Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grades 12-13
BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
(Implemented from 2017)
Department of Science
National Institute of Education
Sri Lanka
www.nie.lk
i
INTRODUCTION
Biology as the scientific study of living organisms is essential for all individuals to co-exist successfully with biotic and abiotic
environment.
The Biology syllabus for G.C.E. (A/L) has been developed with the intention of developing personal skills, interpersonal skills and thinking skills of the
target student populations. This syllabus is in par with international syllabi of this subject at this level.
Revision of the Biology syllabus has been done taking in to consideration the requirements of students who enter tertiary level education as well as the
majority which follow other carrier paths. Apart from that, the enhanced knowledge of biological principles and their applications are beneficial in day to
day life pursuits and the needs of the society.
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1.1 National goals
1. Based on the concept of respecting human values and understanding the differences between the Sri Lankan multi-cultural society, building up the
nation and confirming the identity of Sri Lanka by promoting national integrity, national unity, national coherence and peace.
2. While responding to the challenges of the dynamic world, identifying and conserving the national heritage.
3. Creating an environment which comprises the conventions of social justice and democratic life to promote the characteristics of respecting human
rights, being aware of the responsibilities, concerning each other with affectionate relationships.
4. Promoting a sustainable life style based on the people’s mental and physical wellbeing and the concept of human values.
5. Promoting positive feelings needed for a balanced personality with the qualities of creative skills, initiative, critical thinking and being responsible.
6. Developing the human resources, needed for the progress of the wellbeing of an individual, the nation as well as the economic growth of Sri Lanka,
through education.
7. Preparing the people for the changes that occur in a rapidly changing world by adapting to it and controlling them; developing abilities and
potentialities of people to face the complex and unexpected occasions.
8. Sustaining the skills and attitudes based on justice, equality, mutual respect which is essential to achieve a respectable place in the international
community.
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1.2 Basic Competencies
The competencies promoted through the education mentioned below help to achieve the above mentioned National Goals.
i. Competencies in Communication
This first set of competencies is made up of four subsets - Literacy, Numeracy, Graphics and Information Communication skills:
Literacy : Listening, carefully speaking clearly, and reading for comprehension, writing clearly and accurately.
Numeracy: Using numbers to count, calculate, code and to measure, matter, space and time.
Graphics : Making sense of line and form, expressing and recording essential data, instructions and ideas
with line, form, colour, two and three-dimensional configurations, graphic symbols and icons.
ICT Competencies: Knowledge on computers, and the ability to use the information communication skills at
learning or work as well as in private life.
Social Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to being a member of society, social relationship, personal conduct, general and legal
conventions, rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations.
Biological Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to the living world, man and the ecosystem, the trees, forests, seas, water, air and life
- plant, animal and human life.
Physical Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills relating to space, energy, fuel, matter, materials and their links with human living, food,
clothing, shelter, health, comfort, respiration, sleep, relaxation, rest, waste and excretion, media of communication and
transport.
Included here are the skills in using tools to shape and for materials for living and learning.
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iv. Competencies relating to preparation for the world of work
Employment related skills to maximize their potential and to enhance their capacity to contribute to economic development; to discover their
vocational interests and aptitudes; to choose a job that suits their abilities and to engage in a rewarding and sustainable livelihood.
1. develop an interest and desire to expand and deepen the knowledge in the field of Biology
2. understand the concepts , phenomena, principals and processes in Biology through collaborative learning practices
3. adjudicate our place in nature ; understand our interactions and impact upon the natural and social environment
4. develop the ability to plan investigative processes and to solve problems in the field of Biology.
5. develop a sense of belonging to the environment and identify the country’s natural habitats, together with a positive attitude towards fauna and
flora, in order to foster responsibility and involvement in preserving and protecting nature and the quality of the environment.
6. develop sensitivity to current practical problems of everyday life
7. develop an awareness of good habits for maintaining hygiene, health and quality of life
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List of topics and allocated number of periods
Total 600
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Grade Term Competency Levels
vii
` Unit 1 –Introduction to Biology ( 05 periods)
1
Hierarchical levels of organization of living appreciate all kinds of living 03
things organisms and their interactions
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Cell as the basic structural and functional
unit of life
2
Unit 2 – Chemical & cellular basis of life ( 85 Periods)
2.1.2 Investigates the physical Importance of water for life describe physical and chemical
and chemical properties Importance of physical and properties of water which are 04
of water important for chemical properties of water important for life.
life for life relate the physical and chemical
properties of water to its
functions performed in living
systems
explain the importance of water
for life.
appreciate the unique properties
of water for existence of life
2.1.3 Examines the Structure and function of the describe the basic chemical nature
chemical nature and four main types of organic of four main types of organic 09
functions of main compounds found in compounds found in organisms
organic compounds of organisms; Carbohydrates, elaborate on the functions of four
organisms lipids , proteins, and nucleic major types of organic
acids compounds with relevant
examples
3
Carbohydrates identify structure and functions
Monosaccharides, of DNA and RNA
disaccharides and differentiate DNA and RNA
polysaccharides explain the role of DNA and
Functions of carbohydrates RNA as hereditary material
state functions of ATP,NAD
Lipids
,FAD and NADP
Fats and oils, phospholipids conduct laboratory tests to
and
identify the reducing sugars, non
other lipids
reducing sugars, starch, proteins
Functions of lipids and lipids.
Proteins appreciate that protein,
Amino acids and peptide carbohydrates , lipids and nucleic
bonds. acids form the chemical basis of
Primary, secondary, tertiary life
and quaternary structures of appreciate the unique properties
proteins of DNA which are important to
Properties of act as the hereditary material of
proteins all organisms
Functions of proteins
Nucleic acids
Nucleosides,nucleotides and
polynucleotides along with
appropriate examples
Ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides
Structure of DNA-double
helical structure
Main functions of DNA
4
Structure of RNA and main
functions
Nucleotides found in other molecules
(ATP,NAD,NADP,FAD) and their
major role
Simple laboratory tests for the
identification of reducing and non-
reducing sugars, starch, proteins and
lipids
2.2.0 Examines cell 2.2.1Elaborates on the Microscopes as tools in biology compare significant features of 07
as the basic contribution of Properties of microscopes the electron microscope and light
functioning unit microscopes to the Magnification microscope
of life expansion of knowledge explain magnification and
Resolution power
on cells and cellular resolution
organization. Types of microscopes explain main features of
Light microscope transmission and scanning
Electron microscope electron microscopes
SEM identify cellular and sub cellular
TEM componenets using light
Parts and functions of light microscope and electron
microscope and using microscope micrographs
to observe specimens develop the skill for handling
light microscope efficiently
use the light microscope properly
to observe specimens
value the contribution of
microscope in biological studies
5
2.2.2 D e sc r i b e s t he Historical background of cell describe the contribution of 18
h i st o r i c al Cell theory scientists towards cell theory
b a c kgr o u n d o f ce l l explain the cell theory
Organization of cells
a n d a nalyses the structure explain the difference between
Prokaryotic
and functions of the sub eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic .
cellular units. compare the structural differences
Structure of a typical plant cell and an between plant and animal cells.
animal cell describe the structure and function
Structure and functions of of organelles and sub cellular
organelles and sub cellular components of cells.
components describe extra cellular
Plasma membrane components
Cytoplasm explain the need and significance
Nucleus of cellular communications
Ribosomes state components of cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough and communication
Smooth) use electron micrographs to
Golgi bodies identify cellular organelles and
sub cellular components of a cell
Lysosomes
use electron micrographs to
Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
differentiate eukaryotic and
Mitochondria prokaryotic cellular organization
Chloroplasts appreciate division of labour and
compartmentalization within a
Cytoskeleton (microfilaments, cell
microtubules and intermediate
filaments)
Vacuoles
Flagella and cilia
6
Centriole
Extra cellular components
Cell wall
Cell junctions
Extracellular matrix of animal cells
Need and significance of cell
communication
Components involved in cell
communication
Receptors located on cell membranes
or intracellular receptors
Response
Use of electron micrographs to
understand the structure of cellular
components
2.3.0 Investigates the 2.3.1 Describe the cell cycle and Cell cycle elaborate on the phases and main
importance of the process of cell division Chromosomes events of cell cycle. 09
cell cycle and Mitosis describe the basic structure of
cell division.
Behaviour of chromosomes and other eukaryotic chromosome
parts of a cell during mitosis discuss the main events that occur
Significance of mitosis. in each phase.
describe the stages in mitosis and
Meiosis
meiosis with reference to
Behaviour of chromosomes and other
chromosomal behavior
parts of a cell during meiosis
describe the significance of
Significance of meiosis
synaptonemal complex and
Galls, tumours and cancers kinetochore
7
Identification of different stages of compare and contrasts mitosis
mitosis and meiosis using and meiosis
microscopic slides state the significance of mitosis
and meiosis
use prepared slides to identify
different stages of mitosis and
meiosis under light microscope.
state rapid and uncontrolled
mitotic cell division results in
formation of galls, tumors and
cancers
2.4.0 Investigates 2.4.1 Analyses the energy Metabolism explain metabolism 02
energy relationships in Need of energy for living systems.
relationships in metabolic • Anabolic and catabolic reactions, highlight the need of energy for
metabolic processes. structure of ATP living systems
processes of
Importance ofATP as an energy explain catabolic and anabolic
organisms. reactions with examples
carrier
discuss the structure and the
importance of ATP as an
universal energy currency unit
list the cellular processes
involving energy
appreciate the role of ATP as an
universal energy currency
8
2.4.2 Investigates the role of Enzymes define enzymes
enzymes in regulating General characteristics of enzymes explain the general characteristics 10
metabolic reactions. Mechanism of enzymatic reaction of enzymes and their role
Induced fit mechanism describe the importance of co-
Cofactors factors for enzymatic activities
Co enzymes describe the mechanism of enzyme
activity by using suitable
Inorganic ions
diagrams
Factors affecting enzymatic reactions explain how pH, temperature,
pH substrate concentration, enzyme
concentration and inhibitors
Temperature
(competitive and non
Substrate concentration competitive) affect the rate of
Enzyme concentration enzyme activity
conduct laboratory experiments to
Inhibitors-competitive, non
show how temperature affects the
competitive
rate of enzyme reaction using
Laboratory experiment to starch – amylase system
demonstrate enzyme activity and
appreciate the role of enzymes
to determine effect of temperature on
in metabolic reactions
rate of enzymatic reaction (starch-
amylase)
define photosynthesis
2.4.3 Examines Importance of photosynthesis
photosynthesis as an discuss the global and biological 12
9
energy fixing importance of photosynthesis
Pigments and photosystems
mechanism. differentiate the role of pigments
Light dependent reaction of involved in photosynthesis
photosynthesis
describe the nature and
Capturing energy from sun significance of photosystems
light describe the light dependent
Photolysis of water reaction of photosynthesis
describe the Calvin cycle of
Synthesis of NADPH and
photosynthesis
ATP
describe the C4 pathway of
Calvin cycle (C3 pathway) photosynthesis
Carboxylation – function of describe the impact of
RUBP carboxylase. photorespiration of C3 plants
Reduction – explain C4 pathway has evolved
Reduction of PGA to minimize photorespiration
and synthesis of differentiate C3 and C4 plants
carbohydrates. correlate limiting factors of
Regeneration of RUBP photosynthesis with the
Photorespiration in C3 plants productivity/efficiency of plants
C4pathway of photosynthesis in different environmental
Significance of C4 pathway conditions
Anatomical differences between C3 design and carryout experiments
and C4 plant leaves to determine the rate of
photosynthesis by amount of
Blackman’s principle of factors
oxygen released
affecting photosysnthesis
Limiting factors affecting photosynthesis
discuss the effect of global
Carbon dioxide
warming on photosynthesis
Light
10
Temperature appreciate the universal role of
photosynthesis
Determination of rate of
photosynthesis by amount of
O2 released using Audus
apparatus (at different CO2
concentrations and light
intensities)
Microscopic observation of a cross
sections of C3 and C4 leaves with
special reference to adaptations for
photosynthesis.
12
Unit 3 –Evolution and diversity of organisms (61 periods)
14
3.2.3 Explores the diversity of Key morphological characteristics of state key characteristics of
organisms within the kingdom kingdom Protista giving suitable kingdom Protista giving suitable 06
Protista. examples. examples
Euglena . observe and identify characteristic
Paramecium. features of typical organisms
recognize the importance of
Amoeba.
Protista in ecosystems
Ulva.
Gelidium.
Sargassum.
Diatoms
Observation of morphological
features of typical organisms
of the above phyla using
suitable examples
state characteristic features of non
Kingdom – Plantae vascular, vascular, vascular 08
3.2.4 Explores the diversity of Evolutionary relationship among seedless and vascular seeded
organisms within the kingdom major groups of plants plants
Plantae Characteristic features of the show evolutionary relationships
following phyla and groups referring among major groups of plants
to the given examples classify flowering plants as
Non vascular Monocots and Dicots using
characteristic features.
