EXPLAINING MEDICATION

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STIKES PEMKAB JOMBANG S1 KEPERAWATAN

TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017
 FOREWORD
Thank God I pray Allah SWT who has given His mercy and grace to me so that I succeeded
in completing this task which is alhamdulillah just in time.
The purpose and objective of writing this paper is not to satisfy one of the obligations of our
course. On this occasion, we would also like to express our gratitude to all those who have
assisted the settlement of this paper either directly or indirectly.
Such is the introduction that we can convey where we are aware we are only human beings
who are not spared from mistakes and deficiencies. Therefore, constructive criticism and
suggestions will always be in the hands of self-evaluation.
Finally we can only hope that behind the imperfections of writing and composing this paper
provide benefits or even wisdom for us, the reader, and for all Nursing students.

Jombang, September 20, 2017

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE SAMPUL
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Drug planning
2.3 Objectives of drug planning
2.4 Principles of drug planning and tagging
2.5 Phase planning and drug requirements
2.6 Management of drugs
2.7 Method of consumption
2.8 Misinformation

CHAPTER III CLOSING

5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Suggestions

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Health is an investment to support economic development and has an important role in
poverty reduction efforts. Health development should be viewed as an investment to
improve the quality of human resources. In the measurement of Human Development
Index (HDI), health is one of the main components besides education and income. In Act
No. 23 of 1992 on Health it is stipulated that health is a prosperous state of body, soul and
social that enables every person to live socially productive and economy.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is a medicine?
2. How is drug planning?

C. Purpose of Paper
After the completion of this paper, hopefully this paper can benefit the reader and better
understand the problem of drug planning for the health of the community in Indonesia.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 DEFINITION
Drugs are objects or substances that can be used to treat illness, relieve symptoms, or
alter the chemical processes in the body.
The drug is a material or alloy of materials intended for use in establishing the diagnosis,
preventing, reducing, eliminating, curing
disease or symptoms of illness, injury or bodily and spiritual anomaly in humans or
animals and to twist or beautify the body or parts of the human body including traditional
medicine.
According to annief (2003) the drug is divided into 7 groups namely:
a. Traditional medicine is a medicine derived from plant material.
b. The finished drug is a drug in pure or mixed containers in the form of powder, liquid,
saleb, tablet, pill, suppository or any other form having a technical name in
accordance with FI (pharmacope Indonesia).
c. Patent medicines are finished drugs with trade names registered on behalf of the
manufacturer or those authorized and sold in original packs of the factory producing
them.
d. New drugs are drugs consisting of nutritious and non-nutritious substances such as
layers, fillers, pelaru and auxiliary or other components that have not been known so
that the efficacy and safety
e. Essential drugs are the drugs most needed for the implementation of health services for
the community that includes diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation treatment.
f. Drug compulsory pharmacies are hard drugs that can be submitted without a doctor's
prescription by a pharmacist at a pharmacy.
2.2 DRUG PLANNING
Planning is an activity undertaken in order to prepare a list of drug needs related to
a guideline on the basis of the concept of systematic activities in a logical sequence in
achieving the goals or objectives that have been set. The planning process consists of
estimating needs, setting goals and determining the strategies, responsibilities and
resources needed to achieve goals. Planning is done optimally so that pharmaceutical
supplies can be used effectively and efficiently.

A. Phase of drug selection

The function of selection or selection of drugs is to determine if the drug is really needed
according to the population size and pattern of the disease in
area. to get a good drug procurement should be started with the basic basis of selection of
medicines needs include:
1. Drugs selected on the basis of scientific, medical and statistical selection that provide a
much better therapeutic effect than the risk of side effects will be generated.
2. The type of drug selected is minimized by avoiding duplication and similarity of
species.
3. If there is a new drug there should be specific evidence for better therapeutic effects.
4. Avoid combination use, unless combination drugs have a better effect.

B. Review of drug signaling Demand or procurement of drugs is a process of stabbing in

order to provide medicines and medical devices to meet the needs of servants at the
puskesmas.
C. Overview of drug distribution
Distribution is a series of activities within the framework of expenditure and delivery of
quality drugs. (Anonymous, 2000)
The distribution of this drug aims to bring medicine and medical devices closer to users
in the health care unit so that they are available in every quantity, type, quality needed
economically and effectively.
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF DRUG PLANNING
Some of the pharmaceutical planning objectives are to develop appropriate and
appropriate medicinal requirements to prevent the occurrence of pharmaceutical supply
shortages or excess and to increase the use of pharmaceutical stocks effectively and
efficiently.
There are several things that must be considered to achieve the purpose of drug
planning, namely:
a) Identify clearly the long-term plan of whether the program can achieve its goals and
objectives.
b) Terms of goods include: the quality of goods, the function of goods, the use of a
brand and for the type of narcotic drugs must follow the rules in force.
c) The speed of goods circulation and the quantity of goods circulation.
d) Budgetary considerations and priorities.

