Animal Tissues and Organ
tissues in the body.
A- Both are true
B- Both are false
C- First is true, the second is false
D- First is false, second id true
____1. All animals are multicelled.
It is possible to have all four types of
tissues in a single organ.
____2. A collection of organ systems create an
organ.
All the organ systems interact in order
to maintain a tolerable bodily condition through
homeostasis.
____3. The structure of animals has evolved
through natural selection
Through evolution, it is possible to
create new body parts without the need of
modifying the body.
____4. Extracellullar matrix is present is
epithelial tissues.
Basement membrane is secreted by
epithelial cell.
____5. The fastest growing cells are found in
the skin.
Squamous epithelium is involved in
secretion and absorption.
____6. Glands are classified by the presence of
ducts and the substances they release.
Muscle tissues are the most abundant
____7. Collagen is the most abundant protein in
the body
Some connective tissues can be
renewed.
____8. Tendons and ligament are dense,
irregular connective tissues
Skeletal muscles contain the most
mitochondria than any cells in the body.
____9. Smooth muscle tissue is composed of
cells with single nucleus not arranged in a
repeating fashion.
Cardiac muscles and smooth muscles
have gap junctions.
____10. Cytoplasmic projections carry the
message from one neuron to another neuron or
other cells.
There are more neuroglia than neurons.
____11. The spinal cavity and the cranial cavity
are derived from the coelom.
The skin is composed of all four types of
tissues.
____12. Keratinocytes turn UV rays into Vitamin
D.
Elastin fibers make the skin loose.
____13. Organ systems work cooperatively to
carry out reproduction and survival tasks.
Cell receptor is a cell or cell component
that detects cell stimulus.
____14. Negative feedback responds to
stimulus by intensifying the change.
 Shivering and goose bumps are
negative feedback mechanisms of the body
when it is cold
____15. Adult stem cells are specialized.
Stem cells created using virus
techniques have the possibility to become
cancerous.
Bonus question: What do you call the study of
tissues?
Answers:
1. A
2. D- an organ system is a collection of organs
working together.
3. C- evolution can only modify an existing body
structure.
4. D- epithelial cells don't have extracellular
matrix.
5. C- squamous epithelium allows diffusion. On
the other hand, cuboidal and columnar
epithelium are the ones responsible for
secretion and absorption.
6. C- the connective tissues are the most
abundant cells in the body. Considering your
bones alone which are made of connective
tissue, you can conclude the same answer.
7. A
8. B- tendons and ligaments are dense, regular
tissues. They are regular because they are
arranged in a pattern, allowing them to stretch.
-Cardiac muscles have the most
mitochondria because they need energy to
work 24/7.
9. A
10. A
11. D- both cavities are not from coelom.
12. B- melanocytes turn UV rays to vitamin D
Elastin fibers actually make the skin
tighter.
13. A
14. D- negative feedback counters the change.
15. A
Bonus: Histology
 Muscular and Skeletal Systems
Modified True or False

Write TRUE if the statement is correct. I it is incorrect, replace the underlined word.

__________1. The more myostatin the body secretes, the more the muscles grow.

__________2. The bones in your toes are called carpals.

__________3. Humans have endoskeleton as the internal structure supporting the body.

__________4. The intervertebral disks wear down as we age because we walk upright.

__________5. The largest bone in your body is femur or your breastbone.

__________6. The pectoral girdle supports the weight of your organs

__________7. The ribcage has 12 pairs of bones and the vertebrae has 23 bones.

__________8. The bones are composed of all 4 types of tissues.

__________9. The smallest bones are found in your ears.

__________10. Your spongy bones are the site for blood formation.

__________11. Women are more prone to osteoporosis at old age due to change in hormone secretion.

__________12. Sprain happens when the bones of a joint move out of place.

__________13. Osteoarthritis happens when the immune system attacks the cartilage in the joints.

__________14. Muscles only push bones.

__________15. Tendons connect a muscle to another muscle.

__________16. The skeletal muscle is the only functional partner of bone.

__________17. The tongue is a skeletal muscle.

__________18. Sarcomeres are the basic units of contraction in a muscle.

__________19. Actin makes up the thick filaments of sarcomeres.

__________20. According to the sliding filament model, both myosin and actin filaments shorten during
contaction.

__________21. ATP binds to myosin heads during contraction.

__________22. Calcium is released by a special Golgi body inside the muscle cells

__________23. The nervous system can make only some fibers in a motor unit contract

__________24. Strength training increases the mitochondria of muscle cells.

__________25. Toxins from Clostridium tetani constantly stimulate the motor neurons, making the
muscles get locked in contraction.

Bonus: Why do girls rarely get X-linked genetic disorders such as Duchenne muscular dytrophy? (the
answer is related to the properties of their chromosomes)

Answers:

1. less or any synonyms- myostatin actually inhibits muscle growth.

2. phalanges- your toes and fingers are made up of these bones.

3.TRUE

4. TRUE- unlike the cows and other four-legged mammals, the weight of out upper body is supported by
the spine. When the cartilage between them wears away, the bones rub against each other, causing
pain.

5. thighbone- the breast bone is scientifically called sternum.

6. pelvic girdle- your pelvis or hips support your whole upper body. The pectoral girdle, on the other
hand, is made up of your shoulder bone and collarbone.

7. TRUE

8. TRUE- the connective tissue is the bone, inside it are nerves (nervous tissue) and blood
vessels(epithelial tissues). Smooth tissues are also present in blood vessels.