Phylum – Hepatophyta
observe morphological features of
Phylum - Bryophyta
typical organisms of the given
Phylum – Anthocerophyta
phyla and groups
Vascular seedless plants
appreciate the importance of
Phylum – Lycophyta
members of kingdom Plantae in
Phylum – Pterophyta
15
Vascular,seed plants ecosystems.
Phylum-Cycadophyta
Phylum-Gnetophyta
Phylum – Coniferophyta
Phylum – Anthophyta
Monocots
Dicots
Observation of morphological
features of typical organisms of the
above phyla and groups using
suitable examples
16
Kingdom –Animalia elaborate the characteristic
3.2.6 Explores the diversity of 09
Evolutionary relationships among major features of kingdom Animalia.
organismswithin the
groups of animals explains evolutionary
kingdom Animalia
relationships of major phyla
Characteristic features of the following
phyla (Details of feeding, osmo classify organisms in kingdom
regulation, excretion, nervous & Animalia into phyla using
hormonal regulations, respiration, characteristic features.
reproduction) observe characteristic features of
typical organisms of the given
Cnidaria
phyla
Platyhelminthes
appreciate the diversity of
Rotifera
invertebrates.
Nematoda recognize the importance of
Annelida members of kingdom Animalia to
Arthropoda the ecosystem
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Chordata
Observation of morphological
features of each phyla using
typical organisms of the above
phyla
17
3.2.7 Uses the characteristic identify organisms belonging 08
features to study Characteristic features of classes of major classes of phylum
organisms belonging phylum Chordata
Chordata
to phylum Chordata Chondrichthyes construct dichotomous keys to
Osteichthyes identify given examples
Amphibia observe characteristic features
Reptilia of typical organisms of the
Aves given classes
Mammalia appreciate the diversity of major
Observation of characteristic classes of phylum Chordata
features of typical organisms of
the above classes using suitable
examples
18
Unit 4 – Plant form and function
(80 Periods)
19
Primary structure of monocotyledonous and
4.1.2 distinguish between primary and secondary growth 10
dicotyledonous stems
Examines the changes taking
Primary structure of monocotyledonous and illustrate the histological structure of primary stems
place in the growth and
development process of a dicotyledonous roots and roots of Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous
plant Secondary growth in plants plants
Formation of wood, growth rings, heart describe how secondary growth of Dicotyledonous
wood and sapwood,hard wood and soft stems and roots takes place
wood describe the structure as seen in a cross section of a
Study of cross sections of primary stem Dicotyledonous stem after secondary growth
and primary root of a Monocot and a appreciate the importance of secondary growth for
Dicot existence of perennial plants
Microscopic and macroscopic differentiate heart wood and sap wood
examination of secondary structure of differentiate hard wood and soft wood
Dicotyledonous wood using transverse
sections
4.2.2 Investigates the Leaves of plants as the main surface for describe and compare typical leaf structure of
04
process of gaseous gaseous exchange monocot and dicot leaf
exchange in plants relate the structure of stomata to its function
Anatomy of typical dicot and monocot
describe the gaseous exchange through stomata,
leaves
cuticle and lenticels
Typical structure of stomata
describe the mechanisms of opening and closing of
Mechanisms of action of opening and stomata using K+ influx
closing of stomata explain role of ABA in stomatal closure in drought
Factors affecting stomatal action observe the structure of stomata and lenticels through
microscope
appreciate the mechanisms of stomatal opening in
relation to different environmental conditions
21
4.2.3 Investigates the Concepts of water potential, solute explain the need for transport of materials in plants
08
concepts of acquisition of potential of solutions, cell and soil describe the pathway of water and mineral movement
water and minerals
Pathway of entry of water into root cells through and between the cells of the plant body
Transport of water within the root elaborate on the concepts and principles underlying
transport of water and minerals in plants
Entering of water into vascular tissue
explain absorption and radial transport of minerals and
Travelling of water up to aerial parts of the
water in a plant
plant
relates the root anatomy with absorption and transport
Cohesion-adhesion theory and mass flow
of water and minerals
Mechanisms of mineral absorption into root
explain the upward movement of water & minerals in a
plant
Determination of solute potential of epidermal
appreciate roots as a main route of water and mineral
peels of Rhoeo
acquisition to a plant
Determination of water potential of
petioles of Colocasia / potato strips
22
4.2.5 Investigates the process basic characteristics of phloem transport state the materials transported through phloem
04
involved in transport of
Materials transport through phloem describe the mechanism of phloem translocation
materials in plants relate the structure of the phloem tissue to its function
Mechanisms of phloem transport
appreciate the process of phloem translocation
Phloem loading, mass flow and phloem
unloading
Pressure flow hypothesis
Transpiration 04
4.2.6 Investigates the describe the routes of transpiration
processes of water loss in Routes of transpiration list the factors affecting transpiration rate and discuss
plants Factors affecting transpiration rate how those factors effect transpiration
Root pressure and guttation describe guttation
Determination of rates of transpiration elaborate on how root pressure develops in plants and
from leaves and shoots using its effects on guttation
photometer compare transpiration and guttation
conduct experiments to determine solute potential and
water potential of cells using Rhoeo, potato tubers and
petioles of Colocasia respectively
design and conduct experiments to determine the rates
of transpiration from leaves & shoots under different
environmental conditions
appreciate the routes of transpiration in plants
23
4.3.0 4.3.1 Nutrition and its importance for plants explain the importance of nutrition for life 08
Explores the Investigates
Autotrophic nutrition describe with examples the special modes of
diversity of the modes of nutrition in organisms
nutritional nutrition of Photoautotrophic
processes in plants Symbiosis appreciate that plant nutrition often involves
plants Mutualism relationships with other organisms
Parasitism
Commensalism
Insectivorous plants
4.3.2 Form of absorption, functions and define the terms of essential elements,
Investigates deficiency symptoms macronutrients and micronutrients
nutritional
Essential elements in plants state the relative abundance of them in plant
requirement describe the functions and deficiency
for the Macronutrients
symptoms of macro and micro nutrients in
optimal Micronutrients plants 06
growth of
plants
4.4.0 Inquires 4.4.1 Sexual reproduction of terrestrial plants explain alternation of generation 10
into Uses the Alternation of generations in plants explain that in the evolution of land plants,
reproductive trends in life Haploid and diploid generations gametophytic generation gradually reduced
process in cycles, to
plants relate the Gametophytes and sporophytes and the sporophytic generation became
adaptations of Diversity in the life cycles of terrestrial dominant as adaptation to land habit
plants for a plants.
terrestrial life Pogonatum
Nephrolepis
24
Selaginella
Cycas
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Basic features of the life cycles of above
plants
Reduction of the gametophyte and
complexity of sporophyte in order to
adapt for terrestrial life.
