RV R M eander: A toolbox for re-meandering of

channelized streams *

Jorge D. Abad a,∗ and Marcelo H. Garcia b

a GraduateResearch Assistant. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engrg.,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
b Chesterand Helen Siess Professor. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engrg.,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

Abstract

RV R M eander was developed as a toolbox for modeling restoration and natural­

ization processes in rivers. This model includes Windows-based and Geographical
Information System-based programs for analyzing and modeling planform migration
of streams. In the past, several rivers have been channelized causing environmental
and ecological problems. Restoration techniques evolve as natural solutions to chan­
nelization, therefore, the prediction of planform migration in rivers is indispensable
for economic and social reasons such as development of urban areas close to rivers,
prevention of damages to infrastructure, reduction of agricultural land losses, and
for the maintenance of biological diversity in rivers. Abad and Garcia (2004) pre­
sented a conceptual and mathematical model for evolution of meandering rivers that
can be used in restoration and naturalization processes. In this work, the description
of RV R M eander is based on the computational characteristics and applicability
rather than presenting its theoretical basis. RV R M eander is an object oriented
user-friendly model for restoration purposes. Two modules are included: statistical
analysis and planform migration of rivers. This model has been successfully tested
on Microsoft Windows NT 4.0/2000/XP and on ArcMap 8.1/8.2/8.3.

Key words: Fluvial geomorphology, Restoration, Planform migration, Software,

User-friendly model, GIS.

* Program and manuals available at http://vtchl.uiuc.edu/software/

∗ Corresponding author, F ax :(217)333-0687
Email address: abad@uiuc.edu (Jorge D. Abad).

Preprint submitted to Computers & Geosciences 18 May 2005

*229347*
SDMS DOC ID 229347
1 Introduction

Naturalization processes are phenomena in which an interdisciplinary group

of researchers of civil engineers, biologists, hydrologists, geographers, and ge­
ologists among others have been working together in order to obtain a better
understanding of rivers. A component of this complex environment is called
river morphodynamics. This is described by planform migration of the river
due to erosion of the margins (banks), widening of the river, degradation
and aggradation of the bed, evolution of bedforms, variations in suspended
concentrations and bar formations, Garcia (1999). In the past, several rivers
have been channelized causing direct 1 and indirect 2 consequences. Today,
restoration techniques have become natural solutions to channelization. Sev­
eral general approaches for restoration have been presented in Newbury et al.
(1992), Miller (1999), Fischenich and Morrow (2000), RRC (2002), Shields
et al. (2003), among others. In this paper the development of a simplified
user-friendly model (RV R Meander) for planform analysis (characterization)
and migration is presented. Similar models for characterization and migration
of meandering rivers have been presented in the past such as Hooke (1984),
Oneill and Abrahams (1986), Howard and Hemberger (1991), Lagasse et al.
(2003) and Lagasse et al. (2004). The present model for migration and evolu­
tion of meanders includes two modules. The first module determines important
parameters (characterization) of natural streams based on statistical analysis
by MacDonald (1991) and MacDonald et al. (1992) such as sinuosity, rate of
migration, fattening and skewness. This module is indispensable when analyz­
ing a stream qualitatively and quantitatively for future planning. The second
module presents the planform migration model itself, where a bank erosion
sub model is applied using the concept of near-bank velocity (Ikeda et al.,
1981). As previously stated, in this work, the main objective is to present a
description of RV R Meander on computational characteristics and applica­
bility rather than presenting its theoretical basis. The reader would benefit
from three sources: a paper under preparation that will present a conceptual
methodology to formulate meander designs in restoration processes, Abad and
Garcia (2005) that contains case studies and user manuals for RV R Meander
and Rhoads et al. (2005) for the evaluation of the geomorphological perfor­
mance of Naturalized Rivers.

1 increment on bed slope, flow velocity, sediment transport, etc.

2 bank erosion, damage of protection structures, increment of the channel width,

re-initialization of meandering, deposition and erosion on the river bed, damage to

fish habitat, reduction of the capacity of the stream on flood events, etc.

