Solutions of Homework 1 for Math 302

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1 Section 1.1
1.
y 0 = 3 − 2y
Solution:
y0
=1
3 − 2y
dln|3 − 2y|
= −2
dt
ln|3 − 2y| = −2t + C
3 − 2y = Ce−2t
3
y = Ce−2t + .
2
2.
y 0 = 2y − 3
Solution:
y0
=1
2y − 3
dln|2y − 3|
=2
dt
ln|2y − 3| = 2t + C
2y − 3 = Ce2t
3
y = Ce2t + .
2
3.
y 0 = 3 + 2y
Solution:
y0
=1
2y + 3

1
 dln|2y + 3|
=2
dt
ln|2y + 3| = 2t + C
2y + 3 = Ce2t
3
y = Ce2t − .
2
4.
y 0 = −1 − 2y
Solution:
y0
=1
−2y − 1
dln| − 2y − 1|
= −2
dt
ln| − 2y − 1| = −2t + C
2y + 1 = Ce−2t
1
y = Ce−2t − .
2
5.
y 0 = 1 + 2y
Solution:
y0
=1
2y + 1
dln|2y + 1|
=2
dt
ln|2y + 1| = 2t + C
2y + 1 = Ce2t
1
y = Ce2t − .
2
6.
y0 = y + 2
Solution:
y0
=1
y+2
dln|y + 2|
=1
dt
ln|y + 2| = t + C
y + 2 = Cet
y = Cet − 2.

2
2 Section 1.2
1.
(a).dy/dt = −y + 5, y(0) = y0
Solution:
y0
=1
−y + 5
dln| − y + 5|
= −1
dt
ln|y − 5| = −t + C
y − 5 = Ce−t
y = Ce−t + 5.

then we plug in the initial value to solve

C = y0 − 5

and the solution is

y = (y0 − 5)e−t + 5

(b).dy/dt = −2y + 5, y(0) = y0

Solution:
y0
=1
−2y + 5
dln| − 2y + 5|
= −2
dt
ln|2y − 5| = −2t + C
2y − 5 = Ce−2t
5
y = Ce−2t + .
2
then we plug in the initial value to solve
5
C = y0 −
2
and the solution is
5 5
y = (y0 − )e−2t +
2 2

(c).dy/dt = −2y + 10, y(0) = y0

Solution:
y0
=1
−2y + 10

3
 dln| − 2y + 10|
= −2
dt
ln|2y − 10| = −2t + C
y − 5 = Ce−2t
y = Ce−2t + 5.

then we plug in the initial value to solve

C = y0 − 5

and the solution is

y = (y0 − 5)e−2t + 5
2.
(a).dy/dt = y − 5, y(0) = y0
Solution:
y0
=1
y−5
dln|y − 5|
=1
dt
ln|y − 5| = t + C
y − 5 = Cet
y = Cet + 5.

then we plug in the initial value to solve

C = y0 − 5

and the solution is

y = (y0 − 5)et + 5

(b).dy/dt = 2y − 5, y(0) = y0
Solution:
y0
=1
2y − 5
dln|2y − 5|
=2
dt
ln|2y − 5| = 2t + C
2y − 5 = Ce2t
5
y = Ce2t + .
2
then we plug in the initial value to solve
5
C = y0 −
2

4
and the solution is
5 5
y = (y0 − )e2t +
2 2

(c).dy/dt = 2y − 10, y(0) = y0

Solution:
y0
=1
2y − 10
dln|2y − 10|
=2
dt
ln|2y − 10| = 2t + C
y − 5 = Ce2t
y = Ce2t + 5.

then we plug in the initial value to solve

C = y0 − 5

and the solution is

y = (y0 − 5)e2t + 5
3.
dy/dt = −a + b
(a). Solution:

y0
=1
−ay + b
dln| − ay + b|
= −a
dt
ln|ay − b| = −at + C
ay − b = Ce−at
b
y = Ce−at + .
a
(c). i. when a increases, the solution decreases
ii. when b increases, the solution increases
iii. when both a and b increase, but the ratio b/a remains the same, the solution
decreases.

3 Section 2.1
1.
y 0 + 3y = t + e−2t

5
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = e3t , then we have:

d(e3t y)/dt = te3t + et

Z
3t
e y= (te3t + et )dt
Z
e3t y = te3t dt + et
1 1
Z
e3t y = te3t + e3t dt + et
3 3
1 1
e3t y = te3t + e3t + et + C
3 9
1 1 −2t
y = t+ +e + Ce−3t .
3 9
2.
y 0 − 2y = t2 e2t
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = e−2t , then we have:

d(e−2t y)/dt = t2
1
e−2t y = t3 + C
3
2t 1 3
y = e ( t + C).
3
3.
y 0 + y = te−t + 1
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = et , then we have:

d(et y)/dt = t + et
Z
et y = (t + et )dt
1
et y = t2 + et + C
2
1 2 −t
y = t e + 1 + Ce−t .
2
4.
y 0 + (1/t)y = 3 cos 2t, t>0
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = t, then we have:

d(ty)/dt = 3t cos 2t
Z
ty = 3t cos 2tdt
3t 3
Z
ty = sin 2t + sin 2tdt
2 2
3t 3
ty = sin 2t − cos 2t + C
2 4
3 3 C
y = sin 2t − cos 2t + .
2 4t t

6
 5.
y 0 − 2y = 3et
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = e−2t , then we have:

d(e−2t y)/dt = 3e−t

Z
−2
e y= 3e−t dt

e−2t y = −3e−t + C
y = −3et + Ce2t .

