In Defiance of Destiny
sc ct 9 095 fe ge 4 4 I enamine nd Generate Cri nd
soon a GE ny pay ee
LAMENTS AS MODELS FOR ACTION
a ration n meer Gree i heen a jes of nation or
om the crt ors contesting queso of mater ety
Sunny 9 Te Go fi Gf Pron 192; Zambos 1859, ood pols who hae song 2
Sac) ines beth eebectel Cato Blt sor recognising cer pestenc Meno 1974 Tn
Te pen 8 he Won usa Wet o Wart Ms Bo loss werlng on peromance (carmel 1986, Cre
in mal Aap Ree 0) 1960, and to socal athrpologuts Dano 1982 Herel 198
Esk 19551951) The more recent works hve ra oe pa
lise, anf (1982271 exploration ote phenomenology
for example addres coment woes boat he procialy
eas (ce Gress 10881213, cf Romldo 1589 1-P)wie he
sa ana of tuner eis fled ul his no the
Bc bass of socal poet (see Caan 1996) and reste
as 190, 1990.
tery versio aprosches this dus pic shold al sta the
fof any sgl sranded erpretan. The national okt ho
eee haat exh rw he its hey ef
a from uncnlngy ete sngle-cded pots of
nsnsty, thy ary gored il sgn a pe
By exqropiaig amen tes, they not on senced any of
Redriver but poe ates domi tthe tt
Bt sch the praor of reastance apt» aly Power socal
cs stan no oberg on henge ey
ot, he veces ral ie ad ase tone
only beg “cntnge Laces and Papas 19911),
om ci prance ay tae pe by such ees
vera ofthe socal oie by sony asathorsatnni
(Gexnan 1931) and Grsk show puppee (Dani 197, ales
sexily that cognate wera lhl ove ate re
iy of doin ie Lag 1986950), Crean wera ofth gd moayoona women 2 eh coed they
‘liu ies Ged 191 ples ener al
mye coma (cnn 163) Gk women cal
Ses seme sla tps o's me somber mode hr So
{4990300 reat, womens rman al met pu el
those male-dominated mtu nd Goats ape ee
see andere the sol sas of womens” Tee moo
question ast whether t does so through the dest voicing of dicey
‘om bie thst ey ee a
‘Sorstone wonens end! unesandng ftecmnced oe
‘ese re ot muta eae putes “
‘tpn ucston etc tems do ths lant pei
‘ans acl ching ming? Ts dente nse osc il
Uae precmens Wht fos mle espe my sre el
stem aes da fo an soc fo eal” anc
Inerptaons tt are re than cle xe ea
W511; Herel 199194-00, A sec or he meng
tows, mere, hay proves on stv sed andar Sail
Sng "he or, on ekg sajes oe an a al
Bherenn. On ren a bigs, cena an ea
‘een ngtd a cnt specs of cae Ge oul 87: eal
1880) ow do we mend thence! How de we ear at nl
Posie as ytunenat outed andes
‘nhcay la cnc wih jn ch nde fy rl
sige sl mens pamela ogee a
ls ie dlc one nbs ot dco a
Posie wdewunding whore yl of Ss den aes al
{cosabuthow an wy dan nscal eand ha
‘Sets pc funda i te)
some sin atl These wil cea eens
the bps, burressan ts cw Tes option of oe pose
wich ae themes highly tema eventhough they do ncrpnste i
masey dh he sre los wp avn he cant sil
1877.13 The fy tetbewas is nd ean, we lb
‘So he inal roca ht alowed ong won ores el
‘scans ous of unetinyanontiguy Se pec ema
le of death whee “ail vesoaon can never Be ached sel
tensa
Themourem queson dsr ol dvb She ws Ho
2 phn the cdf son mariage ad ey poe Hess al
‘heme eet ae ound eg sey
tage Se dot eign cit was pedo bre Bl
even pare aging ne ay scr lay pres. This
Jor sing rm a trading ofthe Gc ew of ae
Bite wort aceon hen pe "Wit wren
serie To rpe hs proveb saa however, woul bo
cso esto hich aio: pul heel an revocable deny.
ably wok eect states fr he egimaion of
etn ie only eee agar who srk to eon
etch coche ede of dail orl au Phe
fe and penalty army ares and your sucenes a ot 8
eX, whereas my sucess ad your Tales te proof aad
tn character(s). Sach the eral og of sates of
tod sete.