2 Model description

RV R Meander was developed using object oriented programming (OOP)

style. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the RV R Meander processes. Two
versions of the model are available. The first is a stand-alone Windows-based
version and the second one is a Geographical Information System-based (GIS­
based) version (see figures 2 and 3). The main difference between these two
versions is the work environment and how the input data are incorporated
into the model (river configuration). The different modules are divided into
classes and used in the main interface as dll (dynamic link library). This type of
structure programing will allow future incorporation of other components into
the RV R Meander model (i.e. pre-processing and post-processing routines).
More details about the theoretical approach for each module can be found in
Abad and Garcia (2004). The model allows the user to choose either SI units
or English units.

Fig. 1. Flowchart of model processes

2.1 Model versions

2.1.1 Stand-alone Windows-based version

The stand-alone version was developed entirely using Microsoft Visual C++
and Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). Figure 2 shows the Windows work
environment. In this version, there are three ways to input the coordinates for
the river centerlines. This can be done by typing the coordinates, by copying
and pasting them from a spreadsheet, or by importing them from an ArcMap-
DXF file. For the statistical module, it is necessary to specify three centerlines
for time 1 (t1), time 2 (t2) and for the valley centerlines. For the migration
module, only one centerline is necessary.

Fig. 2. Stand-alone Windows-based version

2.1.2 GIS-based version

The GIS-based version was developed using Microsoft Visual C++, in ad­
dition to MFC, Visual Basic and the ArcObjects Developer Kit (built using
Microsoft’s Component Object Model (COM) technology). This version allows
the user to use existing GIS line data to automatically obtain the river center­
line coordinates from within ESRI ArcMap. ArcObjects is the development
platform for the ArcGIS family of applications such as ArcMap, ArcCata­
log, and ArcScene. It allows users to increase the functionality available in
ArcInfo and ArcView packages, ESRI (2004). Figure 3 shows the GIS-based
work environment.

 Fig. 3. GIS-based version

2.2 Modules in RV R Meander

These two versions (Windows-based and GIS-based) of the model include both
the statistical analysis of stream shift module and the river migration module.

2.2.1 Statistical analysis of stream shift module

This module is useful for analyzing a stream qualitatively and quantitatively

for future planning. Stream shift and meander properties can be analyzed
using given centerlines for the valley and stream centerlines for at least two
different times (t1 and t2). RV R Meander can calculate important compo­
nents of stream shift such as average normal shift, average transverse shift,
average longitudinal shift, average absolute transversal shift, average absolute
longitudinal shift and shift ratio. These are calculated based on statistical
analysis. Additionally, this module can measure meander characteristics such
as sinuosity, time rate of change of sinuosity, average curvature, and rate of
flood plain area reworked.
Fig. 4 shows the stream variables for the calculation of the sinuosity (S) and
−S1
the meander growth rate (Ṡ). S and Ṡ are calculated as S = LLAv and Ṡ = St22 −t1
respectively, where LA is the stream channel length, Lv is the valley length,
S1 and S2 the sinuosities at time t1 and t2 respectively, and C = dθ ds
is the

stream curvature (θ is the angle between channel centerline and down-valley

direction and s is the streamwise coordinate).

Fig. 4. Variables and coordinate system, (a) 3D view, (b) Top view, and (c)
Cross-section

Figure 5 shows the area reworked by the stream. The flood plain area worked is
the measurement of how much area has been deposited or eroded. In general is
a measurement of how much land surrounding a stream reach would be affected
by meandering, (MacDonald et al., 1992). It is calculated by an integration
of the area conformed by the centerlines corresponding to two different times.
Then�the time rate of area reworked per channel length can be defined by
|n|Δs2
ṙ = Δt � Δs .

Fig. 5. Area reworked by a stream

�
¯˙ = � nΔs
From figure 5, one can see that the average normal shift is given by n Δt Δs
which is the average distance that the stream moves normal to itself per unit
time. This parameter gives an idea of how much the stream banks have mi­
grated due to erosion. This average normal shift � can be decomposed�into the
averaged down-valley and cross-valley shift (x ¯˙ = nSinθΔs
� nCosθΔs
and y¯˙ = Δt � Δs
Δt Δs
respectively). Moreover,� the average absolute � down-valley and cross-valley
|nSinθ|Δs |nCosθ|Δs
shift is given by |x̄˙| = Δt � Δs and |ȳ˙ | = Δt � Δs respectively. The av­
erage absolute cross-valley shift is especially useful, because it indicates how
much the stream can be expected to shift to either side of the stream center­
line, MacDonald (1991) and MacDonald et al. (1992).

