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Chapter 22: Imperialism And Colonialism, 1870-... http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/western...
histories of conquest
5. Colonial resistance and rebellion forced Europeans to
develop new strategies of rule
1. The British granted self-government to Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand
6. Nineteenth-century empires established carefully
codified racial hierarchies
7. Guided more by "settlement and discipline" than
independent entrepreneurial activity
8. The creation of new kinds of interaction between
Europeans and indigenous peoples
5. The new imperialism and its causes
1. Economic arguments
1. A. Hobson (1858-1940), Imperialism (1902)
1. Imperialism was driven by a small group of
financiers
2. International capitalists
3. Investors sought out secure investment
opportunities in colonies
4. The manufacturing, military, and armaments
interest
2. Lenin (1870-1924), Imperialism: The Highest Stage
of Capitalism (1917)
1. Imperialism as an essential stage in the
development of capitalism
2. The internal contradictions of capitalism
produced imperialism
3. The overthrow of capitalism would check
imperialism
3. London as the banker of the world
4. Demand for raw materials made colonization a
necessary investment
2. Strategic and nationalist motives
1. International rivalries fueled the belief that national
interests were at stake
2. The French supported imperialism as a means of
restoring national honor
3. The British worried about German and French
industrialization and losing world markets
4. The link between imperialism and nation building
3. The cultural dimension
1. David Livingston (1813-1873) and putting an end to
the African slave trade
2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) and the "white man's
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burden"
3. Civilizing the barbaric and heathens
4. Imperial policy
1. Less a matter of long-range planning
2. More a matter of quick responses to improvised
situations
3. Imperialism in South Asia
1. India and the British empire
1. The "jewel of the British Crown"
2. The British East India Company
1. Had its own military divided into European and
Indian divisions
2. Held the right to collect taxes on land from Indian
peasants
3. Held legal monopolies over trade in all goods (the
most lucrative was opium)
4. Constituted a military and repressive government
5. Offered economic privileges to those who allied
themselves with the British against others
3. British policy divided
1. One group wanted to Westernize India
2. Another thought it safer and more practical to defer
to local culture
2. The Sepoy Rebellion (1857-1858)
1. Uprising began near Delhi
2. Social, economic, and political grievances
3. Indian peasants attacked law courts and burned tax rolls
4. A protest against debt and corruption
5. Hindu and Muslim leaders denounced Christian
missionaries
6. The British response
1. Systematic campaign of repression
2. Rebel-supported towns and villages were destroyed
3. Defeat of the rebellion fired the imagination of the
British public
3. After the mutiny: reorganizing the Indian empire
1. New strategies of British rule
2. East India Company was abolished
3. British raj governed directly
4. Military reorganization
5. Queen Victoria as empress of India
6. Reform of the civil service
7. Missionary activity subdued
4. India and Britain
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Africa
3. Ethiopia
1. Italy developed a small empire along the shores of the
Red Sea (1880s to 1890s)
1. Annexed Eritrea and parts of Somalia
2. An expedition sent to conquer Ethiopia (1896)
3. The Ethiopians killed six thousand Italians at Adowa
4. South Africa: the Boer War
1. Afrikaners (Boers)—Dutch and Swiss settlers who had
arrived in the early nineteenth century
2. Troubled relationship with the British in South Africa
3. Afrikaners set up two free states: Transvaal and the
Orange Free State
4. Afrikaners and British went to war (1899)
5. British army was completely unprepared for war
6. British government refused to compromise
1. The British eventually seized Pretoria
7. A guerrilla war dragged on for three years
8. British used concentration camps where Afrikaner
citizens were rounded up
9. The Union of South Africa—British and Boers shared
power
5. U.S. imperialism
1. Spanish-American War (1898)
1. Antecedents
1. War with Mexico in the 1840s
2. The conquest of new territories
3. Texas and California
2. Conflict with Spain
1. Spanish imperial authority face problems in the
Caribbean and Pacific colonies
2. American press sided with the rebels
3. The explosion of the Maine in Havana
4. The United States stepped in to protect its economic
interests
5. Spanish defeat undermined the Spanish monarchy
2. The annexation of Puerto Rico and protectorate over
Cuba
3. Panama
1. U.S.-backed rebellion in 1903
2. Recognized Panama as a republic
3. The Panama Canal (1914)
4. Intervention in Hawaii and Santo Domingo
5. Renewed missionary activity
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9. Conclusion
1. Rapid extension of formal European control
2. The West as a self-consciously imperial culture
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