2.4 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING AND DRUG DRAFTING

There are 2 ways that are used in determining needs that are based on:
a) Statistics of need and use of drugs, from statistical data on various cases of patients
with basic Hospital formulary, needs are arranged according to the data.
b) Data on drug requirements are prepared based on data management system
administration or accounting Hospital Pharmacy Installation.
The needs data are then put into operational plans used in the budget after
consultation with the Pharmacy and Therapy Committee.

2.5 STAGE PLANNING AND DRUG NEEDS

Phase planning of drug needs include:
1. Stage of Preparation
Drug planning and procurement is an activity in order to determine the type and amount
of drugs in accordance with the pattern of illness and the needs of health services, this
can be done by forming a team of drug procurement planning aimed at improving the
efficiency and effectiveness of drug use funds through cooperation among agencies
related to the problem drug.
2. Planning Stage

a) Phase selection of drugs

This stage is to determine the drugs that are needed in accordance with the needs, with
the basic principle of determining the type of drug to be used or purchased.
The function of selection or selection of drugs is to determine if the drug is really
needed according to the population and the pattern of disease in the area. to get a good
drug procurement should be started with the basic basis of selection of medicines
needs include:
a. Medicines are selected on the basis of scientific, medical and statistical selection that
provide a much better therapeutic effect than the risk of side effects.
b. The type of drug selected is minimized by avoiding duplication and similarity of
species.
c. If there is a new drug there should be specific evidence for a better therapeutic effect.
d. Avoid combination use, unless combination drugs have a better effect than a single
drug.
e. If the drug type is high, then we choose based on the drug of choice (drug of choice) of
the disease with high prevalence.

b) Phase calculation needs of drugs

Compilation of drug use to know the monthly usage of each type of drug in the health
service unit / puskesmas for a year and as a comparison for the optimum stock.
Information obtained from the compilation of drug use are:

1. The amount of use of each type of drug in each service unit

health / puskesmas.

2. Percentage of use of each type of drug to total use of a whole unit of health service
puskesmas.
3. Average use for each drug type for district / city level.
a. The pharmaceutical needs calculation phase determines the needs of the drug is a
serious challenge that must be faced by pharmaceutical personnel working in
UPOPPK district / city and Basic Health Service Unit (PKD). The problem of drug
void or overdose of drugs may occur if information is solely based on theoretical
 information on medication needs. Coordination and planning process for integrated
medicine provision and through phases as above, it is hoped that the planned
medicines can be exact, exact and timely and available when needed.
b. The usual methods used to prepare estimates of drug requirements in each health care
unit are:

2.6 Drug Management

In discussing the medication management is divided into 2 ie the direct administration of
drugs to the patient and the management or storage of drugs in the room.
I. Drug delivery to patients
a. Principles of drug pearls
In discussing about the principle of drug peberian it is divided into 3 namely pearl
persianan and evaluation.
1) Preparation
The peer must observe what medication will be given. Then examine the drug (the
goal peberian work dose and other side effects). After that, make preparations related
to the patient is to review the patient's medical history, patient's knowledge and pre-
treatment condition.
2) Giving
There are 6 stages that the nurse must pay attention to in giving medicine:
I. Correct drug clients can receive medications that have been prescribed
Ø The nurse is responsible for following the right orders
Ø Nurses should avoid mistakes, namely by reading the drug label at least three
times:
1. When viewing bottles or packs of medicines
2. Before pouring / sucking medicine
3. After pouring / sucking medicine
Ø Check if the treatment order is complete and valid
Ø Know the reason why the client received the drug
Ø Giving medicines sign: drug name, expiration date

II. true dose The dosage given to the client according to the condition of the client.
Ø Dosage given within recommended limits for the drug in question.
 Ø The nurse should be careful in calculating accurately the number of doses to be
administered, taking into account the following: the availability of prescribed
medication and dose of drug, client's weight (mg / KgBB / day) weight, if in doubt
the dose of the drug must be recalculated and checked by other nurses.
Ø See the recommended limit for the dose of certain drugs.
III. true patient Always ascertained by examining the identity of the patient by checking
the identification bracelet and asking for his or her name.
Ø The client has the right to know the reason for the drug
Ø The client has the right to refuse the use of a drug
Ø Differentiating clients with two identical names

IV. the timing of administration should be given in accordance with the time specified.
Ø Daily drug dose given at certain times of the day. For example, like twice a day,
three times healthy, four times a day and 6 times a day so that drug levels in the
body plasma can be considered.
Ø The administration of the drug should be in accordance with the half-life of the
drug (t ½). Drugs that have a long half-life are given once a day, and for drugs that
have short half-lives given several times a day at intervals of time.
Ø Giving the drug is also given attention before or after meals or with food
Ø Provide medicinal drugs such as potassium and aspirin that can irritate the gastric
mucosa together with food.
Ø It is the nurse's responsibility to check whether the client has been scheduled to
check for diagnostics, such as a fasting blood test that is a contraindication of the
drug examination.