To run this module, only two data are required: 1) lag time between t1 and t2
river centerlines and 2) the approximate wavelength of the meanders. Several
examples are presented in MacDonald (1991), MacDonald et al. (1992), besides
an application of this module is presented in the case study.

2.2.2 River migration module

RV R Meander can simulate the planform migration of proposed river center­

lines. The model is valid for erodible streams. It makes the assumption that
the stream is in quasi-steady condition. This means that the flow characteris­
tics (i.e. velocity, water depth) develop much faster than the time it takes for
the bed elevation to change (Garcia et al., 1996). Another assumption is that
the channel width is constant throughout the simulation (valid for equilib­
rium streams); therefore the mean width has to be given as input data to the
model. To model bank erosion, the concept of excess velocity near the banks is
used, where the normal bank erosion rate is proportional to this excess veloc­
ity times an erosion coefficient (Ikeda et al., 1981). This module was applied
to several streams in Illinois (Garcia et al., 1996) and in a recent project of
migration analysis in Poplar Creek, a tributary of the Fox River, Illinois.

Flow field model. Some assumptions and restrictions are used to derive
the governing equations. The continuity equation for sediment is not included
and a linear profile of the bed in the transverse direction is assumed. The
configuration of variables and coordinates can be seen in figure 4.

The instantaneous governing equations can be written as Garcia et al. (1996):

∗ ∗
1 ∗ ∂u ∗ ∂u C∗ ∗ ∗ 1 ∂H ∗ τs∗
u + v + u v = − g − (1)
1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂s∗ ∂n∗ 1 + n∗ C ∗ 1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂s∗ ρD ∗
∗ ∗
1 ∗ ∂v ∗ ∂v C∗ ∗2 ∂H ∗ τn∗
u + v − u = −g − (2)
1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂s∗ ∂n∗ 1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂n∗ ρD ∗

1 ∂(u∗ D ∗ ) ∂(v ∗ D ∗ ) C∗
+ + v∗D∗ = 0 (3)
1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂s∗ ∂n∗ 1 + n∗ C ∗

where u∗ and v ∗ are the velocity components along the streamwise and trans­
verse directions respectively. H ∗ is the water surface elevation. C ∗ is the local
curvature, and D ∗ is the local flow depth, (see figure 4). Equations 1 and 2
are the flow momentum equations along the streamwise and normal directions
respectively. Equation 3 represents the water mass conservation.
√
The bed shear stress vector is defined as τ ∗ = (τs∗ , τn∗ ) = ρCf u∗2 + v ∗2 (u∗ , v ∗ ),
where the friction coefficient is given by the Engelund-Hansen resistance equa­
D∗ −2
tion for a flat bed. This equation is stated as Cf = [6 + 2.5ln( 2.5d ∗ )] where
s
∗ ∗
D and ds (mean sediment diameter) are given in meters. A linearization of
the governing equation is performed, thus the instantaneous variables are sub­
'
stituted by the mean value plus a fluctuation over the mean (u∗ = U + u ;
' ' ' ' ' '
v ∗ = v ; D ∗ = D + d ; H ∗ = H + h ; C ∗ = C ; Cf = Cf o + Cf ; τs∗ = τs + τs ;
'
τn∗ = τn ).

 '
The mean bed elevation is expressed as η ∗ = ηo∗ − So s∗ + η . After some math­
ematical manipulation, see (Garcia et al., 1996), the near-bank perturbation
velocity ub is found to be:
js
−a2 s −a2 s
ub (s) = a1 e + a3 C(s) + a4 e C(s)ea2 s ds (4)
0

(n) = u(0, n)+χC(0)n, a2 = 2Cf o βχ, a3 = −χ, a4 = Cf o β[χ5 Fo2 +(α+

where a1 �
1)χ2 + 5 Cf o χ2 (α + χ3 Fo2 )], χ = U/Uo , β = B ∗ /Do ∗, and Fo2 = Uo∗2 /(gDo∗).
In the above formulations, Uo , Do refers to uniform flow conditions in an
equivalent straight channel.

