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General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)

Grades 12-13

BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
(Implemented from 2017)

Department of Science
National Institute of Education
Sri Lanka
www.nie.lk

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INTRODUCTION

Biology as the scientific study of living organisms is essential for all individuals to co-exist successfully with biotic and abiotic
environment.

Study of Biology is important in a number of aspects;

1. To have a broad view of concepts, principles and theories related to organisms


2. To seek solutions and alternatives for the current issues faced by mankind such as HIV pandemic , cancers, reduced agricultural
production, environmental degradation etc
3. To develop awareness to foster values related to nature and to conserve environment.

The Biology syllabus for G.C.E. (A/L) has been developed with the intention of developing personal skills, interpersonal skills and thinking skills of the
target student populations. This syllabus is in par with international syllabi of this subject at this level.

Revision of the Biology syllabus has been done taking in to consideration the requirements of students who enter tertiary level education as well as the
majority which follow other carrier paths. Apart from that, the enhanced knowledge of biological principles and their applications are beneficial in day to
day life pursuits and the needs of the society.

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1.1 National goals

1. Based on the concept of respecting human values and understanding the differences between the Sri Lankan multi-cultural society, building up the
nation and confirming the identity of Sri Lanka by promoting national integrity, national unity, national coherence and peace.

2. While responding to the challenges of the dynamic world, identifying and conserving the national heritage.

3. Creating an environment which comprises the conventions of social justice and democratic life to promote the characteristics of respecting human
rights, being aware of the responsibilities, concerning each other with affectionate relationships.

4. Promoting a sustainable life style based on the people’s mental and physical wellbeing and the concept of human values.

5. Promoting positive feelings needed for a balanced personality with the qualities of creative skills, initiative, critical thinking and being responsible.

6. Developing the human resources, needed for the progress of the wellbeing of an individual, the nation as well as the economic growth of Sri Lanka,
through education.

7. Preparing the people for the changes that occur in a rapidly changing world by adapting to it and controlling them; developing abilities and
potentialities of people to face the complex and unexpected occasions.

8. Sustaining the skills and attitudes based on justice, equality, mutual respect which is essential to achieve a respectable place in the international
community.

National Education Commission Report (2003).

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1.2 Basic Competencies
The competencies promoted through the education mentioned below help to achieve the above mentioned National Goals.
i. Competencies in Communication

This first set of competencies is made up of four subsets - Literacy, Numeracy, Graphics and Information Communication skills:
Literacy : Listening, carefully speaking clearly, and reading for comprehension, writing clearly and accurately.
Numeracy: Using numbers to count, calculate, code and to measure, matter, space and time.
Graphics : Making sense of line and form, expressing and recording essential data, instructions and ideas
with line, form, colour, two and three-dimensional configurations, graphic symbols and icons.
ICT Competencies: Knowledge on computers, and the ability to use the information communication skills at
learning or work as well as in private life.

ii. Competencies relating to personality development


- Generic skills such as creativity, divergent thinking, initiative, decision making, problem-solving, critical and analytical thinking, team work,
inter-personal relationships, discovering and exploring
- Values such as integrity, tolerance and respect for human dignity.
- Cognition
iii. Competencies relating to the environment
This is the second set of competencies related to the Social, Biological and Physical Environments.

Social Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to being a member of society, social relationship, personal conduct, general and legal
conventions, rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations.
Biological Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to the living world, man and the ecosystem, the trees, forests, seas, water, air and life
- plant, animal and human life.
Physical Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills relating to space, energy, fuel, matter, materials and their links with human living, food,
clothing, shelter, health, comfort, respiration, sleep, relaxation, rest, waste and excretion, media of communication and
transport.

Included here are the skills in using tools to shape and for materials for living and learning.
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iv. Competencies relating to preparation for the world of work

Employment related skills to maximize their potential and to enhance their capacity to contribute to economic development; to discover their
vocational interests and aptitudes; to choose a job that suits their abilities and to engage in a rewarding and sustainable livelihood.

v. Competencies relating to religion and ethics


· Develop competencies pertaining to managing environmental resources intelligently by understanding the potential of such resources.
· Develop competencies related to the usage of scientific knowledge to lead a physically and mentally healthy life.
· Develop competencies pertaining to becoming a successful individual who will contribute to the development of the nation in
collaboration, engage in further studies and undertake challenging job prospects in the future.
· Develop competencies related to understanding the scientific basis of the natural phenomena and the universe.
· Use appropriate technology to maintain efficiency and effectiveness at an optimum level in utilizing energy and force.