V. correct way of giving (route) Noting the process of absorption of drugs in the body
must be appropriate and adequate.
Ø Pay attention to the client's ability to swallow before giving oral medications.
Ø Using aseptic techniques while administering the drug via a parenteral route
Ø Provide medication in the appropriate place and stay with the client until oral
medication has been swallowed.
 Ø The more frequent routes of absorption are:
1. Oral (by mouth): fluid, suspension, pill, caplet, or capsule.
1. Sublingual (below the tongue for venous absorption);
2. buccal (between the gums and cheeks)
3. topical (used on the skin);
4. inhalation (aerosol spray);
5. instilation (on eyes, nose, ears, rectum or vagina)
6. parenteral: intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous.
VI. correct documentation The provision of drugs in accordance with the standard
procedure in hospital. And always record the appropriate information about the drug
that has been given and the client's response to treatment.
3) Evaluation
The nurse is responsible for monitoring the patient's response to treatment. For
medicines that are often used in psychiatric hospitals side effects are usually seen up
to 1 hour after administration
2.7 Method of consumption
This method is done by analyzing drug consumption data of previous year.
Things to note include:
1. Data collection and data processing
2. Data analysis for information and evaluation
3. Calculation of estimated drug requirements

Estimation of estimated drug requirements are:

a) Real usage per year: the amount of drugs spent sufficiently for a period of 1 year
b) Average monthly usage: The amount of drug is spent adequately for a period of one
month
c) Drug shortage: the actual amount of drug needed for one year.
d) Counting upcoming drugs, the amount for the coming period is estimated to be the
same as the previous period.

This stage is to avoid the problem of drug void or excess drug. With the coordination
of the process of planning and procurement of drugs is expected to drugs that can be
 precise, timely and appropriate amount of time. The method commonly used in the
calculation of drug requirements, namely:
i. Method of consumption
In general, the consumption method uses individual drug consumption in projecting
future needs based on the analysis of previous year's drug consumption data.
ii. Method of morbidity
Estimating drug requirements based on patient attendance, common disease events,
and standard care patterns of existing illnesses.
iii. Method of adjusting consumption
This method uses data on disease incidence, consumption of drug use. Procurement
planning systems are obtained by extrapolating consumption and usage values to
reach supply system targets based on the population coverage or level of service
provided.
iv. Projected method of service level of the budgetary needs
This method is used to estimate the financial requirements of drug procurement based
on the cost per patient treated at all levels in the same health system.

2.8 Drug Errors

The error of administering the drug, in addition to giving the wrong drug, includes other
factors that alter the planned drug therapy, such as forgetting to give the drug,
administering two drugs at once as compensation, giving the correct medication at the
wrong time, or giving the correct drug on the wrong route .
In the event of a drug error, the nurse should immediately contact the doctor or the senior
nurse or nurse head immediately after the error is known.

A. Conclusion
Drugs are a major component of interventions addressing health problems, then the
provision of drugs in health services is also an indicator to measure the achievement of
effectiveness and fairness in health services.
Planning of drug procurement in hospital is one supporting factor and determinant of
hospital service success. Pharmaceutical installations have a non-clinical pharmacy scope
that is in charge of planning, determining product and supplier specifications,
procurement, purchasing, production, storage, packaging and repackaging, distribution
and control of all health supplies in circulation and use in the hospital as a whole.
Drug procurement planning is carried out in accordance with the principles of planning
where pharmaceutical procurement planning is prepared based on a list of national
essential drugs, hospital formulas, diagnostic and therapeutic standards as well as on
demand for pharmaceutical goods, medical records data, available budgets, priority
setting based on pelayanaan units and various kinds of pharmaceutical goods and their
functions, disease cycle, stock of existing goods.
Method used in planning, that is consumption method, morbidity method, adjustable
consumption method and projection method of service level from budgetary requirement
/ budget.

B. Suggestions
Hope this papers can be a benefit for all of us. If there is a mistake in this paper please
understand and we are looking forward to suggestions or criticism for the betterment of
our paper in the future. thanks.
 Bibliography

1. DepartemenKesehatan RI, DirektoratJenderalPengawasanObatdanMakanan,

“PedomanPengelolaanObat Daerah Tingkat II”, Jakarta 1996.
2. DepartemenKesehatan RI,
DirektoratJenderalPelayananKefarmasiandanAlatKesehatan,
“PedomanTeknisPengadaanObatPublikdanPerbekalanKesehatanUntukPelayananKese
hatanDasar (PKD)” , Jakarta, 2002.
3. DepartemenKesehatan RI, BadanPengawasanObatdanMakanan,
“PengolahanObatKabupaten/Kota”, Jakarta, 2001.
4. Siregar Charles, J.P., Lia Amalia, “Teori&PenerapanFarmasiRumahSakit”,
PenerbitBukuKedokteran, EGC.
5. Qurck, J.D., “Managing Drug Suplly”, Jonathan. D., (Eds), Second Edition,
Reursod and Expanded, Kumarin Press, USA, 1997.
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