(details of reproductive structures are not
required )
4.4.2 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants elaborate the structure and function of a flower 08
Examines Structure and functions of the flower describe pollination and fertilization in
structures and Pollination and fertilization flowering plants
functions
Significance of cross pollination describe the significance of cross pollination
associated
Embryo, development of fruits and state the significance of development of seeds
with sexual
reproduction seeds and fruits
in flowering Parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis explain parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis
plants seed dormancy with examples
Physiological changes happening at the describe the significance of seed dormancy
initiation of seed germination state the major physiological changes
occurring in seed germination
appreciate the diversification of plants for the
existence of all other forms of life on land
25
Different types of movements in plants explain four basic types of movements in plants 02
4.5.0 4.5.1
Turgor movements state examples for each type of movement
Explores Inquires into
Tropic movements compare nastic and tropic responses
plant types of
responses to movement in appreciate the contribution of plant movements for
Phototropic, geotropic, and the survival of plants in their environment
internal and plants in
thigmotropic movements
external response to
signals different Function of auxins in tropic
stimuli movements.
Tactic movements
Nastic movements
Thigmonasticism
Nyctinasticism
4.5.2 04
Investigates Compounds that contribute to the growth explain general characteristics of plant growth
the role of and development of plants substances/ regulators
plant growth
Auxins state major types of plant growth substances
substances/re
gulators/horm Gibberellins state the functions of auxins, cytokinins,
ones in Cytokinin gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic
26
response to Abscisic acid acid in plant life
different Ethylene state agricultural uses of plant growth substances
stimuli Jasmonic acid
Agricultural uses of the above plant
growth substances
4.5.3 Abiotc stress explain selected resistance mechanisms against 03
Investigates Al and Fe 3+ toxicity abiotic stress
response of state secondary metabolites found in plants
plants to Salinity
responsible for plant defense
some biotic Biotic stress
appreciate secondary metabolites have medicinal
and abiotic Pests
stresses and economical value
Pathogens
Herbivore attacks
27
Unit 5- Animal form and function (193 periods)
28
5.2.0 Explores 5.2.1 Explores heterotrophic Heterotrophic nutrition describe heterotrophic nutrition 05
nutrition in nutrition in animals Holozoic nutrition explain stages in holozoic
animals
Symbiosis nutrition
Main stages in holozoic nutrition describe feeding mechanisms
Ingestion of animals
Digestion describe symbiosis with
examples
Absorption
Assimilation
Elimination/Egestion
Feeding mechanisms of animals
Suspension feeders
Substrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
5.2.2 Relates the structure of the Structure and functions of the human explain the structure of the human 13
human digestive system to its digestive system digestive system.
functions.
Alimentary canal state the locations of the different
organs of the digestive system
Associated glands
relate the structure with the
Gross morphological and functions of each organ in the
histological structure of liver and digestive system
pancreas describe the gross morphological
and histological structure of liver
29
endocrine regulation of digestion in and pancreas
man explain the contribution of
Balanced diet associated glands in the process of
digestion
Components of food and their functions
explain the process of digestion
Carbohydrates
explain the causes and precautions
Proteins of food related disorders in the
Lipids alimentary canal
Vitamins state the major endocrinal
Mineral elements secretions related to digestion and
their functions in man
Water
Fibers
explain balanced diet
30
5.3.0 Investigates 5.3.1 Investigates the Need of a circulatory system in explain the need of a circulatory 03
on organization of animals system for animals
circulation circulatory systems in Main circulatory systems in animals. compare open and closed
and gas animals
Open & closed circulatory systems. circulatory systems using simple
exchange of
animals Single circulation and double diagrams
circulation. compare single and double
circulation.
elaborate the features of double
circulation.
5.3.2 Relates the structure of
Basic plan of vertebrate and describe basic plan of human 11
the human circulatory circulatory system & lymphatic
mammalian circulatory systems
system to its functions. system.
Structure and functions of the human compare the structure of human
circulatory system. blood vessels and lymph vessels
Blood circulatory system and explain the structure & function
lymphatic system. of human heart.
Structure of blood vessels and describe the cardiac cycle.
lymphatic vessels identify the peaks of a typical
Structure & function of the heart. ECG
Cardiac cycle explain causes of hypertension
Electrocardiogram and hypotension
Systolic & diastolic pressure explain systolic & diastolic
pressure.
Hypertension and hypotension
describe hypertension &
Coronary circulation and
hypotension as conditions
consequences of blockage of
leading to cardio vascular
coronary arteries.
disorders
briefly describe the coronary
31
circulation & consequences of
blockage of coronary arteries.
5.3.3 Inquires into the role of Respiratory pigments in man. state respiratory pigments in man. 08
blood. Respiratory pigments of other animals. state respiratory pigments in other
Transport of respiratory gases and animals.
other substances. describe the transport of
respiratory gases & other
Blood clotting
substances.
Grouping of blood
draw a flow chart of sequence of
ABO grouping blood clotting process
Rh factor describe the ABO grouping based
Study the circulatory system of man on agglutinogen and agglutinin
using specimens/ models/diagrams describe Rh blood factors based
on antigen and antibodies
explain significance of blood
groups in blood transfusion
explain the importance of Rh
factor in pregnancy
5.3.4 Explores the diversity of Respiratory surface define and state the need of 02
respiratory structures in the Respiratory structures of animals respiratory surfaces in animals
animal kingdom
Body covering, external gills, describe the characteristics of
internal gills, trachea, book respiratory surfaces
32
lungs ,respiratory tree and lungs state different respiratory
(Detailed structures are not structures of animals
necessary. The students should be
able to identify the respiratory
structures)
5.3.5 Relates the structure of the Gross structure of the human explain the gross structure of 08
human respiratory system to respiratory system the human respiratory system.
its functions. Mechanism of ventilation of lungs relate the structure with the
Respiratory cycle and lung volumes and function of each part of the
capacities respiratory system
Exchange of gases between blood and describe the mechanism of
air (external respiration) ventilation of lungs.
Exchange of gases between blood and explain the respiratory cycle &
tissues (internal respiration)
lung volume.