A bank erosion model is incorporated which relates the near-bank perturbation

velocity (equation 4) to the bank migration. Therefore the normal bank erosion
dn∗
rate is ζ ∗ = dt∗b , where ζ was made dimensionless with Uo∗ . The total erosion
is computed as ζ = Eo ub (s), where Eo is the erosion coefficient that has to be
estimated or calibrated empirically.

The explanation of the user interface for this module is given in the case study.

3 A case study: Poplar Creek re-meanderization

The Poplar Creek project involved the re-meandering of Poplar Creek, a trib­
utary of the Fox River, Illinois. Poplar Creek is located in Cook County, Il,
USA. An approximated 800 meter long reach of the Poplar Creek was channel­
ized in 1938. The objective of the project was to present some alternatives for
re-meandering this reach. These alternatives took into account changes in the
surrounding areas of the reach that have occurred since channelization took
place. Many of these changes are due to development of residential areas, fac­
tories and civil structures. Four alternatives were presented. Because Poplar
Creek has erodible banks, and its channel width was nearly constant over the
years, the RV R meander model was chosen for planform migration purposes.
Four possible configurations of centerlines were simulated, and the X-Y coordi­
nates for these configurations were imported from ArcMap-DXF files. Because
no information about sediment transport was available, the channel forming
discharge was found by considering the 2-year return interval discharge. A
frequency analysis was then carried out using the data from USGS station
05550500 (Poplar Creek at Elgin, IL). Figure 6 shows the user interface for
the input of X-Y coordinates for Poplar Creek.

Input parameters. Input parameters for the river migration module were as
follows:

 Fig. 6. User interface to input river centerlines

• Initial curvature (C0): was given as 0.0.

• Initial perturbation velocity (UB0): was given as 0.0.
• Transverse bed slope coefficient (ALF) 3 : a value of 6 was used, as recom­
mended by Garcia et al. (1996).
• Discharge (Q): the channel-forming discharge was 13.34 m3 /s
• Geometry configuration: the width and depth were 12 and 1.5 m respectively
(based on surveys).
• Erosion coefficient (Eo): the estimated value of Eo was 1.00x10−7 . This value
was also compared because of the similar conditions to the Eo for the Leaf
River found in Garcia et al. (1996), where Eo was 7.00x10−8 .
• Mean sediment diameter (ds ): 0.0030 m.
• Number of years (t): 100 years.

Using the modules user interface, the other required parameters were calcu­
lated. Figure 7 shows the user interface containing the parameters for the
Poplar Creek case study.

3 This coefficient controls the steepness of the transverse slope of the channel bed,
see Kikkawa et al. (1976) and Zimmerman and Kennedy (1978) for more informa­
tion.

10

 Fig. 7. User interface to run migration module

Alternative solutions. Four different alternatives were simulated for Poplar

Creek. The input parameters for all the alternatives were the same except for
the X-Y coordinates of the river centerline. At the downstream end of the
reach, a straight channel was substituted for the real channel because of the
presence of a bridge. In this paper, only alternative 4 is presented, because it
has been proved by Abad (2002) that the use of a Kinoshita curve (Parker
et al., 1983) described a stable configuration. Since Poplar Creek has a skewed
characteristic, the high amplitude bends follow a Kinoshita curve. Thus the
generalized form of the Kinoshita curve is:

θ = θ0 Sin(κs) + θ03 (Js Cos(3κs) − Jf Sin(3κs)) (5)

where θ is the angle between channel centerline and down-valley direction;

θ0 is the reference angle (approx. maximum value of θ); κ is the arc-length
bend wave number = 2λπ (where λ is the arclength in a wavelength); Jf is
the fattening coefficient; Js is the skewing coefficient and s is the streamwise

11

coordinate (s = 0 at the initial section and s = λ at the end of the curve).

