St.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(St. Joseph's Group of Institutions)
CHENNAI -600 119
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
COURSE FILE
BT2401/BT6702 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
Periods/Week : 5 Credit: 3

BT2401/BT6702 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING LT PC 3003

OBJECTIVES:
To enable the students to
 Understand the methods to obtain pure proteins, enzymes and in general about product
development R & D
 Have depth knowledge and hands on experience with on Downstream processes
UNIT I DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING 8
Introduction to downstream processing principles characteristics of biomolecules and
bioprocesses. Cell disruption for product release – mechanical, enzymatic and chemical methods.
Pretreatment and stabilisation of bioproducts.
UNIT II PHYSICAL METHODS OF SEPERATION 9
Unit operations for solid-liquid separation - filtration and centrifugation.
UNIT III ISOLATION OF PRODUCTS 10
Adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, membrane separation –
ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, dialysis, precipitation of proteins by different methods.
UNIT IV PRODUCT PURIFICATION 10
Chromatography – principles, instruments and practice, adsorption, reverse phase, ion-exchange,
size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, bioaffinity and pseudo affinity chromatographic
techniques.
UNIT V FINAL PRODUCT FORMULATION AND FINISHING OPERATIONS 8
Crystallization, drying and lyophilization in final product formulation.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Belter, P.A. E.L. Cussler And Wei-Houhu – “Bioseparations – Downstream Processing For
Biotechnology, Wiley Interscience Pun. (1988).
2. Sivasankar, B. “Bioseparations : Principles and Techniques”. PHI, 2005.
REFERENCES:
1. R.O. Jenkins, (Ed.) – Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology – Biotechnology by Open
Learning Series, Butterworth-Heinemann (1992).
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Students understand fundamentals of downstream processing for product recovery, unit
C402.1 operations involved in bioseparation and understand the various methods of cell
disruption.
Students gain the ability to design filtration and centrifugation operation for separation
C402.2
of biomass.
Students learned to identify a suitable unit operation for isolation and concentration for
C402.3
the given bioproduct.
Students should be able to select a suitable chromatographic operation for purification of
C402.4
given bioproducts.
Students understand the importance of final polishing of bioproducts and applications of
C402.5
various methods.
1
 Relationship of Course Outcomes to Program Outcomes/ Program Specific Outcomes
POs PSOs
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
C402. - - 3 2 2 3 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 -
C402. 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 - - - 2 - - 2 -
C402. 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 3 - -
C402. 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 - - - 1 - - - 2
C402. 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 3 1 - 3

Index of Programme Outcomes:

1. Engineering Knowledge : Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution complex engineering problems..
2. Problem analysis : Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences
and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or process that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal and environmental considerations
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems : Use research based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to proceed valid conclusions
5. Modern tool usage : create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice
7. Environment and sustainability : Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable
development
8. Ethics : Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work : Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication : Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
11. Project management and finance : Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments
12. Life-long learning : Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change
Index of Programme Specific Outcomes:
1. Our graduates have strong knowledge in the field of biotechnology and applied sciences.
2. Our graduates will design and conduct experiments in biotechnology as well as analyze and interpret
data.
3. Our graduates will use current techniques, skills and modern tools necessary for modeling and
design of bioprocesses.
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : No correlation