Dissociation curve of Oxy-
hemoglobin explain the exchange of gases
Regulation of respiration in man between blood & air and blood
Disorders of the human respiratory & tissue.
system. discuss the dissociation curve of
Impacts of smoking on the Oxy-hemoglobin
respiratory system describe the regulation of
Impacts of dust on the respiratory respiration in man.
system
Occupational hazards associated state the changes in lung
with the exposure to particles of capacity ,tidal volume during a
silica and asbestos particles strenuous exercise
Lung state the major disorders of the
cancers human respiratory system
33
Tuberculosis measure effects of exercise on
Asthma respiratory rate and pulse rate
Study of human respiratory system
using models/diagrams and
observation of effects of exercise on
respiratory rate and pulse rate
34
Naturally acquired immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Artificially acquired immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Allergies
Auto immune diseases
Immunodeficiency diseases
5.5.0Explores 5.5.1 Examines the Importance and need of explain the process of excretion 04
osmoregulatin relationship between osmoregulation and excretion & its importance.
and excretion metabolism and Excretory products describe the relationship between
excretory substances Relationship between metabolism of excretory products & metabolism
substrates and their excretory products explain the end products of
Nitrogenous excretory products nitrogenous excretion.
Advantages and disadvantages of compare advantages &
excreting different types of disadvantages of excreting
nitrogenous end products. different nitrogenous excretory
Relationship between the nitrogenous products.
end products and living environment state examples for organisms
excreting different types of
nitrogenous end products
5.5.2 Investigate the diversity of Different excretory structures in list the different excretory 04
excretory structures of animals(Details of fine structure of structures in animals giving
organisms excretory structures not necessary) suitable examples
Body surface explain the different excretory
35
Contractile vacuoles structures in animals by using
Flame cells simple diagrams
Nephridia
Malpigian tubules
Green glands/antennal glands
Sweat glands
Salt glands
Study of major types of excretory
structures in animals using
diagrams and charts
5.5.3 Investigates the gross Human urinary system describe parts of human urinary 09
functioning of the human Parts of the human urinary system system and their functions
urinary system
Kidney describe the location, blood supply
Location and structure of the kidney
Blood supply explain nephron as the structural
and functional unit
Structure
Ureters
describe the process of urine
formation
Urinary bladder
construct a flow chart on the role
Urethra (urinary passage) of hormones on the functioning of
Nephron as the structural and the kidney
functional unit discuss role of kidney as a main
Process of urine formation homeoststic organ
Ultrafilteration explain the preventive measures of
Selective reabsorption bladder and kidney stones
Secretion explain what CKDu is and discuss
36
Role of hormones on the functions of hypothized reasons for its
the kidneys occurrence
ADH appreciate the importance of
Aldosterone maintaining well being of urinary
system
Other functions of the kidney ( Kidney
as a main homeostatic organ)
Osmo-regulation
Control of blood volume
Blood pH regulation
Secretion Erythropoietin and Renin
Maintenance of blood volume and
blood pressure.
Disorders related to human urinary
system
Bladder & kidney stones
Chronic kidney disease of unknown
etiology (CKDu)
Measures of prevention of disorders
5.6.0Investigates 5.6.1 Inquires in to the Need for coordination discuss the need for coordination.
the structures processes and systems Systems contributing to coordination describe the systems contributing 03
& functions involved in to coordination
Nervous system
involved in coordination. compare the nervous system &
nervous Endocrine system
the endocrine system.
coordination Similarities and differences (in describe different types of
relation to coordination) of the nervous organizations among
nervous system and the endocrine animals
system
37
Organization of nervous systems
(Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata and
Chordata)
5.6.2 Investigates the g r o s s Organization and main parts of the describe the organization & main 11
structure & functions of the human nervous system parts of the human nervous
human nervous system. Central nervous system system.
Brain describe the autonomic nervous
Embryonic origin system & the functions
Meninges explain the importance of
antagonistic effect of
Cerebro ventricles and
sympathetic and parasympathetic
cerebro spinal fluid
nervous system in smooth
Main parts of human functioning of human body
brain
state the overall function of the
Cerebrum nervous system
Lobes of cerebral hemisphere describe major parts of the
Functional areas of cerebral human brain
cortex relate the main parts of the
Sensory area human brain to their functions
Associated area describe the importance of three
Motor area major functional areas of
cerebral cortex
explain organization of the
human nervous system using
diagrams/ models
38
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata appreciate the contribution of
Pons varoli major parts of the brain for
smooth functioning of human
Mid brain
body and maintaining healthy
Cerebellum life
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
and their functions
Overall function
5.6.3 Explores how nerve Nerve impulse conduction describe how the nerve impulse 07
impulses are generated and is conducted along an axon
Resting potential
transmitted. describe the gross structure of
Ion exchange synapses
Action potential explain mechanism of
Synapses transmitting a nerve impulse
through synapses
Neurotransmitters
Reflex arc
explain the reflex arc
list different types of
neurotransmitters and state the
39
basic role of each of them
5.6.4 Explores the injuries and Common disorders of nervous explain the reasons for common
02
common disorders of the system disorders of the nervous system
nervous system Schizophrenia and how those could be
controlled
Depression
Alzheimer ,s disease
Parkinson’s disease
state basic characteristics of the 04
5.6.5 Explores the Human sensory structures (Receptors) human sensory structures.
functions of different Basic characteristics describe the sensory structures
sensory structures in
Types of man using diagrams/ models
human
Chemoreceptors
Taste receptors
Olfactory receptors
Thermo receptors
Cold - Krauses’s end bulbs
Warmth –Ruffini bodies (corpuscles)
Free nerve endings
Photo receptors
Rods
Cones
Mechano receptors
40
Touch receptors– Meissner
corpuscles, Merkel’s discs
Pressure receptors
Pacinian corpuscles
Vibration receptors
Most of the touch receptors
Pain receptors
Special nerve endings.
Study of sensory structures of
human using diagrams /
models/charts
5.6.7 Relates the structures of Basic structure and functions of the describe the basic structure & 08
the eye and ear to their human eye functioning of the human eye.
functions. Basic structure and functions of the state the advantages of binocular
human ear vision over monocular vision
Study the structures of human eye describe the basic structure &
and ear using functions of the human ear.
diagrams/models/charts identify main components of
human eye and ear
appreciate the importance of
sensory receptors in coordination
41
5.6.8 Investigates the basic Basic layers of the human skin- explain the structure and function
structure and functions epidermis, dermis of the human skin. 03
of the human skin Hairs recognize the different functions
Glands of human skin
Receptors appreciate contribution of human
Functions of the skin skin in maintaining homeostasis
44
GnRH
FSH
LH
Inhibin
Testosterone
Study of the male reproductive
system using models/diagrams
5.8.3 Inquires in to structure and Structure & function of the female list the structures and functions
10
functions of female reproductive system of female reproductive system.
reproductive system. Ovaries (including the microscopic describe the major steps of
structure) oogenesis and the hormonal
Germinal epithelium regulation of it.
Follicles elaborate the structure and
Primary function of human ovum.