eer usally geno funerary bens. ira canbe sed
swords ta ment doo ees pase
othe tneviable Cte (1986) Careel-Chaves 960 has
Geek mens as expresso atl rte, awh he
9) of bereavement metonraly express the pain of womers
general Sch mesg however, werk lleva the bres of
yy eater and ole pat bua specie
feordnngthcinenersonmceurstnse ths let,
isa powerh—beausrecogiable recy seeped—
gt the all corn of pl ad stent Whe Cael and
jee meng cour feral soy, weve cre
Ss rd erect sty may s,s wom ake te
spol sevens of nent etic and ss js
fon aa Chins wore), ore, meting ea expe
rot whl, by resting the premise of mae contol ao
Seomens enon or dame toh 688 138-139) ie
for women's eect on ace mY When hes
ian tel nor
fees on ane Kner ok pli Gln,”
Fwesecenrl Crom 1974" I shal sus no nl th lent
uals the king ts accompanist Mich tha conn
othe aneters poral and stp Th ne
ssl and somes inn lye onthe te
Pebonl demas hs very abt et open the posit of
yea ier the func the young mouer eee (and ater
scopy of he ape had mate ate ie rw ths he who
the dacsion wich has cots hens ae hace
petorme sown revogecine ate owar ch cers quien
to eran wie The nang of hs angi
fa curcigh he econo etal vay ewe ecco abetwee er persona eeavesenand the grand caaseophes em.
hse lex note ls om the common toc oe
al experince wa collie presale The alo
fe uentngmsy sugges ste othe oie! comparson between
nds event, bu ae indexed” by ecognable, common psc
igh ths phrawology, the mousey unutetble pun becomes
pes collec pa, her personal ge eacton of cletve os
recon ayt petrancecas esngy payne on the
Hinks among thre ks of ine The lngest the ge de of
lites, nwtich the ad eves commented nthe vongiete
mor thon gener mls lor rep experience. This kind oftme
stanton to begrapbal ne he age ofthe lf tes
th peroned lors the pul view of personal dase The
es sich mage, Sly, depends on eactoal formate
correspond clelytoRowndieu9(1077 Tengo Isthe mana
thls rctonal ne that allows acts ee Moga! Se
ly the nue aree—forexanpl, the death ofafovedsonasthe
ffi" Such nage contists to amenter eleven she
aul che cline sein she ill move others,
ects she hs ec dda a oto expense pete
a
meter peor ie fic of vera psp y eho aed
en sh acess roving eta to syphccundersanding and
to identifction wh ber personal pan she may also evenly
insane socal wai, The limp may noe al apparent
se aermathohefaeral Herstbsequentfe couse, howe,
Sgetve Inde, Grek nents fen haves prospect hr
or alamenie to accne her eel deen peso bre
of ving lel he unpeeted the theme one of wel docs
ovigity (eso 1974193) Ths per of confsion tured 9
so evocatively exh by Rosi (1081-21, Lenenting
TIME PAST AND TIME USED
Since oe ey gal thes to nate one ofthe le
oftundioeal stl concerns an sol conte | tl il dee
Son ofthese n rds daca om oft er tab been
{ofan ames of neal lamensin Grace ites eet er)
tind he semantic bly of txts tht otodox flor tis eee
Fed and relent Ins eara Cre ences 1086 study ep
Pilar eece i showing how lets may perm the suv
Suton order, nt tough dc, Font Petar Dt hugh
Tenges to nomutve scaly Indepheraby maybe saborsie a
(Ge, fr example, Messick 1987) penal proce may ao be exp
‘rough the ste and tematic maripalation of prs ee Ton
1988)"
Thelingustic evidence of ashe ymbaic univer o0 of demise
byantropeogstastery the prodot fl tnnone rst sa
ongia, uncontaminated et, maybe eden ot shared syle
‘whose neal coherence ghes mening to apparently aerator sea
Deformanes Thus, Gre laments eae represent dh sarge
the black earth oto Death (Whar) perce. The evan aca
‘onenste (Ale 1974, Bachan Pry 198246; Danforth 198: He