2.0 Aims of the syllabus

At the end of this course students will be able to;

1. develop an interest and desire to expand and deepen the knowledge in the field of Biology
2. understand the concepts , phenomena, principals and processes in Biology through collaborative learning practices
3. adjudicate our place in nature ; understand our interactions and impact upon the natural and social environment
4. develop the ability to plan investigative processes and to solve problems in the field of Biology.
5. develop a sense of belonging to the environment and identify the country’s natural habitats, together with a positive attitude towards fauna and
flora, in order to foster responsibility and involvement in preserving and protecting nature and the quality of the environment.
6. develop sensitivity to current practical problems of everyday life
7. develop an awareness of good habits for maintaining hygiene, health and quality of life

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List of topics and allocated number of periods

Topic Number of periods

Unit 01 Introduction to Biology 05


Unit 02 Chemical & cellular basis of life 85
Unit 03 Evolution and diversity of organisms 61
Unit 04 Plant form and function 77
Unit 05 Animal form and function 193
Unit 06 Genetics 22
Unit 07 Molecular Biology & Recombinant DNA Technology 42
Unit 08 Environmental Biology 41
Unit 09 Microbiology 50
Unit 10 Applied Biology 24

Total 600

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Grade Term Competency Levels

First Term From 1.1.1 to 3.2.3 (16 Competency Levels)

Grade 12 Second Term From 3.2.4 to 4.5.1 (17 Competency Levels)

Third Term From 5.1.1 to 5.5.3 (12 Competency Levels)

First Term From 5.6.1 to 6.1.5 (23 Competency Levels)

Grade 13 Second Term From 7.1.1 to 8.5.1 (14 Competency Levels)

Third Term From 9.1.1 to 10.1.5 (12 Competency Levels)

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` Unit 1 –Introduction to Biology ( 05 periods)

Competency Competency level Content Learning outcomes Number of


periods
1.0 Conducts 1.1.1 Elaborates on the nature,  Scope and importance of biology  describe the nature, scope and
investigations scope and importance of  Issues pertaining to biology importance of biology 02
from a biological biology with reference to  Understanding biological diversity  discuss the issues and
perspective. challenges faced by the
 Understanding the human body and its challenges faced by mankind
mankind with reference
functions
 Understanding plant life to biology
 discuss how challenges are
 Management of natural resources and
overcome using new
environment
technologies
 Sustainable food production
 appreciate the study of biology
 Understanding of diseases and causes as a multidisciplinary subject
 Addressing some legal and ethical
1.1.2 Reviews the nature and the  Diversity
issues of organisms – size, shape, form,  discuss the wide range in shapes, 03
organizational patterns of the habitat sizes , forms and habitats of living
living world  Characteristics of organisms organisms
 Order and organization  elaborate characteristics of living
organisms
 Metabolism
 construct the hierarchical levels of
 Growth and development
organization with suitable
 Irritability and coordination
examples
 Adaptation  justify the cell as the basic
 Reproduction structural and functional unit of
 Heredity and evolution life

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 Hierarchical levels of organization of living  appreciate all kinds of living 03
things organisms and their interactions
 Molecules
 Organelles
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ systems
 Organism
 Population
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biosphere
 Cell as the basic structural and functional
unit of life

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Unit 2 – Chemical & cellular basis of life ( 85 Periods)

Competency Competency level Content Learning outcomes Number of


periods
2.1.0 Investigates 2.1.1 Inquires into the  Elemental composition of living matter  list the elements present in 02
the chemical elemental organisms.
basis of life. composition of  state the most abundant elements
living organims in organisms

2.1.2 Investigates the physical  Importance of water for life  describe physical and chemical
and chemical properties  Importance of physical and properties of water which are 04
of water important for chemical properties of water important for life.
life for life  relate the physical and chemical
properties of water to its
functions performed in living
systems
 explain the importance of water
for life.
 appreciate the unique properties
of water for existence of life

2.1.3 Examines the  Structure and function of the  describe the basic chemical nature
chemical nature and four main types of organic of four main types of organic 09
functions of main compounds found in compounds found in organisms
organic compounds of organisms; Carbohydrates,  elaborate on the functions of four
organisms lipids , proteins, and nucleic major types of organic
acids compounds with relevant
examples