Two Kinoshita curves are shown in figure 8. The main characteristics of these
curves are given in table 1:
Table 1
Alternative 4: Kinoshita curves characteristics
Curve θ0 Js Jf λ X − Y(initial) X − Y(end)
1 75 1/20 1/192 300.00 (395337.97, 4652053.05) (395178.47, 4652145.13)

2 -80 1/30 1/192 210.00 (395109.31, 4652159.61) (394989.95, 4652159.61)

Figure 8 shows the planform migration results for alternative 4 and figure
9 shows the user interface for the X-Y output coordinates which could be
exported as an ASCII file.

Fig. 8. Planform migration of alternative 4

12

 Fig. 9. User interface to see results for migration module

The statistical module was run for the case of Poplar Creek by considering
the same input (t1 ) coordinates as for the migration module (figure 6) and
output coordinates (t2 ) given by the predicted results given by the migration
module (figure 8). An additional set of coordinates for the valley centerline
has been used. Figures 10 and 11 show the user interface to input the data
and to output the results, where a set of parameters for characterization is
presented. It is seen from the statistical analysis results that for the alternate
4 (using Kinoshita curves), the rate of shift is very small, which means that
this configuration is stable after 100 years of simulation.

Fig. 10. User interface to run the statistical module

13

 Fig. 11. User interface to see results for the statistical module

4 Discussion

The applicability of RV R Meander represents the first stage (i.e evaluation of

alternatives in re-meandering of channelized streams) on restoration projects
because of its simplicity and practicality, allowing this model can be run in
any PC computer without any problem of memory or storage capacity. This
model can be used to characterize meandering rivers in a large planform scale
(by using the statistical module) and to predict river migration (by using a
simplified 2-D module). The migration module could be easily adapted to
any stream by calibrating the bank erosion coefficient (with past river center­
lines), and therefore, it represents a first evaluation tool, rather than describ­
ing the full hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and bank erosion processes,
which indeed require more advanced models. More sophisticated 2-D models
for river migration (with corrections for secondary flows, shear stress distri­
butions, gravity effects on bedload, etc.) have been presented in the past such
as Mosselman (1998), Nagata et al. (2000a), Nagata et al. (2000b), Duan
et al. (2001), Sun et al. (2001a), Sun et al. (2001b), Sun et al. (2001c), Darby
and Delbono (2002), Lancaster and Bras (2002), among others. Abad (2005)
stated that some of the existing 2-D hydrodynamic models also present sev­
eral limitations since they do not capture accurately flow structures such as
the bi-cellular secondary pattern, the boundary shear distribution and there­
fore sediment transport pattern, which are part of river migration. Thus, the
applicability of any model requires prior knowledge of which is the objective
for the project in study, therefore, the user should be aware of which are the
limitations when using a specific model.

14

5 Conclusions

RV R Meander (Abad and Garcia, 2005) is a simplified river planform mi­

gration and statistical analysis computer model. From this model, Windows-
based and GIS-based toolkits were developed. These toolkits are considered a
valuable tool for predicting river morphodynamics processes such as river evo­
lution. The RV R Meander model was validated in streams in Illinois (Garcia
et al., 1996), and in a recent project at Poplar Creek, Abad (2002) and Abad
and Garcia (2004). The toolkits both include two modules. The first mod­
ule of statistical analysis allows the user to characterize meandering rivers.
The second module, the river migration model allows the user to simulate the
planform evolution of meandering rivers with time and should be useful for
stream naturalization projects. However, the user should be aware of several
limitations of the present migration module such as the width of the channel
is treated as constant, only one set of sediments is considered, the discharge is
calculated by using the concept of channel forming discharge, no formulation
for cut-off occurrence is incorporated.

6 Acknowledgments

The support of the Illinois Water Resources Center (Grants: USGS Project 04,
contract No. 14-08-0004-G2017 and 2001IL4321B) and the National Science
Foundation (Grant No. 0097059) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are
grateful to Bruce Rhoads and Rebeca Wade for providing us with the data used
in the Poplar Creek study. The help provided by Jose F. Rodriguez is deeply
appreciated. Nils Oberg is also gratefully acknowledged for his contributions
on the GIS-based version. Suggestions and comments by Jose Vasquez and an
additional anonymous reviewer helped to improve the final manuscript.

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