[oes efJobason 1988157158; Klima 1988; Trac 18821
cpl the metpor in tr of 2 generic ruc iy am
Ptsonal sof pssige-Hete sale moreconceedto show how
racic, the tap in actual unr acl mamas
Than eer sy, Inte tha whole poses sme ose Rh
stared mameroos lel and seman lormule wah 2 wed sng
‘ary Kata (Hertel 198]434-35 Bea ory 19351, 266)" The sl
Destrsededh iflrent rtualcoren ferent les, erent i
Schema. The woman who cmpoeed the nent fr er mother dé
cesar “ow” the wedding ets as hoe, may not have exe
‘ber wile a al In normal ntropologl price, such res
‘Would he ete foto, 9 tnt ook sept abtton =
“Tle memory” andthe “ote anioncious lal boron
mats and formal might epi she ifn ofthese lees
‘ott us wha paler shoul ontder hem mec prope
ld ot el show, ther wor the longue dae of tual vl
tranante imolined tne Lingo den ie res hey e8
'6 Grek lamenting Gee also Sree 191226)
‘Wel-known segs about such Nistor evens a the sack of Chis
caddy the Tre prove a sabe reper formule stable 2
breslage of onal mention. Without neces ning of
them—ance hee source of moral suppor in an meee werd
en sipped away The ge bent of working frm » varia of
gh. a ere, that one can stk poste inks tween a mouners
ent ie coe ne onion the me of bree
Goon) a Carne (1086) and Seas 1990, 191) have bath
eyelet nthe sony eee solar of women ho le
TReshands hate let them to widowhood, anus made soil
by the waumption that widow me cal Ered and 0
temptation ce de Bouay 1974129) ant eh
of peu the cal Heeavemen Ind men fen ese
ven wives teling eno speak ems
iilimal el-comcol i speech a the analog of rae sexi continence
‘nea, hoseve.l hs oesby the sd isthe women who aa
lami retin weds of acknowledged power a beauty, wile the mee
ane closest the deceased py an oerwhening iat speak
nny ata an ager about though capable waking wth
‘nep and row themes tthe open grave. Wot gel once
{plc and ote complex tempos, a Ke fv of no
cian qt nd erally nce ering hg esa
‘women eek inthe ae of death is not nly th ineraized pay
Fereavement Is also an exeralind compli, the publ expres
‘pretest apart husband who les 4 wonan widowed and pon
<&shonoed aber who a ado provide for sce hr ce
‘harsnat polican Ie Arbehop Malas Iie ft peten,
‘Cypas—at thos fanerl fwjomen kc ad sted Why hae yoo
lone s? What sal edo watt ou? al alge [nea proce
rote” (Anonymous 1977),
‘Butio ewe the mtr thee sto ase hat women oly pots
they camot improve their oe Sich aie iors the tandorna
‘apo af mens and aribte “aaa othe women, No dub
charge of fase woald sa the mens interests Inthe sation
Flows, however, weal ae 2 woman stenping to "acy 2 mal
and whats oe suceeding Saperfcially erst maybe pose
‘merpe ber words as a ter ry of comp a he reves
esting Stbsequent event, however, show tht she was nalts
Viewed in the ight of her owe banoy, her words sugges the ene
inchose and confused at may have en of ah ellestive sae 0
the vammets of lowly bik and» penurons home the es
‘measured ee sucess tema ofthe androcenti say whos
stramis she ed 1 evexcome, this should not oversaw he
Imen—and the achievement ohare of” abe performed Bute
hat we cannot inte alana be ceran whether he had on
Intended herlamentng io achive thes ols ole listrats he ontng
‘hat mits pact he couse vets
sued on mate ron an nt Cit wile. There maybe a
femora foe compare neh of weer Crete. The laments
fea Eps sem ohne atc ps res rom the eles
olor, and sme longa been ese. Many emt
othe ajay olthse Marion wens rca couche he
fe shemeconmon ouch ck vee When confi 3 rg
they chcnocher cou alt pry phy apo:
Pages beoecn ti ono hie, const wee eo
ihe oilnen bond. The ens of he weer Citan gh
