nelge Dae Gated th an intent wo convince fo win over an ae a, base on sound and heating (uch at rove learning by Fp Senimeritant Rae Soe oem, anyother text destined for Fhetoria se Inthe Saino eee ‘he dasa rules of he art f memory as surmmaraed by eee eer them, fuming and cement of archer) were not eee ee ‘eumed 10 work best when they were somehow" Serene nec ane Se Fee Seas ot ‘actually picturing the contents of bis {0 delivery, not to the foundation of rhetori. This i ioe ee ae ‘The Other and the Eye 111 B capitation fli pris of opeceh fod the structures of proporiions and ee an wcry dl cece ges Seto eee esate aro eacaeg ee ad topography of pots al arguments This, 1 Ere cme on et a cious oe peti rk Boubtedly Ken ate ss teary of pos dened 1 Pee ntl on oe a eer epee Teh nee Ber ree ie ne ri a or eee sre aaa le pe Fron. tthe Kwakal Trobriands, Nuer, or Ndembu. They Fee ce aero comer, eres ha . Et sy ned ark a ee secre emesis Ree eed ee eee aes to 'rystematige Lnowledge were also bared on astrological Berean arin: wos obec Satcy Se ee efter aster ea ees enn fers ee oe ac a Fnphnglrtce, difference and opposition, ts intent wat above afl but at leat also, 19 construct ordered Space and112 The Other and the Eye Te ee me is cr reer en a mie ee eee ee, Sees fe eee eee See eee Seopa ame ok in ene eeeas Sree en Soh cmd pied See esc pee a ee Seen ee eee raisin eae Nee Seen ne ear Bene e oer eo lees een etait eee ee cece ery Reece nd Se rae aun scl aetepeenere pacman cae Se caer are poe Se Seren oee mys eer See ee ere Serene mess again Se eeeele eae letra res Resales ale emirates eee ee en Soe ler arene mien eee eee ee See ere oe as cee ier, eecteeel iis cape eric nm pe eae iron eee Sere oes melas eee esl eee uenascia aee Sarg te rer races ae The Other and the Eye 13 ee eceiacende ae ee eee ee ere chee econetaes aes eos eere Sp eee pie ee eaten oe pecs eae pS ae as ey ge eae pepe oer Se ene once ees epi err See see Be Se cinooh ane ates Recta ane eee ae es ee ee es core orcrtenes esi et eor memes amet ee ee Seca sees Ee eee eae mere ee eee eo ores ee ae ee pits ped hci eof fe 0 ere a eared errr eae i SRE ahh ahs eeeThe Other and the Eye 115 14 ‘The Other and the Eye Li os Arrienet Koi ible icin ata cian ei ~ a fh descents from choiacam enn more than Flere de la Rade or Petrus Rass (1515-1572, woe a ey ‘crwiman, a open and Galen ‘eho ag ath : ero He pera ig) Toro : nor philosopher. et, as the work of W, J. Ong has shows Soin ine go (1958, he wana sor figine 3 there dan of the thing of nofcdge Tis whinge whch wee pad in many nung sel oundes eden and Te Pelee ovonent cal wh hme at Eee infence on Westra scl sey The ot thats theories soon brame anonymous (recs bezae dian objec word fied ith vial percep Father than toward » person mor auweite voce ahd sudory perception). tn shetorie, sly sorieone had to spe, bu inthe chara te oullok fostered by the Rar theore the fing saeco toa word where een persone oly an objets that yy oshing back Tose) they were uhough 1 be syponymous wth pelagogeal method) only undertines te importance of Rami Ty Ramus was atransional gure in another, even more any circles especially among the Protestant educators of Gere pene eee Germany, England, and is colonies in North Amerie, che th te petiod immediately preceding the invention ofthe ie eee rear fe anaes fear etree aes Ma ane et Wa ac “uta Seen. Soe erate Seen sce Baan eae et ares eee meee sae ira ane alee es wi i as oe eerie Soe ea eee See eS Seems Setter at aurea modern science.” es = iota ves ey i EEA eee His stems resched ther matory snd had thelr lr acces sn the beginning ofthe Gen: era. Oi woes ss far as depicting Rams as one ofthe logue wise Hogi wile, pata, and ator conception of ho red the breake gh (oking at al the ecole requstes had Been lable for some time before typography was finally“ med. The connections sre far Feacng: Spas constrts and models were becoming i ingly cra in melted deveopment The mai sitade manifest tot in te deseo tof printing. nthe new Copernican way 0 inking about space whieh woul Tea to New pic, n he evluion of the pine’ vison aby Jon a Fk eps ane dpm, al tthe opi logs of Ra ph Agricala'and Ramis. (1988389 sce sso 99) Letter printing made possible mass reproduction wih & peat degree of raablty which in gurn favored ass = Eulation of what Ramin considered his major contribution © “methes! his ambitious tenditions of teaching matter (poems, philosophial texts, biographies and othe) the ‘ot diagrams based on 2 eichotomization Ramis thetic. nota dislogue rhetoric a al and amis dai has owt alse of Socratic lologue a even mont tense of hola disput, The Ramis art of dacourse ae monclogve ar TI | TONOMA DEMADRID,es some of which are reproduced by Ong) Tescmblance to generatuons of vista de pags, rom eater evoluonary tess {6 contemporary etnosemantic paradigms nd seructoralst arrangements of binary oppositions Ione tefl or in. Stance: on the nature of Etahp chars (ofthe genealogies eho ope fn tha la they are ie ni the se ofthe paper on which they are drawn or prin Faving leuned hove aboot the conection, beweeh prise Inga hina rec oh te oto fone tempted to consider the poslity that anthropoloy {el Kinship theories (atleast the ones tht take off fre data collected with Rivers chart) are actually determined by the presentabiltyof whatever knowledge they may contain in terms of diagrams that Bt onto. conventional printed page. In other word, si the mode of storing, reproduc In and disci Eaowlige in prin in aries, ny ‘graphs, and textbooks) whch, sn wa that may have to be 2Pecied it ich more deal han posi here" pre Jiige the What ind How of large portions of ethnography. Perhaps the most importatt lesson to be learned ren thes of Ramin a rr sen eral aes of forgotten or suppressed peta in Western intellectual his tory that methods, channels, and means of presenting owe ar any two oe conn Ae polos show varying degrees of arenes ofthis when they" allow themselves to. be drawn into. debate. about whether oF not thee formal rections of culture reflect igement of seas i “the heads of the natives” Not may Teale that this question makes litle sense, not so much be. Cause we cannot actually Hook into the heads of natives (pey- ‘hologists might disagree with this) but rather because ou fingrams are unquestionably artifacts of visuak-spatial coo Sentions whee function i to give “method to the div ‘emination of knowledge in ow sai. ‘Ramis and its bested eincarnations (Aid not Chom- sky's tees dexcen, vit ort Royal, Irom that tradion?) gh he aoa wih hat wich a be vid nd loi, the rules of knowledge, with orderly arrangements o pieces of knowlege in spare In tha tradton, sent ob- "The Other and the Eye 117 b eusimienientostedie) of tonal rece aera ee err ts ae ace oe pace. ak sald be scandalous fo a he Occ ee er cae ee ee Soe eee id postulate in that context thatthe seal and sume, through obxervation,quantfcaion, and ss de generalization, the same Fai that i exhibited by hess im our Bid of vison, Behind all ths is what & a called» minor da roger, othich Enlighten: Plnlowophes and thelr posites successors insted m ancient sources a which, a in hese see, Fe Tecame more pedantic and more general effective ‘elven hadened ven the paso edge becune inextricably. part of is sandardvation, ean, and compartment in the vas) ex. ded sheer enterprive of academic teaching Tn the light of connections that are revealed by the ties of Yates and Ong our preset se undersaning 2 fopologits appears historically and dhcorecally shale ata he Rhee urgent wo remedy tha sation aang they a sar emno ure he tore of images and topos and which employ pedago ocho visalisng knowlege, anthropology occupies 4 cular position. Te patos, 0 1 speaky the frontiers of fester culture. In fact iv has always been a Grencansen- tf, concerned with boundaries: those of one Face agaist howe between one elture and another, and ally Terween culture and nature. These lina concerns evened anthropology from setling down in any one of the accepted domaine of knowledge eter than inthe hall of Seca wence" There, many of un Ie from biologas, paleonologina, genic, paychol ee easements118 The Other and the Eye ala socilogias