2
 LECTURE PLAN
Unit I
Course Outcomes:
C402.1:
Students understand fundamentals of downstream processing for product recovery, unit
operations involved in bioseparation and understand the various methods of cell disruption.
Course Content:
UNIT I Downstream Processing
Introduction to downstream processing principles characteristics of biomolecules and
bioprocesses. Cell disruption for product release – mechanical, enzymatic and chemical methods.
Pretreatment and stabilisation of bioproducts.
Content delivery methods:
Black Board  Power Point Presentation  Student Assignment 
Student Seminar  Add-on Courses - Live Demonstration -
NPTEL Videos Any Other Methods
Assessment methods:
Assignments  Tests / Model Exams  Univ. Exams 
Lab Practices - Seminar/Student Viva  Mini / Major Projects -
Add-on Courses - Certifications - Others -
Content delivery methods:
Knowledge Delivery No. of hrs to
Sl. No. Course Content CO Statement
level method be handled
Chalk and
1. Introduction to downstream processing. C402.1 U Board
1
Role, importance and principles Chalk and
2. C402.1 U Board
2
downstream processing
Characteristics of microorganisms,
biomolecules, fermentation broth and Chalk and
3. C402.1 U/An Board 1
other factors affecting downstream
processing
Types of bioproducts,
Chalk and
4. Purification of intracellular products C402.1 U Board 2
Cell disruption methods - Classification
Mechanical and Physical cell disruption Chalk and
5. C402.1 U Board/PPTs 1
methods
Enzymatic and chemical cell disruption Chalk and
6. C402.1 U Board/PPTs 1
methods
Pretreatment and stabilisation of Chalk and
7. C402.1 U/An Board 1
bioproducts.
Chalk and
8. Purification of Recombinant Proteins C402.1 U/An Board/PPTs
1
R- Remembering; U- Understanding; Ap- Applying; An- Analysing; E- Evaluating; C- Creating
References:
1. Bioseparations by Belter – page nos.
2. Bioseparations by B. Sivasankar – page nos.
3. Class notes / Portal notes/NPTEL videos
3
 LECTURE PLAN
Unit II
Course Outcomes:
C402.2:
Students gain the ability to design filtration and centrifugation operation for separation of
biomass.
Course Content:
UNIT II Physical Methods of Separation
Unit operations for solid-liquid separation - filtration and centrifugation.
Content delivery methods:
Black Board  Power Point Presentation  Student Assignment 
Student Seminar  Add-on Courses - Live Demonstration -
NPTEL Videos  Any Other Methods
Assessment methods:
Assignments  Tests / Model Exams  Univ. Exams 
Lab Practices - Seminar/Student Viva  Mini / Major Projects -
Add-on Courses - Certifications - Others -
Content delivery methods:
Knowledg Delivery No. of hrs to
Sl. No. Course Content CO Statement
e level method be handled
Solid – liquid separation, Various
1. Chalk and
methods available and their role in C402.2 U/An Board
1
downstream processing
Principles of sedimentation and settling
2. Chalk and
in solid liquid separation and their C402.2 U Board
1
demerits
3. Filtration operation – Principles and Chalk and
C402.2 U/An Board 1
applications
4. Classification of filtration methods Chalk and
C402.2 R/U Board/PPTs 2
Filtration equipments (batch and continuous)
Derivation for constant rate and
5. Chalk and
constant pressure filtrations and C402.2 R/Ap Board
2
problem solving
6. Centrifugal separation – Principles and Chalk and
C402.2 R/U Board/PPTs
1
types
Chalk and
7. Various equipments for centrifugal
C402.2 U/An Board/ NPTEL 2
separation Videos
8. Scale-up of centrifugal separations & Chalk and
C402.2 U/An Board 2
Problem solving
R- Remembering; U- Understanding; Ap- Applying; An- Analysing; E- Evaluating; C- Creating
References:
1. Bioseparations by Belter – page nos.
2. Bioseparations by B. Sivasankar – page nos.
3. Class notes / Portal notes/NPTEL videos

