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JUDGMENT
ENUNCIATION
PROPOSITION
TYPES OF PROPOSITION
A. CATEGORICAL
- expresses direct judgment or assertion of agreement or disagreement of two
terms in absolute manner
- truth-value is directly known
B. HYPOTHETICAL
- does not express direct judgment since there are two judgments whose truth-
value depends on each other
- always a compound statement since its composition is of two basic
propositions
- types are: conditional, disjunctive and conjunctive
2. NEGATIVE
- predicate is always denied of subject according to part of comprehension
and whole of its extension
- predicate is always universal
2. PARTICULAR
- subject is a particular term, term use partly and indeterminately
- usually preceded with some, many, few
3. SINGULAR
- subject is a single term
- applies only to one individual
4. COLLECTIVE
- subject is a collective term
- applies to a class or group only (collective nouns used)
* from first two vowel letters of Latin words afirmo and nego
THE PATTERN/FORM (SCHEMA) OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
+ = Affirmative; - = Negative
- Su – Pu No man is an island.
LOGICAL OPPOSITION
- relation between propositions with same subjects and predicates but different
quality and/or quantity
TYPES OF OPPOSITION
A. CONTRADICTION
- A & O; E & I
B. CONTRARIETY
-A&E
- when one is true, other is false; when one is false, other is doubtful
C. SUB-CONTRARIETY
- when one is false, other is true; when one is true, other is doubtful
D. SUB-ALTERNATION
- A & I; E & O
- when A is true, then I is also true; when E is true, then O is also true
- when I is false, then A is also false; when O is false, then E is also false
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE
EQUIVALENCE
EDUCTION
OBVERSION
CONVERSION
- derived proposition takes predicate for its new subject and subject for its new
predicate
- original proposition is convertend and derived proposition is converse
- interchange subject and predicate and retain quality
- the O proposition has no valid converse proposition
- divided into two types:
SIMPLE CONVERSION
- simply done by interchanging the subject and predicate without affecting
the quantity and meaning of the original proposition
- E to E; I to I
- usually used in logic examinations
- A and O propositions cannot be converted using simple conversion
Ex. Many treasure hunters are successful businessmen. Many successful
businessmen are treasure hunters. (I to I)
PARTIAL CONVERSION
- original proposition is converted from universal to particular
- interchange also subject and predicate
- A to I; E to O (Only A to I is used in examinations)
CONTRAPOSITION
- done by interchanging the subject and predicate and presents the
subject as the contradictory of original predicate
- the original proposition is the contraponend and the new proposition is called
the contraposit or contrapositive
- has two types:
INVERSION
- logical way of re-expression where subject becomes the contradictory of the
original subject
- the original proposition is called the invertend and the new proposition formed
is called the inverse
Ex. All creatures are organisms. Some non-creatures are not organisms.
(A to O)
COMPLETE INVERSION
- quality of original proposition is unchanged yet predicate is now
contradictory of the original predicate.
- rules are: retain subject and predicate; present contradictory form of
both subject and predicate of original proposition (quanitity) and never
change the quality
- A to I; E to O
1. SINGLE
1.1. SIMPLE
1.2. COMPOSITE
1.2.1. COMPLEX
1.2.2. MODAL
1.2.2.1. NECESSARY
1.2.2.2. POSSIBLE
1.2.2.3. IMPOSSIBLE
1.2.2.4. CONTINGENT
2.1.1. COPULATIVE
2.1.2. ADVERSATIVE
2.1.3. RELATIVE
2.1.4. CAUSAL
- two sentences where one is the reason of the other. (because, since,
for, so)
2.1.5. COMPARATIVE
2.2.1. EXCLUSIVE
2.2.2. EXCEPTIVE
2.2.3. REDUPLICATIVE
2.2.4. SPECIFICATIVE
ADDITIONAL NOTES
- unique way of presenting relationship that exists between subject and predicate
- uses two overlapping circles to show extension of relationship
S P
ILLUSTRATION MEANING
Nullification
(nothing exists within circle / class)
Particularity
X (there is at least one individual
representing a class)
SP
E
S P
S P
S P