on whose terrors we are inevitably ‘ridhou ing able wo offer any excse excep hat the “eat ofa ace ae hes Tt ston Maer smoptcuinc get rule get ti Of pieces of information at orderly arvangesnens systems tod ta conntnt enpeaion Ther reseaceeeny sr should rai tha empesion, Some ae poral ears “paceman dee he ue be Principal theme of tae exaye Time and the Other Vite et Impora: The Othe as Objet Cem estar won fon Ramus: “Method and the Decay of Dialogue.” Through Soore one warmers: taken up in the debuts of the shes and seventies whee Sere See ieee ra vi Seeger pthepi ege ee oe Seraph ond Sete ts SE Se reece eee, Steen re ane cere ey Ses Sts ye eee ocr recite ee ens eee ee anes the ethos of scintiic explanation, Undoubtedly, modern science ‘a result of this alliance but, sccordi {6-Ong such progress had its pie: z Ramism specialized in dichotomies, in “dsr uton and “ealaadon: sin yaa, and ther diagrammatic concept Ths bins tat Ramis alec represented a dre toward thinking not Gniy ofthe universe bt of tong isl ners A spat model apprehended by sgh. nis con ten the noon of owe a word ad he ers ‘ena oration o common ado the un rato inet wil drop more ian ever out The Other and the Bye 119 ersns, wh alone speak and in whom inwledge and scence exis) il belied far asthe world i thought of as an assemblage the or of ings which son appreberds—ab- Sun srfnees (1938: an alternative, Ong invokes the world of the “ral and tory” which W also “almately existential” (1958:110) TPhave doubss about this sluton. Ong (and the cries the socal sciences wo echo his iews) Hghtly denounce in redactons. One can onl applaud hi spring el to ink though the conscquences which conceptions owledge could have uae are based on suitory Father al formetphors Bust te the ata ih [personal and to tently both with the “existent” and fine comes dangerously lose o-a kindof sntiscentign thc feeds on moral indignation aid nostalgia for "de fe" rather than on epastemologial arguments “To begin with, aural perception and oral expression iher presuppose nor guarantee a more “personal wea Or ave of Koawheage- That the spoken word iy more Het. lth ens nny to pera fms of foation and transmiion than images or print, can no longer ‘eri us, New cine abet peor ed Proces) spoken language and to translate i direct ito dnt ya eccronic sguls rater than type and font make fold divans harder to maintain (even if one does no fae to go song with Derid's reversal of relations between speaking and writing a he expourds 1m his Gramnatol. pi Welny be sping te point where the ‘ange of spoken words wil be dtingushable from the a fulton of printed mesages and images mainly because the fime economy of the former mist repo, not so much to Fen t nerpersnal condos of communion, is peshape to weak aterm to cover the nature of oral Communication. The aural and oral must be invoked for epistemological reasons because they tay provide abet fer suring potit for adelecteal concept of communication. ‘Krowlge say be “depersonalized ally as uch a Ahrough vual opal feducoon, Why should mindless oral repetitions of sna tow that mater Normale or120 The Other and the Eye Speeches be anys Printed words, agra prea eth humane ways Tolpcalieent eset eonconapen eeton 2 foo ok er sce Sa wet “busdenion amd gaat of ele aaa nots emer cps nthe Lame Te Inia wf ivake psoas Bd de. batt creas conse Roan ce 40S de Tees to san open bev he maa A nop lis archer apes oan tl epee thre temper reeaoe a e ‘he incrpercnal ae aos a Senna fe ‘Conking curses te anieeye” ye can lnk te findings of the previous chapters the quesion at Rast Maule sone ott Mae Bie ade st conmology. That sn he sen mo td mont rele of he sabes fas bees ane ie the toing of sar plnopsea ae ah romain hs Sphalg osee cena: eco Tena posi ores of Lonel Bs ee ee Sure We pola rat wiih ee be eee Cal dace: salty tad be ren een phemmentan pes a se a any rte eperened NareE abeea rowige i dered fom mya Sten pea Speci vi presn "Bethe ete ieugh to operate cathy, entering een iag impwennns the ton of tie ad a tow or cine! encouraged fan ccna ae sa bi ard he gpa Rot cere