4
 LECTURE PLAN
Unit III
Course Outcomes:
C402.3:
Students learned to identify a suitable unit operation for isolation and concentration for the
given bioproduct.
Course Content:
UNIT III Isolation of Products
Adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, membrane separation –
ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, dialysis, precipitation of proteins by different methods.
Content delivery methods:
Black Board  Power Point Presentation  Student Assignment 
Student Seminar  Add-on Courses - Live Demonstration -
NPTEL Videos  Any Other Methods
Assessment methods:
Assignments  Tests / Model Exams  Univ. Exams 
Lab Practices - Seminar/Student Viva  Mini / Major Projects -
Add-on Courses - Certifications - Others -
Content delivery methods:
Knowledg Delivery No. of hrs to
Sl. No. Course Content CO Statement
e level method be handled
Products isolation - Various methods
1. Chalk and
available and their importance in C402.3 U/An Board
1
downstream processing
Chalk and
2. Principles of adsorption operation (batch
C402.3 U Board/ NPTEL 3
and continuous) and Problem solving Videos
Chalk and
3. Principles of liquid-liquid extraction
C402.3 U/An Board/ NPTEL 3
(batch and continuous) and Problem solving Videos
4. Principles of aqueous two-phase Chalk and
C402.3 R/U Board/PPTs
1
extraction and applications
5. Membrane separation – Principles, Chalk and
C402.3 R/U Board 1
classification.
Operation and applications of
6. Chalk and
ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, C402.3 R/An/Ap Board/PPTs 1
dialysis
7. Proteins precipitation – by solvent Chalk and
C402.3 U/An Ap Board 1
modification methods
8. Proteins precipitation – by solute Chalk and
C402.3 U/An/Ap Board 1
modification methods
R- Remembering; U- Understanding; Ap- Applying; An- Analysing; E- Evaluating; C- Creating
References:
1. Bioseparations by Belter – page nos.
2. Bioseparations by B. Sivasankar – page nos.
3. Class notes / Portal notes/NPTEL videos

5
 LECTURE PLAN
Unit IV
Course Outcomes:
C402.4:
Students should be able to select a suitable chromatographic operation for purification of given
bioproducts.
Course Content:
UNIT IV PRODUCT PURIFICATION
Chromatography – principles, instruments and practice, adsorption, reverse phase, ion-exchange,
size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, bioaffinity and pseudo affinity chromatographic
techniques.
Content delivery methods:
Black Board  Power Point Presentation  Student Assignment 
Student Seminar  Add-on Courses - Live Demonstration -
NPTEL Videos Any Other Methods
Assessment methods:
Assignments  Tests / Model Exams  Univ. Exams 
Lab Practices - Seminar/Student Viva  Mini / Major Projects -
Add-on Courses - Certifications - Others -
Content delivery methods:
Knowledge Delivery No. of hrs to
Sl. No. Course Content CO Statement level method be handled
Principles, mechanism and
1. Chalk and
classification of chromatography. Role C402.4 U/An Board 2
of chromatography in bioseparation
2. Various steps involved in Chalk and
C402.4 U Board/PPTs
1
chromatography and Instrumentation
3. Working principle and applications of Chalk and
C402.4 U/An Board/PPTs 1
adsorption chromatography
Working principle and applications of
4. Chalk and
size exclusion and reverse phase C402.4 R/U Board/PPTs 2
chromatography
5. Working principle and applications of Chalk and
C402.4 R/Ap Board/PPTs 1
ion-exchange chromatography
Working principle and applications of
6. Chalk and
hydrophobic interaction C402.4 R/U Board/PPTs 1
chromatography
7. Working principle and applications of Chalk and
C402.4 U/An Board/PPTs 2
bio and pseudo affinity chromatography
8. Design and scale-up of Chalk and
C402.4 U/An Board 2
chromatography & Problem solving
R- Remembering; U- Understanding; Ap- Applying; An- Analysing; E- Evaluating; C- Creating
References:
1. Bioseparations by Belter – page nos.
2. Bioseparations by B. Sivasankar – page nos.
3. Class notes / Portal notes/NPTEL videos