9. TRUE- they are the hammer, anvil and stirrup.

10. TRUE- they are filled with red bone marrow, the one creating your blood cells.

11. TRUE- they release less hormone for bone formation after menopause.

12. Dislocation- sprain happens when ligaments of a joint overstretches or tears

13. Rheumatic arthritis- osteoarthritis results from old age.

14. only pull- muscle can only apply force when they contract. When they expand, it means that they
are at rest.

15. a bone

16. TRUE- smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are not attached to a bone

17. TRUE

18. TRUE

19. Myosin- actin make up the thin filaments.

20. don't shorten

21. TRUE

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum

23. can't- when a motor unit is stimulated, all the fibers in the unit will contract.

24. Aerobic exercises

25. TRUE

Bonus: The chromosome of a female person is XX unlike the males who have XY. Because X has more
genes than Y and the two genders must have only the same number of active genes, one X of the
female's chromosome becomes a Barr body. This means that some genetic expressions are deactivated.
Since X-related disorders come from the X part of the chromosome, females have that defective X
chromosome deactivated. I also means that females can have such disorder when both of her Xs are
carriers of the disorder because only one X can turn in to a Barr body.
 Circulation and Respiration
Identification:

__________1. Fluids between cells used by invertebrates to deliver nutrients to the different parts of
the body.

__________2. Muscular organ that pump a fluid through a system of tubular vessels.

__________3. A type of circulatory system that is more efficient in distributing nutrients than the other
type.

__________4. The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body.

__________5. Which ventricle pushes the blood less forcefully in order to protect delicate capillaries in
lungs? (these ventricles have smaller muscles than the other one)

__________6. Greek: kardia; ______:vasculum

__________7. The largest artery in the body.

__________8. Double layer of connective tissue protecting the heart.

__________9. Largest vein in the body.

__________10. A clump of cardiac cells in the right atrial wall that sends signals for muscle contraction.

__________11.Delivers a shock to the chest to restart SA node.

__________12. The most abundant blood cell in the body.

__________13. Lowest pressure of the cardiac cycle.

__________14. Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids in organs happen in this place.

__________15. Failure of venous valves in the anus.

__________16. A moist, thin layer of epithelium that allows diffusion of gases.

__________17. Also known as the voice box.

__________18. The entrance to larynx.

__________19. The broad , smooth muscle under the lungs that can be controlled voluntarily.

__________20. Acts as pacemaker for respiration.

__________21. A protein that increases the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

__________22. The answer on number 21 contains this element. It is where the oxygen binds.

__________23. Condition where the red blood cells are in short supply or abnormal.

__________24. A clot that breaks loose and travels in blood.

__________25. Condition of chronically high blood pressure

Bonus: What do you call the cells in the respiratory system that release mucus?

Answers

1. interstitial fluid 15. hemorrhoids

2. heart 16. respiratory surface

3. closed circulatory system 17. larynx

4. atrium 18. epiglottis

5. right ventricle 19. diaphragm

6. latin 20. neurons

7. aorta 21. hemoglobin

8. pericardium 22. iron

9. superior vena cava 23. anemia

10. cardiac pacemaker or sinoatrial (SA) node 24. embolus

11. defibrillator 25. hypertension

12. red blood cell

13. diastolic pressure Bonus: goblet cells

14. capillary bed

 Immune System

A- first statement is correct, second statement is wrong

B- first statement is wrong ,second statement is correct
C- both are correct
D- both are wrong

_________1. Immunity is the organism’s capacity to resist and combat infection

As organisms become multicellular, they developed a mechanism to identify a cell as part

of the body

_________2. The innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens outside the body.

Innate immunity is a specialized immune mechanism that targets specific cells.

_________3. Adaptive immunity responds slower than innate immunity.

Adaptive immunity is a general response mechanism of the body against pathogens.

_________4. All white blood cells are secretory cells that release cytokines.

Neutrophils are the least abundant of the phagocytic cells.

_________5. Lymphocytes are special category of white blood cells responsible for innate immunity.

T cells are the ones responsible for creating antibodies.

_________6. Microorganisms live on human surfaces, even on the lining of the digestive tracts.

These kinds of bacteria are harmful to a person even if it is living on the outside.

_________7. Surface barriers such as the skin are the body’s first line of disease against pathogens.

The different enzymes and digestive mechanisms in the digestive system can kill bacteria.

_________8. An active complement can also activate nearby complements.

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that can engulf and digest essentially everything except
undamaged body cells.

_________9. Complements attach to the pathogen, making it easier for phagocytes to recognize them.

Fever and inflammation are part of the innate immunity response of the body.

_________10. Inflammation makes capillaries leakier, making the interstitial fluid hypotonic with
respect to blood.
 The higher the body temperature during a fever, the better the immune response.

_________11. Periodontal bacteria play a role in atherosclerosis.

Cells with MHC markers are identified by the body as part of self.

_________12. T cells can recognize the antigen on their own.

Macrophage, b cells and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells

_________1.

_________1.

Bonus:

Answers

1. C

2. D- the body surface is the first line of defense while adaptive immunity is responsible for targeting
specific cells.

3. A- the innate immunity is the more general immune response of the body.

4. A- neutrophils are the most abundant circulating phagocytic cell.

5. A- B cells are the ones that create antibodies.

6. A- some bacteria living on human surface are helpful.

7. C

8. C

9. C

10. D-