rare Ire Rimes mae of ie A ‘ansformation from vale wate wo vibe cont aes shut manpuaon ofa ore of olga ters 2 hy ra ee rh fey as a al nag Ty Boone Tce wpe ne vag eee one wah dear Sah AE irate dope of pera oversea tad of eae ‘The Other and the Eye 121 “Taught knowledge became arrange, ordered know. cas fepresemabl in digrammatc or tabular form Srp use an eaeme formuison, inthis tradition the {of anthropology could not have gained scene stax fel nd unlesSurderwen a double val ation as tual image and as llutation of a Kind of knowledge of election depend on distance spatal and ct fn‘ fundamen, phenomena serse this That the Other, a object of knowledge, must be Sep dotnet, and preferably distant from the knower. ftherness may be ot 0 much the result as the prereq fie of amhropologkal Inquiry. We do not "iad ie at the Savage, or ie prinivty of the primitive, sh ane ore deta ean: has managed to maintain distance, moaty by mari By temporal coxitence trough the dena of cone ‘Visualization and spatiaization have not only been of darn or 2 of knoe they coe program for the new discipline of anthro re fine when hsmean aoe al the ein of the ii astra tranclogues, mascums, fais, and expo These early ethnological pracices extabihed el fea bh fin coven that presen of ge through visual an spatial images, maps. dia tes, and des are partly well sted to the pon of primitive cultures which, as everyone Knows fre supremely woynchvoni” objects for viua-ethetie Pe eprom Underiying the may be an even older association, folwhich Ong dives our attention. The rise of topical logic thd the ine outines and doomed tebe he pas ‘ut, wos natral outcome given the necessities of teaching Boel teenager 85:13 comment be ‘Ean the visual spatial ie more germane to the inane Wie and adolescent ind. than oP mature intligenee Whether sch ir indect! de cate ay befor the pxihelogst Ao decide: However iis ey to see how arin from om {o phylogenetic voualiom may turn pedagogical Prlncples int poltxal programs, Concfetely speaking me122 The Other and the Eye oe Ns on cites gie je Bee Se reer bth a at ey etn dole el ere HLS te ee roe eo deve mens never cael Ne ene ae eee eee ee ee ‘hs erp clears neem peed! nog ay dn die ke ei ec thd The a ge Bae ic ee ceed eee races = tees — Pe aren, empl ition Tach ie deca en Shoes ern atelan agentes ae ee ere mae eer crest Po ptr peer al scien ater cere eae or hoe a cae eee Movoftatsqiayaseanencees hota ehnograpy Cae he Sas alanis cee ieee, ere re eee fee oe oa ile eee here teil pe) cto i te mate SALI? Cl ER Sis wa edly tree eo TE en ogo the cee ea ciate es Gaon) we some a nae ae oe Of ado le we hen uch oy Se eres Sey nda noah, ia eee Eis scenic dbepine so ronmete te ee oie, See ee me Cmte any aeores have The Other and the Eye 128 using “visuals” to designate an deol current in ester bh am nt yg argc by wa of mie ation, that vision, sil exper sence, ad sal expre: ot expences be renoved fom the aa of miropskieal thought and discourse. AS an deol expecially if true that there ja em and allochronic tendencies, wsualism functions er cogniive se that likely to prejudice che stay ofall Binds of cultural exprenion, stdin those that pertain to fxperience in general ad (0 sual aesthetes ipa Ue vial as that sought to the visual pro Of other cultures soles msneedl of entiqne than fault reductions of say, language, tual, dance and me etl clans, or soo conan, | is applics, of course, to the emerging field of vis ropoby is euai nena he vat an ron tendencies we ae expan hs caper mod Tequire more thas a notein pang MW feeling # ay par Sly, we May havea movement ere which i diteted ppanst the Timitng elects of visual on a theory of Rlowicdge. At leat some sisal anthropologists afr the impor of intersubecive expenenee of Time and ex: lope hermencutc approaches to vil data (sce Ruby 1880 Be te referee ht arte), Neen 0 Sy, ie {al chnograpy lend iuelf to methodologation, in some instances ofthe most excessive hind (ee the herox atte “at graphic reduction snd formal analysis in proverbs, tics and relate ek). “The Syl Belongs to the Oren: Sole Anthropol