6
 LECTURE PLAN
Unit V
Course Outcomes:
C402.5:
Students understand the importance of final polishing of bioproducts and applications of various
methods.
Course Content:
UNIT V FINAL PRODUCT FORMULATION AND FINISHING OPERATIONS 8
Crystallization, drying and lyophilization in final product formulation.
Content delivery methods:
Black Board  Power Point Presentation  Student Assignment 
Student Seminar  Add-on Courses - Live Demonstration -
NPTEL Videos Any Other Methods
Assessment methods:
Assignments  Tests / Model Exams  Univ. Exams 
Lab Practices - Seminar/Student Viva  Mini / Major Projects -
Add-on Courses - Certifications - Others -
Content delivery methods:
Knowledge Delivery No. of hrs to
Sl. No. Course Content CO Statement level method be handled
1. Significance of product formulation Chalk and
C402.5 U/An Board 1
and finishing operations for products
2. Various methods available for product Chalk and
C402.5 R/U Board
1
formulation and finishing operations
3. Crystallization – Principles and types. Chalk and
C402.5 R/U Board 1
Solid – liquid equilibrium.
4. Supersaturation methods Chalk and
C402.5 R/U Board/PPTs 1
Nucleation - types Nucleation
5. Crystallization equipments (batch and Chalk and
C402.5 U/Ap Board
1
continuous)
6. Principle, operation and applications of Chalk and
C402.5 R/U/Ap Board/PPTs
1
freeze drying
7. Principle of drying, types of drying and Chalk and
C402.5 U/An Board
2
drying equipments
8. Chalk and
Rate of drying & Problem solving C402.5 U/Ap/An Board
2
R- Remembering; U- Understanding; Ap- Applying; An- Analysing; E- Evaluating; C- Creating
References:
1. Bioseparations by Belter – page nos.
2. Bioseparations by B. Sivasankar – page nos.
3. Class notes / Portal notes/NPTEL videos

7
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology
Model I
Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing
Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702
Part – A (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs
level
1. Define thermolysis. R C402.1
2. Name some physical methods of cell disruption. R/U C402.1
3. What are the factors that impact difficulty and cost of recovery C402.1
An/E
of bioproducts?
4. What are the parameters influence the rate and degree of cell C402.1
An
disruption in high pressure homogenizer?
5. What is the mechanism of cell disruption by alkali treatment? R/U C402.1
6. Define rate of filtration. R/U C402.2
7. Name the unit operations used for the separation of suspended C402.2
R
solids.
8. What are the pretreatment methods used before filtration? R/U C402.2
9. What is centrifugal filtration? R/U C402.2
10. When centrifugal separators preferred than filtration? An/Ap C402.2
Part – B (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) Explain the various chemical methods of cell disruption. (OR) R/U C402.1
(b) Discuss in detail on various characteristics of fermentation broth C402.1
U/An
that influence the separation of biomolecules.
13. (a) Write a detailed account on choice of cell disruption methods. (OR) U/An C402.1
(b) Explain the basic steps and unit operations involved in downstream C402.1
R/U
processing.
15. (a) Explain the various cross cutting strategies adopted by C402.1
U/Ap/An
bioseparation. (OR)
(b) What is constant pressure filtration? Give examples. Derive the C402.2
R/U/Ap
expression for rate of filtration in constant pressure filtration.
17. (a) Explain the working of continuous filtration equipment with neat C402.2
R/U
sketch. (OR)
(b) Explain the principle and operation of disc stack centrifuge and C402.2
R/U/Ap
derive the equation for volumetric capacity.
19. (a) Explain the principle and operation of tubular bowl centrifuge and R/U/Ap C402.2
derive the equation for volumetric capacity. (OR)
(b) A tubular bowl centrifuge is used to recover yeast cells from fermentation U/Ap/An C402.2
broth. At the flow rate of 10 lit/min and 5000 rpm 50% of the cells can be
recovered. You are now asked by your manager to imcrease the recovery to
90% using the same equipment.
i) What flow rate should you use?
ii) If you double the rotation speed how much does the
centrifugation velocity change.

8
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology
Model II

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Part – A (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs

level
1. Define langmuir's adsorption isotherm. C402.3
R
2. Name some packing materials that can be used as adsorbents. C402.3
R/U
3. What is adsorption isotherm? C402.3
U
4. What is fractional extraction? C402.3
R/U
5. What is reverse osmosis? C402.3
U
6. What is mobile and stationary phase? C402.4
U
7. Write down the basic operations in a chromatographic system. C402.4
U/An
8. What is an ion exchange chromatography? C402.4
U/An
9. What is sephadex? R C402.4