Graffian illustrate the hormonal
Corpus luteum regulation and the structural
Corpus albicans changes that occur in menstrual
Oogenesis, ovulation and its cycle.
hormonal regulation analyze the hormonal
Structure & function of an ovum fluctuations in blood of women
Uterine ducts/ fallopian tubes/ during menstrual cycle and
oviducts pregnancy period using related
Uterus graphs or bar charts
Vagina describe menopause.
Menstrual cycle and its hormonal identify the main components of
regulation (FSH, GnRH, LH, female reproductive system
Progesterone, Oestrogen using models /diagrams.
45
Menopause
Study of the female reproductive
system using models /diagrams.
46
5.8. 5Develops an awareness on Early signs of pregnancy state the early signs of pregnancy.
05
reproductive health. Pregnancy tests explain the basis of the pregnancy
Family Planning tests.
Birth control methods state the concept of family
planning and its importance.
Female
relate the effects of
Male
contraceptive methods on the
Abortions normal physiological process
Sexually transmitted infections discuss harmful effects of illegal
Gonorrhea abortions
Syphilis discuss infertility and assisted
Genital herpes reproduction
HIV/AIDS list out the sexually transmitted
Infertility infections
Modern reproductive technology discus how to avoid sexually
transmitted infections
Hormone therapy
Surgery
Assisted reproductive technologies
In vitro fertilization
Intracytoplasmic sperm
injection
5.9.0 Inquires 5.9..1 Inquires into the Main types of skeletons of animals and state the main types of skeletons of
into the structure and functions their organization animals.
types of of the Skeletal systems Hydrostatic skeleton describe the organization of
supporting and movement of Gastrovascular cavity hydrostatic skeleton with examples. 06
systems animals.
Pseudocoelom describe the organization of
and exoskeleton with examples
47
movement Interstitial fluid describe the organization of
in organisms. Coelom endoskeleton with examples
Exoskeleton relate the structure of the skeletal
system with its functions
Chitinous exoskeleton
compare exoskeleton,
Calcium carbonate exoskeleton
endoskeleton and hydrostatic
Bony plates
skeleton
Endoskeleton explain how animals move
Plates of Calcium carbonate through water and air
Bones appreciate the skeletal system in
Cartilage relation to survival of organisms
Common functions of skeleton in their environment
Support
Movement
Protection
Functions of the human skeletal system
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage & release of Calcium
Storage & release of Phosphates
Production of blood cells
Movement in land and air
5.9..2.Investigates the structure Organization of the human skeletal describe the organization of the 06
and functions of the system human skeleton.
axial skeleton of man. Axial skeleton list the main parts of the axial
Skull skeleton.
48
Cranium describe significant parts and
Vertebral column functions of skull
Four curvatures & main areas explain curvatures of vertebral
Types of vertebrae (Types and column
number)
Intervertebral discs describe the structure of typical
Ribs vertebra
Sternum compare different types of
vertebrae
Study the gross structure of
human skull and vertebral identify the gross structure of
column in relation to human skull & vertebral column
functions of various parts with reference to their functions
using specimens/ models/ relate the structure of axial
diagrams skeleton to maintain upright
posture
discuss the organization of
human axial skeleton to
maintain upright posture
51
state common Mendelian
04
6.1.2 Examines the patterns of Common human Mendelian characters in human
inheritance of Mendelian characteristics analyze and predict results of
characters in human. Pedigree charts Mendelian inheritance in human
families by using pedigree
charts
appreciate that inheritance of
Mendelian characters can be
predicted by using pedigree
charts
describe non-Mendelian
04
6.1.3 Uses concepts and Non Mendelian inheritance inheritance
principles to explain Incomplete dominance
describe some non-Mendelian
genetic patterns that Co dominance inheritance such as incomplete
deviate from Mendel’s Polyallelism dominance, co-dominance,
laws. Gene interaction polyallelism, gene interaction,
Epistasis (dominant and polygenic inheritance and gene
recessive) linkage
Polygenic Inheritance analyze the F2 phenotype ratios
Gene linkage with non-Mendelian patterns
Human sex determination explain human sex
Human sex linked characteristics determination
Concept of epigenetics state human sex linked
characteristics
appreciate the way incomplete
52
dominance, co dominance,
polyallelism, gene interaction,
polygenetic inheritance
contribute to variations
analyze the sex-linked
characteristics in inheritance in
human families using pedigree
charts
Outline the concept of
epigenetics
53
Unit 7– Molecular Biology & Recombinant DNA Technology (42 Periods)
Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of
Periods
7.1.0 Investigate 7.1.1 Examines the structures Structure of DNA and RNA explain the basic structure of
the and functions of genetic DNA and RNA molecules 06
Architecture of chromosomes
molecular materials explain the properties of DNA
basis of Basic characteristics of DNA describe the architecture of
genetic replication mechanism chromosomes
materials Overview of DNA repair distinguish prokaryotic
mechanisms chromosome from eukaryotic
chromosome
explain the mechanism of DNA
replication and its importance
distinguish the differences
between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic replications
state the significance of DNA
repairing
explain the characteristics of
DNA as a hereditary molecule
of the cell
7.1.2 Examine genes and how The nature of genes Explain the basic structure of 09
they work Chromosomal theory prokaryotic and eukaryotic
The genetic code and codon genes
Exons, introns and other non-coding list their differences
areas of chromosomes explain the relationship of gene
54
Overview of gene expression with chromosomes
Role of DNA and RNA and enzymes explain the characteristics of
involved in protein synthesis genetic code
One-gene/one-polypeptide discuss the role of DNA, RNAs
hypothesis and enzymes involved in protein
Mechanism of protein synthesis synthesis
Control of gene expression name the steps found in protein
Fate of proteins (trafficking and synthesis (process of
degradation) transcription and translation)
explain the role of regulatory
proteins in gene expression
discuss the negative (repressive)
and positive (activator) control of
transcription
appreciate the value of
chromosomal theory
Appreciate the central dogma of
molecular biology
appreciate the trafficking and
degradation of proteins within the
cell
7.1.3 Examine the molecular Causes of mutation and Explain the term mutation 07
basis of mutations Mutagens explain the causative factors of
Types of mutations; mutations
state the types of mutations with
Gene mutations
examples
Chromosomal mutations
explain the significance of
Human genetic disorders mutation in evolution
55
created by mutations discuss human genetic disorders
Genetic counseling in solving created by mutations
of some genetic disorders discuss significance of genetic
Role of mutations in counseling in avoiding some
human genetic problems
evolution
7.2.0 Gets updated 7.2.1 Gets updated on tools, DNA manipulation and in vitro discuss the major steps in DNA 09
on gene techniques and methods experiments isolation
technology of gene technology Principles of DNA isolation discuss the role of enzymes used
Enzymes reacting with DNA in gene technology
(nucleases, ligases, polymerases) explain the principle of agarose
gel electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
explain the principle of nucleic
DNA probes, hybridization
acid hybridization and use of
Recombinant DNA technology & probes
cloning of genes outline the steps in gene/DNA
Vectors fragment cloning
(Bacterial plasmids/ Phage/ yeast explain the methods used in gene
artificial) transfer technology
DNA libraries
Use of Reverse transcriptase
Use of Marker genes
56
7.2.2 Gets updated on DNA Various techniques used in DNA explain a restriction map and 07
analysis analysis (methods are not expected) their applications
- Restriction maps state the importance of having
- DNA sequencing the information of sequence of a
- DNA fingerprints DNA fragment/gene
- PCR applications of DNA fingerprints
explain the steps in a PCR cycle
appreciate PCR as an
accelerated process of DNA
analysis
7.2.3 Updates on the Genetically modified organisms and define a genetically modified 04
applications of gene their uses in; (GM) organism
technology Agriculture explain the use of genetically
Medicine modified organisms in medicine,
agriculture and industry
Industry
discuss possible socio economic
Health, environmental and socio problems concerning the use of
economic concerns of using GM organisms
genetically modified organisms
appreciate the significance of
Cartagena protocol, national international protocols and bio
biosafety framework safety framework in the safety of
mankind.