in Hoge Aesthetic ac pk on eee a ria ee eerie ane aol Se eer SEs lre aig ie See See126 The Other and the tye resemblances be eri Foner MCC the philic exe Fr ne Mp ts a gg icicle aan Hae orc ier ural sy ic ofall culture a8 well asa specific form ort perane ter_American ‘of expression characteristic Of certain cultures These soe auensc see eres ees pitaton cassie of hi own Weiers toa Sok fh ih ot moet we ch a a0 the te ho MAR igre of aeons eign BP i ne and comand ce, ee m Forme sympetigt Neither Heyel nor later symbologists could confine The Other and the Eye 127 intone 8 rary RE MBO tes 10 affmations of tcinporl sane They hak Bt ogy baa yt ey ht oly fe te borate onthe loge of dance let pach he ym bolic thode! level sequence. Thee ‘in the past might remove it altogether from serious romantic form if ideration. Our tanporal Gsmissal of the Other's sivays ene rh Serna ee aT (cich at order dlference, opposition. Hoge fere- proceeds in his esha to shore up hit poston, Can. ily, must he guarded gait confion of thes th the secon fe oof expreston wth chr sypes of sign reais: a. tere whe ta cally, the symbol mst be show fo ease Inthe com Dressed more clearly. POrwzing intent could porary specaor reactions that are unlike thowe we ex Hegel, accordingly, fst datinguishes symbols from + sls, ey ingunc sjgns, Whereas the ater ae a Bary asigne to the sunt or meanings they represent the Telaonship between symbols and what they expres ‘ot Finiferene” The symbol wages by ts external apy Bearance that which itmahes appar rot ks concrete ad Unique existence, however, but by expressing "s genet Guy of is meaning” (eee 1305) Furthermore, sibel Sieson nd yminaed comet are pte oh cr They lead, 30 to speak, an indepeslem existence ne symbol can have many contents, one content capable oftcreteed iy diferent sya Hence ore aed ray of uci ambiguous: they leave the viewer newest pace ee ote doubiul (1394). Hand when anbiguiy removed and ye he culture, Most be enn an og he raonsp ie st sel they craordiany dae Sense no longer oats, What remains ofthe synod fa Sl ah BO ot be a wage ge Mere image" whose relation tothe content dept that Hai ype ofa el Clog Si aby oink inte ence tion ina si To analyze te stem of inwrohetory set the predietabi Inthe sense in bol mans, concept126 ‘The Other and the Eye resemblances berween thse pilosophial texts and ee Boston: hed by contemporry anass of earl oe chaps exprewre of hisioral connector a agg ae aragmatists). Moreover, set sumpdons that are usual "8 in anthropological din. course are explcily stated by Hegel, wna macaroni by ciara vei and se consents of muse Hegel proposes his theory ofthe symbole i alsingth Beteen three major art formes ac de and romantic. As i characteristic of itn he makes tng in achat ty ot any il ye ait pology but ao 3 developmental eee fie bolic mode precede the ssa rma os by I ‘al neces nt by mere Morea wcdlent The igo Meaning of symbolise loge postion Felations are therefore interchanges = ‘To analyze te loge of syle isthe purpose of an Jnroductory section to the second part of the Adore with th petal ie “On hem a i begs wi a sttement whose temporiving ment cull oe pressed mote clearly: ee ra = In te seme in which we are using the word, sy bol marks, conceptually ella history he ‘rig ofa; hetefore should bet mete farted only as prear, belonging uly wo the Or 2 Only air mat ansion,aarsaons tnd medutions does it lead to the authentic rely Oo de es of a asic! torn (309), pin ena Sy ie em moto nae nash din ec Be ean Oil era oa ‘The Other and the Eye 127 se sch isthe tne 2 Which figures of allocronic d= Be ore arene torts eae ieration, Our lonpral diissal ofthe Other is always Bessie atte aetna tee Preeti a eee Ic of expen with oer peso rho Sf, eg, lic gos. Whereas te ater area Bese oyna tate Bein ate mace cd creek cue temeies ftler They lead, 90 to speak, an independent existence Becta erie Reece aperr arte sro rne ere eee ene ancne tes ea130 "The Other and the Eye anthesis to symbolic xtaposiion and ambiguity. Only ‘mantic art accomplish sythes of Torn he conte 4s inner unity, as the