10. What is HETP? U C402.4

Part – B (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) Discuss the principle and practice of various batch adsorption C402.3
in bioseperation. (OR) R/U
(b) The partition coefficient value of an organic acid in solvent C402.3
system is 2.7
i. Calculate the volume of organic solvent required to extract
U/AP/An
99% of the acid from 50 ml of aqueous solution.
ii. How many extractions with 50ml of the organic solvent
would be required to extract 99% of the acid.
13. (a) Discuss the solvent precipitation of bioproducts with their C402.3
R/U/An
merits and demerits. (OR)
(b) Explain the method of aqueous two phase extraction in detail R/U C402.3
15. (a) Explain the process of protein precipitation using ammonium C402.3
U/Ap
sulphate. (OR)
(b) Give a detailed account on gel permeation chromatography. U/Ap C402.4

9
 17. (a) Explain the factors affecting chromatography column C402.4
efficiency
U/An
Discuss the important parameters to be considered in selection of
chromatography separation process. (OR)
(b) Describe in detail pseudo affinity chromatography separation C402.4
U/Ap/An
process with application in bioseparation.
19. (a) Describe in detail about bioaffinity chromatography separation U/Ap/An C402.4
process with application in bioseparation. (OR)
(b) Derive and discuss the equation for determination of column U/An C402.4
height in chromatography.

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,

Department Of Biotechnology

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Assignment I

Part-A
Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs
level
1. What are the characteristics of fermentation broths? R/U C402.1
2. What are the different stages in bioseparation? R/U C402.1
3. Name some the physical methods of cell disruption? R C402.1
4. How will you prevent the thermal denaturation of C402.1
An/Ap
products during ultrasoniction?
5. Write short notes on alkali treatment? R/U C402.1
6. What is the principle of detergent solubilization? R/U C402.1
7. Define cell wall permeabilization. R/U C402.1
8. What are the different methods of Mechanical disruption C402.1
R/U
of cells?

Part – B
9. Explain the various chemical methods of cell disruption. R/U C402.1
10. Explain the working principle of High pressure C402.1
U/An
homogenizer. Write their merits and demerits.
11. Describe the role and importance of downstream C402.1
U/An
processing in bioprocess.
12. Write a detailed essay on characteristics of fermentation C402.1
U/An
broth that influence the separation of biomolecules

10
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Assignment II
Part-A

Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs

level
1. Define rate of filtration. R/U C402.2
2. What are the pretreatment methods used before filtration? R/U C402.2
3. What are the filters used in bioprocess? R C402.2
4. What are filter aids? Give examples. U/An C402.2
5. State the minimum requirements a filter medium or septum C402.2
U/An
in any process filter should meet.
6. The rate of filtration is given by dV/dt = 1 / (45 V + 70), C402.2
where 45 has units of sec/m6. What will be the volume of An/Ap
filtrate collected at the end of 2minutes?
7. How you will define terminal settling velocity? U C402.2
8. What is centrifugal filtration? R/U C402.2

Part – B
9. Discuss the various methods of scale up of centrifuges. R/U C402.2
10. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of C402.2
R/U/
continuous filtration equipment
11. You plan to concentrate an E.coli cell suspension by C402.2
centrifugation prior to cell disruption. The suspension has
the following physical properties. Cell dia. 1 μm, density
difference 50 kg/m3, viscosity 2*10-3 kg/m sec, the
centrifuge length is 13.5 inch and the centrifuge diameter
is 5 inch.
(i) If the maximum allowable cake thickness
in the bowl is 1.5 inch, predict the
throughput (Volumetric capacity) for the
proposed operation. Assume the centrifuge U/An/Ap
will be operated at 16,000 rpm and that it
will deliver 90% of the theoretical capacity.
(ii) After cell disruption the diameter of the
cell debris has been reduced to an average of
0.5 μm and the viscosity of the suspension
has been increased to 8*10-3 kg/m sec.
Estimate the new capacity of the centrifuge
for this operation. Assume the centrifuge
operates at the same speed and efficiency.
12. Explain the principle and operation of Disc stack C402.2
centrifuge and derive the equation for volumetric U/An
capacity.