11.
y 0 + y = 5 sin 2t
Solution: the integrating factor is µ(t) = et , then we have:

d(et y)/dt = 5et sin 2t

Z
et y = 5et sin 2tdt
et y = et (sin 2t − 2 cos 2t) + C
y = sin 2t − 2 cos 2t + Ce−t .

18.
ty 0 + 2y = sin t, y(π/2) = 1
Solution: First change the equation as:

y 0 + (2/t)y = sin t/t.

the integrating factor is µ(t) = t2 , then we have:

d(t2 y)/dt = t sin t

Z
2
t y= t sin tdt
Z
t2 y = −t cos t − cos tdt

t2 y = −t cos t − sin t + C
y = t−2 (−t cos t − sin t + C).

And plug in the initial value, we get C = 1 + (π/2)2 . Hence the solution is

y = t−2 (−t cos t − sin t + 1 + (π/2)2 ).

19.
t3 y 0 + 4t2 y = e−t , y(−1) = 0
Solution: First change the equation as:

y 0 + (4/t)y = t−3 e−t

7
the integrating factor is µ(t) = t4 , then we have:

d(t4 y)/dt = te−t

Z
t4 y = te−t dt
Z
−t
4
t y = −te − e−t dt

t4 y = −te−t + e−t + C
y = −t−3 e−t + t−4 e−t + Ct−4 .

And plug in the initial value, we get C = 0. Hence the solution is

y = −t−3 e−t + t−4 e−t .

28. Find the value of y0 for which the solution of the initial value problem

y 0 − y = 1 + 3 sin t, y(0) = y0

remain finite as t → ∞.
Solution: First solve the initial value problem, the integrating factor is µ = e−t , then
we have:

d(e−t y)/dt = e−t + 3e−t sin t

Z
−t
e y= (e−t + 3e−t sin t)dt
Z
e−t y = −e−t + 3 e−t sin tdt
3
e−t y = −e−t − e−t (sin t + cos t) + C
2
3
y = 1 − (sin t + cos t) + Cet .
2
Now plug in the initial value we get the solution is:
3 1
y = 1 − (sin t + cos t) + ( + y0 )et
2 2
Since 1− 23 (sin t+cos t) is bounded, then the solution y bounded if and only if ( 21 +y0 )et
is bounded, i.e. y0 = − 12 .
31. All solutions have the limit 3 as t → ∞.
Solution: Let the equation is
y0 + y = 3
the integrating factor is µ = et , and we have:

d(et y)/dt = 3et

Z
et y = 3et dt
et y = 3et + C
y = 3 + Ce−t .

8
4 Section 2.2
8.
dy x2
=
dx 1 + y2
Solution:

x2 dx − (1 + y 2 )dy = 0
Z Z
2
x dx − (1 + y 2 )dy = 0
1 3 1
x − y − y3 + C = 0
3 3
x − 3y − y 3 + C = 0.
3

9.
y 0 = (1 − 2x)y 2 , y(0) = −1/6
Solution: First we have

(2x − 1)dx + y −2 dy = 0
Z Z
(2x − 1)dx + y −2 dy = 0
1
x2 − x −
+C =0
y
1
y= 2 .
x −x+C
Now plug in the initial value, we get C = −6. hence the solution is
1
y= ,
x2 −x−6
where
x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞).
10.
y 0 = (1 − 2x)/y, y(1) = −2
Solution: First we have

(2x − 1)dx + ydy = 0

Z Z
(2x − 1)dx + ydy = 0
1
x2 − x + y 2 + C = 0
p 2
y = − C + 2x − 2x2 .

since here the initial value is negative. Now plug in the initial value, we get C = 4. Hence
the solution is p
y = − 4 + 2x − 2x2

9
where
x ∈ [−1, 2].
23. solve the initial value problem

y 0 = (2 − ex )/(3 + 2y), y(0) = 0

and determine where the solution attains its minimum value.

Solution: First we have

(ex − 2)dx + (3 + 2y)dy = 0

Z Z
(ex − 2)dx + (3 + 2y)dy = 0

ex − 2x + 3y + y 2 + C = 0

plug in the initial value we have C = −1, hence we have the solution

ex − 2x + y 2 + 3y + 1 = 0

or
3 1√
y=− + 5 − 4ex + 8x
2 2
√
Since y 0 (ln2) = 0, we get the solution y attains its minimum value y(ln2) = 32 + 12 8ln2 − 3
at x = ln 2.

10