esclaty despediocey th conasine devices at daa ob
iene sl gy and omen,
supposed defences eras seal hola enbarase
eck cmens cn tebe adn ae foamed en 1
cleconecons wth amen sysand oi alone
led sunt so spp
a the deca i yg oro, woman en, chlo ey be
il pak her en han. Ftp the one ck he
iy. moans howe hy pat cron
dence ers hemoelee geae enton Halr 197083)
emphacson"speaing the lanes. the tem suaijemplyedin the
Ent lore made an seo whee thee cool be costed
Mapu)» em nly socine wih nd metic me
Poy Ohare,» erm tat ho, sgay, olen sees Ghowgh
the pln asp emo mage. We salle nt vgs
hi coecon wb ogre aor tbat mtn
Fonambigvons song perfetances Moe sagesve, perp, the
phic ral proved Abucogheds (1986251) study En
oct in whch “songs categncly oppose to the doanant
ae srctes ofthe sca one
‘Gea "wecping Mon begs wih moro ss unvebalied
mgs: as [197081 rater well descbes ia
fal cer the fst announcement of dea 1 epi Pcomes
Tach bre ese line normal ends wih a orm dest the
enon avcane mst followed he enc pronout mo
te, Yelongig 10) er the ver le {my 1 pearls of
deren, and the despre wit commit wt the
ow eeer beyond reac, Te examples tha Kallas ie sem at
tun wha sal rept oy cn fell aca al thy
tae of sigetig the undeng structure more ley ee alo
Tosa 200 he inten alow he pater of oinay spoken ds
excep tht the fin jbl fac ine may be fhe eed ad
ce my te peulmate yc of te ermal apap
MATERIAL FROM WESTERN CRETE.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS
Wester Crtes no sel known for tamer rosso te
‘ne lng study of west Cretan Lent many concemed 0 est
tentinay wih Momeni wad (Tsudeos 1970), wie anes 3
Includes some mers oe sige ne 1970) othe
ger nore hei coon than ln eal prorance, cae
TORO sudy (Carnet Chaves 1960, which adden morereed hshund, wih ee cite 1 eo, reed
pier way odo co ote a the
rar o pli ace Capel 96426 Machin 1985).
ef rans port oa save ong worn ws mal
Bes roi cuanto hs, however, well a is aomart
any dinaon fst ad the sped wh which be then
Tamiy wi hs seond we protec hm fom chs
Rese Dos x ny Saye ts young ger
oe ther won’ pang bul Sayed by hes obvious
tomate nan cul fer endnce the oo
stay xaunenocomner ic oes of hi omnes
Fo wi test e's death bd semed tee he Young.
ocr subsnsmeens cman
tam a on sapere og as dee mg
One wou rt hv robe cyl nade pote that pu
fle moray ine bctgound tor cond Tr
imo we ing poe
fen jes ode sgaes the penblesneaon of ue
goat oan es Ted ad
fpomel get conongune nll as Perhaps en
dug torcon! tn banenng) Apr member fhe reo
pa feiouy othe ving, bead en wowed and ad a
eco cw om the eas pesigous purgoup, She here,
tbs yer ath poems haben nm postion ak
age Aoon tenor more eared a th a othe
ftswonsnodbcen ad paar somcholer san she
Peabo 40 salem young han), bt shad ben por and
thd mah Soe Attn me spetn sewn
fdy spe. er bck oso wa anther olen. bess
fan hisses Her wo dangers then aged sou 3nd 12.4
the ony net sds bere
rsh cance ¢senou line Psple nol sil “ween”
BL ot alte vag: come woe Bnet weather hd
sh ork uc ance each nee a pag
Peoples ord hate ler nh not kn to
{aw op pd et) wlth yung duper
tomate her Sse ci onyconexening
Meiners oe of be dened slic mnt stander 0
esgic und Not sob my, poser thes sox
fpaonl ss and ost endangered nf None doe te
lth gc evaded oshamngt The rhe nese cet
rth ben cine nosso ihe that
i barely mle oe moan ramet Rese he osnet
Inne womans ames fo er rather village ured say
(Gals 19708, the wees seem a fo exes aly by
{amination however, eves ana gm salon at
tea oncaeid nox bnghim ack othe “es cra, an a
me Gy fe smraly ont the epinte vilae findsedope
hereto his tous and othe sl Toul be pou.