11
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Assignment III

Part-A

Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs

level
1. What is aqueous two-phase extraction? C402.3
R/U
2. What is reverse osmosis? C402.3
R/U
3. What are the six steps involved in precipitation? C402.3
R
4. Name any four methods for protein precipitation. C402.3
U
5. Name some packing materials that can be used as C402.3
R/U
adsorbents?
6. What are the resistances involved in microfiltration. C402.3
U
7. What is isoelectric focusing? C402.3
R/U
8. What is concentration polarization? C402.3
U

Part – B
9. Write a short essay on (i) Salting-out (ii) Microfiltration C402.3
R/U/
10. Explain the method of aqueous two phase extraction in C402.3
R/U/
detail.
11. We have measured the adsorption of the antibiotic C402.3
(gentamicin) from a liquid at pH 9.5 onto a non-ionic
carbon. We find the following results.

S, mg/li 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.1

C, 5.3 7.1 8.3 11.1 13.7
3
mg/cm
U/An/Ap
(i) What adsorption isotherm fits these data?
(ii) The antibiotic adsorption on activated carbon
described by following isotherm, C=3.5 S0.45.
We plan to add 10 cm3 of previously unused
carbon to 3.0 liters of fermentation broth
containing 46 mg/liter of antibiotic. What
percentage recovery can we expect?
12. The partition co efficient value of an organic acid in U/An/Ap C402.3
solvent water system is 2.7. i) Calculate the volume of

12
organic solvent required to extract 99% of the acid from
50 ml of aqueous solution. ii) How many extractions with
50 ml of the organic solvent would be required to extract
99% of the acid?

13
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Assignment IV

Part-A

Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs

level
1. How does a chromatography work? U C402.4
2. What is adsorption chromatography? R/U C402.4
3. What are mobile and stationary phases? R/U C402.4
4. What is molecular exclusion chromatography? R/U C402.4
5. Define retention time. R/U C402.4
6. Define selectivity. R/U C402.4
7. Write down the basic operations in a chromatography C402.4
R/U
system?
8. List out the factors affecting retention time. U/An C402.4

Part – B
9. Discuss the principle of separation of charged species by C402.4
ion exchange chromatography in detail with application U/An
in bioseparation.
10. Describe in detail about bioaffinity chromatographic C402.4
U/An
separation process with application in bioseparation.
11. Derive and discuss the equation for determination of C402.4
U/An
column height in chromatography.
12. Explain the factors affecting chromatography column C402.4
U/An
efficiency.

14
 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Department Of Biotechnology

Branch : Biotechnology Subject : Downstream Processing

Semester : VII Subject Code : BT6702

Assignment V

Part-A

Sl. No. Question Knowledge COs

level
1. State the important factors for the dominance of C402.5
U/An
crystallization?
2. What is secondary nucleation? R/U C402.5
3. What are the advantageous of freeze drying? U/An C402.5
4. Define supersaturation in crystallization. R/U C402.5
5. Define equilibrium moisture content. R/U C402.5
6. What is shrinkage? R/U C402.5
7. What do temperature - solubility diagram represent? U/An C402.5
8. What are the types of moisture? R/U C402.5

Part – B

1. Explain the process of Freeze drying in detail. R/U C402.5

2. Explain the working of fluidized bed dryers and spray C402.5
U/Ap
dryers with their applications in bioprocess.
3. Explain and derive the time of drying for constant rate and C402.5
U/An/Ap
falling rate of drying of solids
4. (i) Explain the various steps involved in crystallization C402.5
(ii) Write the advantages of crystallization in bioprocess U/An/Ap
with applications.

15
 Attainment of COs – Based on Average Attainment

Based on Average attainment

Course Outcomes Actual
Attainment score
attainment
Model Exam
C402.1: Students understand fundamentals of
downstream processing for product recovery, unit
operations involved in bioseparation and understand 88.76 93.43
the various methods of cell disruption.
Target: 95%
C402.2: Students gain the ability to design filtration
and centrifugation operation for separation of biomass. 85.64 90.14
Target: 95%
C402.3: Students learned to identify a suitable unit
operation for isolation and concentration for the given 86.8 91.36
bioproduct.
C402.4: Students should be able to select a suitable
chromatographic operation for purification of given
89.72 94.44
bioproducts.
Target: 95%
C402.5: Students understand the importance of final
polishing of bioproducts and applications of various
92.88 97.76
methods.
Target: 95%
University Exam

C402.1: – C402.5: 75.38 83.76

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