appreciate as gene technology as
a field of excitements and
controversies
appreciate the applications of
gene technology in different
fields
57
Unit 8-Environmental Biology (44 periods)
58
8.2.2 Investigates ecosystems Major ecosystems in Sri Lanka state different types of
of Sri Lanka Terrestrial ecosystems in Sri Lanka 12
Forests list characteristic features of
Lowland rain forests ecosystems in Sri Lanka
Dry monsoon forests identify locations of each type of
Montane forests
ecosystem.
Thorn forests
state dominant plant species in
Grasslands
the given ecosystems
Savanna
appreciate diversity of
Patana
ecosystems in Sri Lanka
Inland wetland ecosystems
Rivers and streams
Reservoirs
Marshes and swamps
Villus
Coastal ecosystems
Lagoons and estuaries
Mangroves
Coral reefs
Sea shore
Sand dunes
Sea grass beds
Salt marshes
59
8.3.0 Explore 8.3. 1 Explores biodiversity Biodiversity define biodiversity, ecosystem
biodiversity and threats due to Defining three levels of biodiversity diversity, species diversity and 07
as a human actions Values of biodiversity Commercial and genetic diversity .
component non commercial goods, environment, explain what biodiversity hotspots
of the recreational, ethical , services etc with are
environment examples describe goods and services
Threats to biodiversity and species provided by biodiversity
extinctions define the main five ways that
Main mechanisms of biodiversity loss biodiversity is lost giving examples in
Different categories of threatened Sri Lanka: habitat loss and
organisms fragmentation, overexploitation,
Biodiversity Hotspots pollution, introduction of invasive
Following categories with suitable alien species, climate change
examples from Sri Lanka discuss extinction as a natural
Endemic species process, but the rate been greatly
Indigenous species increased by human activity
Exotic species define threatened species according
Migratory species to the Red Data Book (only the
Relict species vulnerable, endangered and critically
endangered and extinct in the wild
Flagship species
categories with an example for plant
Keystone species
and animal each)
Invasive species
60
8.4.0 explores 8.3.2 Gets updated on the Contributory factors and Impacts of list major global environmental
global issues global environmental Global environmental problems issues 06
related to problems Global warming and climate describe the contributory factors
environment change for global warming , depletion of
Depletion of the Ozone layer
the Ozone layer, acid rains,
Desertification
desertification, climatic change
Acid rain
and their impacts
8.4.0 Explores 8.4.1 Investigates how Two basic ways of biodiversity describe In-situ and Ex- situ
methods of biodiversity and conservation ( In situ and ex- situ conservation practices with example
Biodiversity environment can be conservation) practices with examples demonstrate the knowledge and 05
and conserved at global and Main outcomes of the following understanding of global
environmen- national level international agreements agreements and key national
-tal CITES legislations, their administration
conservation Convention of biological diversity
(CBD)
Ramsar Convention
Marpol convention
Montreal protocol
Kyoto protocol
Basel convention
Key National Legislations
Fauna and flora protection
Ordinance
National Environment Act
61
Unit 9-Microbiology (50 periods)
62
9.1.2 explores some basic Methods of sterilization prepare culture media (NA/ PDA),
laboratory techniques in Preparation of culture media inoculate with a sample of toddy /
microbiology
Preparation of culture media (NA yoghurt and stain microorganisms found
and PDA ) and inoculation with a in toddy / yoghurt/root nodule
sample of toddy/yoghurt/root apply techniques in sterilization of
nodule different materials
Staining of bacteria found in develop the skills of techniques related
toddy or yoghurt using a in handling , observing and controlling
simple stain microorganisms under laboratory
conditions
Methods of sterilization of water ,
culture media, glassware, heat
labile substances and inoculating
Needles
Use of alcohol and other
disinfectants to control microbial
populations
9.2.0 Investigates 9.2.1 Explores the Microorganisms and diseases discuss the nature , distribution and role 09
microorganis concepts, The nature , distribution and of normal micro biota in human body
-ms as principles relevant to functions of the normal micro biota explain the terms in relation to
human infectious diseases living in human body infectious diseases
pathogens Following terms in relation to describe important characteristics of a
infectious diseases microorganisms in causing a disease
Pathogenecity explain virulence factors .
Pathogen discuss degree of virulence on
Host invasiveness and toxigenecity
Parasite state the role of enzymes and toxins on
Relationship between the host and invasiveness
63
the parasite/pathogen state the portals of entry of pathogens
Characteristics of the pathogens into the human body.