our no the igh peak. nea” Cc
1965159 -
During my eldnockin Gel which clos othe lage des
alone a fs vitally the sine lates tadon Wel
Ade sere fuels dma vcs and hed sn
lieningIsmetng cones the ane nee
2 enh ingather aud don whch bd aon a
‘ight wake Clase hn and nibs hep wach oe he by
Someta afer conde nen tikes hey
lw kn ing prent ei) othe ese ashe
iss tht women latent whe en pesemaiy hon wh nea
sfdw scan manana degre of equine eee een
‘ie thas emphasing nd ang the hedced sno sen
‘wo perma modss Inmyowneagereee, hoe, women cel
inced tj inthe stoning th men Oxy cos kevomcn
‘ob and om tne to lime bets of ening, bat ae
inemited thse dara ohare gute sae to fem,
‘ora oes onl yeni honsnes, nse cea
dead enon ie Ths sudden swchng Keen tne net a
trl elmreclecton, so mach tod th he pure eae ofc g
‘ought bythe carer kor, peal ernon ate func
Toop ard gest tut evils sop» ned for ene
Sporn ofgeteven when segs ya aly espn
‘xipouring. The peomance os met bee cosy» ma
ply el re and in fat oneal schol epored tt west cena Cr
‘romen somes sang lane pst he ine ns peso
Sorat way Coondes 19761)
nol eon’ fel conde ke sith th youl
oe—especal then hat a rma man or mean whe wed
‘meal sabellyreprodees, whe wine and me opacing he
epithe cles fey oud aapp and ne ace Ve
dierent faeaols mtd notes inf ad tenes he a
in Germany (wee she aod er snd were lng sab ipa
lege aerating neg pressed esi Her hsb, pe
with gc, sige abst ae fone nthe soe scarey
lmposd bate ar sa ats meted ho
tnd aioe carci faery tol ae cy adey tow eto eames pt king ita hasty om the momen ofthis death,
flee. mas ber own concem at beng eh an een gg eae io brother-in-law already in place to suppor those clans, who
testy, Her mother dd ot ape toon
ons and
subcquenly became me of
presenting she funeral mates bly dicate two gil
frames shold become carta the words theese ook.
fo 4 rection ofthis dems, While the eer ser’ “slut
been unstcoryfor a ors ihe ats, wa beter
have been predicted atthe tine of he nea ei pra to
that pesn’s socal wor (im) alway elie othe expect
ilar entrain of him or her ere T9RD32- 959) A
(flow sus no weath, and dubious semalrepaaion who sll
fo et mare may thereby ea at least grade respec,
TEXTS
ns from this fuer seem very jon. Some fragenay el
hough the cranchngeleon elon the way tothe vee
eshstion ofthe mbes voi, the elder easter sieypeseced
forthe night se and the younger dears largely words
Wh lows i epee mpl ol ee which eps eral,
‘over and oer special have mplrng he dees 1 spel)
spa ‘a mead ft he
conversion ome:
mother ents
repeats, iy ey tuned me
en sgh ye qc wh)
ie pi mn rca ny ca
Hh widow des, occ ofthe dhe htt ead man hie
bchad en pega eesti fou (nyc) a cleo a ple tg sou
perbroheso-er, whose eputaion would beihe motte ten eh We sl se tha the elder dager alee et jer ny
berm sat, ths esd a me ey ay la the mater out fe serps ence tee a or
{smote infidels: Wheears widow ns ec eee en regu ofpnertion or ener Ts seman coat ne
communi might ne fo prop a ‘am opis sey tcl ners Goes Tew
1974189), Glen «widows hahaa ae 1).
‘on tpt th calc od ee
Ie be known hash
strony agai Greek
sd i ie ey
es ae rap, prep
ity tee Joungeae places pe, pom in emer ey
1 A one pw woman comments, “Sy he lament propery
Sorel Rrme chen page een ie ee caa ay ny
Fri Me“ x ts fag P.
Eke wapatiher comm nicer tea aa a eee
_Alouder and mone matter-of-fact tone: “Quietly! Since, you might say, the pene other mine,
Cian fate a Se
“he acid spi een tt wa a Seiten
suet nay ep eye ees ae Shavers
‘er immediate, since her athe a ot expe hit linen ont here,
omdomy godt oes oleh Wercetont sane
eure citenae go rey
‘xcepimce of ther socal and erin a Slgifomy for ene
‘ees uv ite cle. That he deceased later wil nee te ay \fyoudel speak ome, i yu,
tbl. aking him to speak ober again, however, the ele Uno