subjective realization of the Spink rom i springs & new and “modern” creativity, in its pantheon ll gods are dethroned, he fame of sub- sity has destoyed them and instead of pase prlihism fie mulutnde of symbotc putes) ae ow Knows oni one Godson Spt ne abe ‘stocmAr Conti nee iyo ona tsolute knowledge aed wl tno longer edie imo specie traits furcions wh ony etme tion was the fore of some dark nee 30) Similar schemes of final identiy are expounded in Hegel's Phenomenology othe Spirit ann his wrkangs on the pits ‘phy of history and law. But nowhere are his arguments as anthropological” asin his Aetete For ne thn, he soon overcomes eater hesitation and extends his ypobgy of or Forme acre ee 1:29) is theory of ata ey “These was of viewing the world constitute religion, fe substantia sprit of people and times They Dermeate art as much ar all rea of ger Ink Present. Ae every human being al his actives, Be hey pita elon aa sci dhild er his me and has the tsk Yo workout the ‘sent conten and necessary form of hi tty 0 {Sart destined to find the arc expression app rate to the spit of 4 people: (380) Tet acerca toes an Maaco eee ee ee ene eee erent, See eared wae re ea ge een on eee The Other and the Fye 181 fs, constitutes a “task” for modern man: his se-constita- The symbolic visual mode f expen std to dom- aay at of mere age oh trated Taney Hegacoynermage ®t ctare ir gece "nr at oe a come Sea rad mde appropriate expresso rc Suh ec theese“ we wa fo sm hone nod the enon of cama fom nthe ao yermay ay tate mete mae pica cry He desloge th igh tem iy al gent ch or ra "era hc ond ae i 8 hough ih ne he theory ft an ea ptaing Boeke pntwptcal ct tan bens a Heel Pics of te uma prt » poy of Tine Fics? among he met beg of ss ar these Marconia fine th pc, an Sul ith Sigh sry wih Saye nthe Fogel os: he ble we emporta he we ard Spatial cach have fhe mtx area quay a” Band Ie tha'comext he spss wrod opeaking- se Binge relate to ring ome bnguge nly 28 Sipe caste nf rv expres of tend tes nsec e107, pr 10) We ean a at fp boon ana bol | The Other as Iam: The Case of “Symbolic Anthropology Peescoporr} syne anhopalogy can probably tbe Biter Yor ter creed whi Rotrzing theory of he ae oer Thea’ verdict that symbolism asa culeually specific sy (as fn “oriental symbolism,” or "medieval symbolic architer- tre son the fringe of life” (1999 [192711 Ht opted for182 The Other and the Eye a alternative that was rejected by Hegel, namely that the Symbolic ought to be taken as a mode of all perception i Solar ast eultsral It appears, however if we let ourselves be guided i Whitehead’ casa text, tae 4 wanshistoiel theory of symbolaton shares many’ of the assumptions We se 401 relat taxonomic and general vital outlook, The nstutive act of knovledge—"ellproductin” in White head's terminology—consiss of ringing together into one sigo-relaion what was apart (19395), Phe temporal cocks islence of perceptions and expresions is not coniderel atic. Hina externa pica fat (ee 1069.16.21), ‘hat counts is the “scheme of spatial relatedness of te pr Gated things 0 each oes aa othe peeing sft (1950:22) "This echoes Ramis epistemplogy and, sy one Imig expec har arog fines to a catia, ts omic stance. Spat relations and sense daa are bu evi abstactions and. * “he main fact about resentation ined ae ‘Dat he nena Svcd depend ot pa {pent ong tesa eadans the pr on, and Mince Of tenn auaanctig nat anFepSE "The Other and the Eye 187 an fact he Ge immune Wo the prblen of coe Bela an wieolony ie may’ widen and espen the ga Berne te West as Other Atk, ths how ibe folowing satcment fom tae troduction toa reader ba scl ahropelog Fundamental to the suy of ymbobe anthropology Tpthe concern with how peopl formulate thee Jes, We must if we afew undersand dh ed eat icto an understanding oftheir fand our ow) Baton, examine thr nae ot oer ran (and ‘we study our theories, we mst say them a thei ature) tude their stems of symbol ne our ad ihc presumptions sbout whe t might or shoud be ‘Dolgin eta 1077:83) ‘One can applaud the authors intent when, in the sime Bes thal for cy of coe a pax ha “Al dhe