Virulence recognize the nature of pathogenic
Virulent factors that increase the microorganisms in causing infectious
pathogenicity diseases
Dependence of virulence on explain differences between endotoxins
invasiveness and toxigenicity and exotoxins
Role of enzymes and toxins on state the scientific name of the selected
invasiveness -Phospolipase, causal agents
lecithinase ,Hyaluronidase discuss the ways of prevention of
Toxigenicity infectious diseases
Endotoxins
Exotoxins
Exotoxin producing bacteria and role
of exotoxins in pathogenecity
(Cytotoxins, Enterotoxins ,
Neurotoxins)
Portals of entry of pathogens into the
human body
Respiratory tract
Genito -urinary tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Wounds on skin
64
Diseases of the important organs
(only the following causal agents,
symptoms are not required)
Skin
Chickenpox
Rubella
Measles
Eye
Conjunctivitis (bacteria/ virus)
Nervous system
Bacterial meningitis
Tetanus
Rabies
Cardiovascular system
Rheumatic fever
Respiratory system
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Influenza
Digestive system
Hepatitis
Food poisoning
Cholera
Typhoid
Urinary system
Leptospirosis
Reproductive system
65
Gonorrhea
Genital herpes
Immune system
AIDS
9.3.0 Investigates 9.3.1 Investigates and Use of microorganisms in industry, explain the advantages of employing 06
the use of explores the use of agriculture and environment microbes in commercial products
micro – microorganisms in Use of microorganisms in explain the basic principles of metabolic
organisms industry, agriculture commercial products that are processes of microorganisms for product
in industry, and Environment useful for humans formation
agriculture , Advantages of using microbial state the industrial applications of
Environmen processes over chemical processes microorganisms
t and Basic principles of metabolic distinguish industries based on
contribution processes of microorganisms microbes, microbial products and
66
of soil for product formation processes
micro- Microorganisms used in industry state the applications of microorganisms
organisms Applications of microorganisms in in environmental management
for industry state the applications of microorganisms
agriculture Single cell proteins, alcohol and in agriculture
alcoholic beverages, vinegar, dairy appreciate the microbial processes over
products, organic acids, metal chemical processes in industry
extractions, vitamins, vaccines,
enzymes, antibiotics, insulin, human
growth hormones, retting, bio-gas
production, biofuel, bakery products
Applications of microorganisms in
environment
Bio-remediation, waste treatment
Applications of microorganisms in
Agriculture
Biofertilizers (mycorrhiza phosphate
solubilization, rhizobium
inoculation, plant growth
substances),
Biopesticides/ bio control agents
composting
9.3.2 Uses the functions of Nature, distribution and roles of soil describe the nature , distribution and 06
soil micro- microbes roles of soil microbes.
organisms to Chemical and Physical environment explain the natural role of
maintain soil of soil as a healthy media for growth microorganisms as decomposers in
health of microorganisms recycling of minerals
Role of microorganisms in cyclic elaborate the specific role of
process of minerals microorganisms in Nitrogen cycle and
67
Mineralization Carbon cycle, mineralization
Carbon cycle describe the interactions of soil
microorganisms relevant to plant growth
Nitrogen cycle
describe the role of microorganisms in
Soil microbes relevant to plant
improving of soil quality
growth
appreciate the decomposition role in
Microbial function in Rhizosphere microorganisms
Interactions of soil microorganisms
associated with roots
9.4. 0 Utilizes the 9.4.1 Uses the Microbiology of potable water, and discuss the natural sources and possible 06
microbiologic microbiological waste water . contamination methods of drinking water
al concepts concepts and Natural sources of drinking water list main contaminants of water
and principles principles in potable and possible contamination list the diseases transmitted by water
to maintain water and waste methods. state the importance of coliform as an
the quality of water management
Diseases that are transmitted by indicator of fecal contamination
water outline the steps in water treatment in an
water.
microbes as indicators of fecal urban water treatment plant
contamination. explain the effects of discharging waste
Steps in water treatment in urban water into natural water resources
water treatment plant outline the principles and main steps in
treatment of industrial waste water
Waste water- domestic and
appreciate the importance of waste water
industrial waste water
treatment methods to avoid water
Adverse effects of discharging large
pollution and their impact
amounts of waste water
into natural water resources
Principles and main steps in
treatment of industrial waste water
68
9.5.0 Explores the 9.5.1 Contributes to the Microorganisms and food explain why food is easily spoiled by 08
impact of prevention of Food spoilage by microorganisms microorganisms
microbes on diseases that are
Presence of nutritious matter and explain the physical and chemical
food caused by spoiled water in foods help microbial changes in food spoilage
food growth
describe the effects of food spoilage
Physical, chemical and biological
on human health
changes taking place in food
by the growth of heterotrophic appreciate the importance of food
microorganisms preservation methods
External factors affecting food
spoilage (temperature, oxygen
supply, humidity)
Internal factors affecting food
spoilage –pH value, moisture
content, amount of nutrients,
biological structure of food
Food borne diseases by bacteria
Food borne infections
Food intoxication
Infections caused by food
Typhoid – Salmonella typhi
Dysentery –Shigella
Cholera – Vibrio cholera
Food intoxication
Intoxication by Staphylococcus
aureus Intoxication by Clostridium
botulinum
By Fungi-
Aflatoxin-Aspergillus flavus
69
Unit 10 -Applied Biology (24 periods)
70
Food preservation explain the concept and importance of 05
10.1.4 Utilizes the Importance of food food preservation
knowledge on preservation elaborate the principles of methods in
food preservation Principles of food preserving food
and postharvest preservation discuss causes for postharvest loss
losses for Postharvest loss describe methods to minimize
successful
applications in
Causes for postharvest loss postharvest loss
71
4.0 Teaching - Learning Strategies
Global trend in present day education is to introduce competency based curricula which promote collaborative learning
through student-centered activities where learning predominates over teaching. It is intended for the students to actively
participate in activities which enhance the development of individual, social and mental skills. Emphasis is laid on the
following aspects.
The teacher has the liberty to follow any suitable teaching learning method to achieve the relevant learning outcomes.
It is expected that the theoretical components of each unit will be dealt with the relevant practical components, which are given in italics.
Capacity of students should be enhanced through extra-curricular activities, extensive use of supplementary reading materials and learning teaching
aids such as Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) software.
With a view to extending learning beyond the classroom activities and to highlight the students’ special abilities, it is expected to involve students in
co-curricular activities such as;
setting up school societies or clubs to pursue various aspects of chemistry
field trips to places where applications of chemistry can be observed and preparation of reports subsequently
organizing school exhibitions and competitions
organizing guest lectures on relevant topics by resource persons
producing school publications
organizing events such as debates, science days, etc.
School management is responsible in providing services such as lab equipments, computer facilities, etc. and assistance within the school and from
outside resources.
In order to develop school policy and programmes it would be desirable to form a committee comprising relevant teachers and students.
Most importantly, the school should serve as a role model to be followed by the students.
72
School will develop its annual programmes, consisting of a variety of activities for achieving policy goals. In determining the activities to be
undertaken during a particular year, the school will need to identify priorities and consider feasibility in relation to time and resource constraints.
Assessment and Evaluation should conform to the standards set by the Department of Examinations. However, school-based assessment should also
be part and parcel as it paves way to give direct feedback to learners.
73