Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DirecAonal
descriptors
• Dorsal
vs
ventral
– Spine-‐side
vs
belly-‐side
• Cranial
vs
caudal
– Head-‐ward
vs
tail-‐ward
• Medial
vs
lateral
– Towards
midline
vs
away
from
midline
• Proximal
vs
distal
– Near
to
vs
farther
from
a
reference
or
origin
point
• The
elbow
is
distal
to
the
shoulder
but
proximal
to
the
wrist
Directional descriptors
Caudal Rostral
Respiratory
system
• Air
passes
through
nares
to
choana
to
trachea
• No
diaphragm
– Must
move
keel
to
breathe
• One
way
flow
thru
lungs
– No
alveoli
• Syrinx
at
bifurcaAon
of
bronchi
• Air
sac
system
Tonguelessness
Anatomy
Proventriculus
Liver
Liver
Ventriculus
Gall bladder
Duodenum
Small intestine Pancreas
Ceca
Colon
Cloaca
Adapted from Proctor and Lynch 1996
Fig. 2.8. A cross-section of the stomach of a chicken, which consists of the
proventriculus and the ventriculus, or gizzard. The koilin lining, or cuticle, is especially
thick directly over the two thick lateral muscles.
Western Grebe
Esophagus
Proventriculus
Ventriculus
Feather
ball
Koilin layer
Generic
bird
skeleton
Skeletal
adaptaAons
for
aquaAc
life
Short femurs
Muscular tibiotarsi
Long keels parallel to spine
The
head
Skull Eye and orbit
Nares
Mandible
Neck
vertebrae
Commissures of
mouth
Humerus
Shoulder:
• Humerus
• Clavicle
• Coracoid
• Scapula
The
shoulder
Clavicle
Coracoid
Ulna
Radius
Elbow
Alula
Carpometacarpus
Wrist
Keel
Hip
Knee
Femur
Knee
Hock
Tibiotarsus
Tarsometatarsus
Hock
Tarsometatarsus
D2 Lateral
D3 P1-5
D4
Left foot
Right foot
LD1
D2P1
D2P2
D2P3
At
i ntake
a nd
at
rouAne
h andlings
Common
Injuries
of
AquaAc
Birds
– Feather
contaminaAon/damage
– Foot
and
hock
lesions
– Fish
hook
and
line
injuries
– Predator
bites
– Fractures
Preparing
for
the
exam
• Be
thoughTul
and
efficient
– Have
everything
ready
– 5-‐7
min.
exam
– Visual
barrier
– Limit
conversaAon
• Knowledge
of
natural
history
– Anatomy
– Defense
mechanism
– Restraint
method
– Appropriate
restraint
intensity
– Prevent
bird
from
hurAng
self
or
humans
during
exam
Components
of
the
exam
• Read
record/history
• Visual
exam
• Full
physical
exam:
– ThermoregulaAon
check
– Body
weight/condiAon
check
– IdenAficaAon
of
new
problems
– MaturaAon
of
juveniles
– Wound/injury
changes
– Periodic
blood
sampling
• Assess
current
treatment
plan
or
create
if
new
bird
Temperature
is
CriAcal
• Normal
=
102-‐108
F
• Marginal
=
101-‐102
degrees:
if
BAR
do
quick
exam,
then
into
warm
environment
• Cold
=
<
99–100:
warm
with
supplemental
heat,
finish
exam
when
warm
• CriAcally
cold
=
<98:
Consider
warm
IV,
warm
incubator
,
other
rapid
warming
methods
• Species
temps
vary.
Grebes
tend
to
run
cooler
101-‐102F
while
gulls
and
cormorants
run
hot
105-‐109F.
Doing
the
physical
exam
• Weigh,
temp
bird
• Head
to
toe
exam
(not
in
that
order)
– Spine:
shoulders
to
tail
– Shoulders:
clavicles,
coracoids,
head
of
humerus
– Wings:
shoulders
to
wingAps
– Keel:
BC,
feel
for
fxs
– Abdomen/vent
– Legs:
femurs
to
toes
Doing
a
physical
exam
• Turn
bird
around
– Palpate
skull
– Examine
head/eyes/mouth
– Assess
mentaAon,
hydraAon
• Turn
bird
around
again,
re-‐covering
head
• Blood
draw
(do
last)
• HydraAon
• If
poo
available,
look
at
it!
Fecal
exam?
Finishing
the
exam
– For
every
body
part,
look
for
asymmetries,
fractures,
wounds
– Feather
coat
texture
–
sAcky?
dirty?
oily?
broken
feathers?
– Warm
water
pool
use
as
a
diagnosAc
tool
Treatment
Plan
• Fluid
therapy
regime:
type,
route,
frequency
• NutriAonal
support:
what,
how
much,
frequency
• MedicaAons:
drug,
dosage,
duraAon
• Special
species
consideraAons:
housing,
donuts,
foot
wraps?
• Note
plan
in
medical
record
and
on
white
board
Recording
findings
• Describe
abnormaliAes
in
record
• Describe
what
you
see
rather
than
interpre+ng
it
– DescripAve
language
=
size,
dimensions,
shape,
texture,
color,
smell
– InterpreAve
=
“beOer”,
“worse”,
“healing”,
“healthy”
Sources
of
stress
while
in
rehab
• Illness
• Injury
• Pain
• Abnormal
interacAons
with
other
animals
• Unnatural
environment/diets
• Human
proximity/handling/noise