sume, oinaston beeping “ther cule” and our theories apart countermands thecal for “praxis A is that doesnot nde the ane who studies ean only confronted as an image of isla a representason, and with that, anthropology back to the tnerpretaion of (Gimp forms. "This exemplified by Marshall Sabine inthe acount fof his conversion to symbolic anthropology, Cultre md Practical Reason (1978). The book s devoted to demonstra ing the difference between syle culture and practical eons oes neste the pronpcs for probit it ‘Of special interest here because it not only apposes two Ihodes of iowlege and action (in this ts hardy nique) Dut i ligne these todes, very much inthe manner of He: fe, with the eiferences benecen what Salon calls the West nd the Ress Tn his arguments Sahlins makes ample ws ofthe term Prine. rns out, however, tate isnot much iter: {sted in evlutonary distancing and perhaps even lea omantic dealing. He gocs father than both these forms Where the former projets developmental or binorcl dis tance and the ater's uopiancr ical distance from Western Society, Sahine iurodwces sm ontological difference” At188 The Other and the Eye spi el pat en aero edie meso and action, 50 sre being primitive and being ch lin nec nes of eee Conny, iis and ther symbolic anthropologist promote funda set postin hh ie ie traces fn almost every amp et our divipline. Certainly the nate. euliedalam ft soar sen to be 2 eit to nineteenth century dsjunctions. I creates Gichot mies, ist by attbuting central importance to lsietany And exchange in primitive seccty contrast t0 labor and preducion in Western society: second, by opposing histor ahh) eo ahora Cook) soca and cing the iter asthe proper domain of anropology Dt et ts tke a closer look at Salim reasoning. To begin nh he canoe be accused of amet bat the gn and effect of such cihoaminng One evden mater—for bourgeois sity a much {the vocal prise arate gps ate mo wefuly separated from the sal, ri the Tne were seferaie othe satan of need the explotation of atte, the secondo probes ‘ofthe elation between eh Having sae such 8 Tafa dfterentaon of cult cottponente Ive are foreed tole fener wit te leet ich of athopology can be considered asa sustained lfort at synthesising an orignal segmen {ation of is bjet, an anatic tinton of earl Mlomains ime without die reflecons Wf leary ‘onthe model presented by our own soviet. (ar205), So far, #9 good. But the history of anthropology does not Contain its own justification. The energy allegedly spent on resynthesizing does not guarantee the success of these ef fort, Sailing hse ilusrats this bythe way he canis ur his project. Threc-furths of his took is devoted to ‘hoi tha ees of praca eno prt tort materi, generate theories that are only applica: bie to Western sity. Pritve societies, ove are ta, are ‘ued by, and mas be undersood in terms of Seulearal The Other and the Eye 159 pot) ren,” 1 this were ten rail coche {Orr on woul hve me tat cme a eng ae {bbe found in praniive ecie ony,wherens Wener ce Tsien nta be eof son nets sl pg. ‘matic adjustments." a 2 =n way The remainder at his book dened uneven etn enon dacs ur ony” (876105 mb tarp, Im other wor he proposes sow that eve Stneporry Amerean oct bs esre te sin some ys nce by snl rete wwe gi tree TB pace Concern With athe aks bch wh is feral these wate fon war doom fromthe bling bess Sahin cies {Stary tout in eae of he uncon vs rere Thro he ing he nano soc fa 8 gute dear at be anno do He's ae he i pi hs agume fr ee {cy fe conan exeme of mba tepreentatons Gharvirsc of primiie ety wana fore sate of terse ely comparative end ae 8 temp osc the Sain rengnece te dace of tak Lte if syting, gained for sr eer of the inc ft opponed othe rata RiFomcal ord he Orr Phy (79) ha nce Rico snd cerealy since Matty ema hry Mn hough «pound change Aton nthe elas hee lu am isha been seen one rep Teloaton on sigan Valve ws coneced me gn Him acy nom" ting erste a ork) Rar ry reine ne elatnship ss ne Bonga ea: ac han ened to bet a has Bess proc fovea 175 259), 1 tie aon comet os fer gt on caren anivpolgea Ferny acs tute rou wi eStats npg