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 Carbohydrates  identify structure and functions
 Monosaccharides, of DNA and RNA
disaccharides and  differentiate DNA and RNA
polysaccharides  explain the role of DNA and
 Functions of carbohydrates RNA as hereditary material
 state functions of ATP,NAD
 Lipids
,FAD and NADP
 Fats and oils, phospholipids  conduct laboratory tests to
and
identify the reducing sugars, non
other lipids
reducing sugars, starch, proteins
 Functions of lipids and lipids.
 Proteins  appreciate that protein,
 Amino acids and peptide carbohydrates , lipids and nucleic
bonds. acids form the chemical basis of
 Primary, secondary, tertiary life
and quaternary structures of  appreciate the unique properties
proteins of DNA which are important to
 Properties of act as the hereditary material of
proteins all organisms
 Functions of proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Nucleosides,nucleotides and
polynucleotides along with
appropriate examples
 Ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides
 Structure of DNA-double
helical structure
 Main functions of DNA
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 Structure of RNA and main
functions
 Nucleotides found in other molecules
(ATP,NAD,NADP,FAD) and their
major role
 Simple laboratory tests for the
identification of reducing and non-
reducing sugars, starch, proteins and
lipids
2.2.0 Examines cell 2.2.1Elaborates on the  Microscopes as tools in biology  compare significant features of 07
as the basic contribution of  Properties of microscopes the electron microscope and light
functioning unit microscopes to the  Magnification microscope
of life expansion of knowledge  explain magnification and
 Resolution power
on cells and cellular resolution
organization.  Types of microscopes  explain main features of
 Light microscope transmission and scanning
 Electron microscope electron microscopes
 SEM  identify cellular and sub cellular
 TEM componenets using light
 Parts and functions of light microscope and electron
microscope and using microscope micrographs
to observe specimens  develop the skill for handling
light microscope efficiently
 use the light microscope properly
to observe specimens
 value the contribution of
microscope in biological studies

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2.2.2 D e sc r i b e s t he  Historical background of cell  describe the contribution of 18
h i st o r i c al  Cell theory scientists towards cell theory
b a c kgr o u n d o f ce l l  explain the cell theory
 Organization of cells
a n d a nalyses the structure  explain the difference between
 Prokaryotic
and functions of the sub eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
 Eukaryotic .
cellular units.  compare the structural differences
 Structure of a typical plant cell and an between plant and animal cells.
animal cell  describe the structure and function
 Structure and functions of of organelles and sub cellular
organelles and sub cellular components of cells.
components  describe extra cellular
 Plasma membrane components
 Cytoplasm  explain the need and significance
 Nucleus of cellular communications
 Ribosomes  state components of cell
 Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough and communication
Smooth)  use electron micrographs to
 Golgi bodies identify cellular organelles and
sub cellular components of a cell
 Lysosomes
 use electron micrographs to
 Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
differentiate eukaryotic and
 Mitochondria prokaryotic cellular organization
 Chloroplasts  appreciate division of labour and
compartmentalization within a
 Cytoskeleton (microfilaments, cell
microtubules and intermediate
filaments)
 Vacuoles
 Flagella and cilia

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 Centriole
 Extra cellular components
 Cell wall
 Cell junctions
 Extracellular matrix of animal cells
 Need and significance of cell
communication
 Components involved in cell
communication
 Receptors located on cell membranes
or intracellular receptors
 Response
 Use of electron micrographs to
understand the structure of cellular
components

2.3.0 Investigates the 2.3.1 Describe the cell cycle and  Cell cycle  elaborate on the phases and main
importance of the process of cell division  Chromosomes events of cell cycle. 09
cell cycle and  Mitosis  describe the basic structure of
cell division.
 Behaviour of chromosomes and other eukaryotic chromosome
parts of a cell during mitosis  discuss the main events that occur
 Significance of mitosis. in each phase.
 describe the stages in mitosis and
 Meiosis
meiosis with reference to
 Behaviour of chromosomes and other
chromosomal behavior
parts of a cell during meiosis
 describe the significance of
 Significance of meiosis
synaptonemal complex and
 Galls, tumours and cancers kinetochore

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 Identification of different stages of  compare and contrasts mitosis
mitosis and meiosis using and meiosis
microscopic slides  state the significance of mitosis
and meiosis
 use prepared slides to identify
different stages of mitosis and
meiosis under light microscope.
 state rapid and uncontrolled
mitotic cell division results in
formation of galls, tumors and
cancers
2.4.0 Investigates 2.4.1 Analyses the energy  Metabolism  explain metabolism 02
energy relationships in  Need of energy for living systems.
relationships in metabolic • Anabolic and catabolic reactions,  highlight the need of energy for
metabolic processes.  structure of ATP living systems
processes of
 Importance ofATP as an energy  explain catabolic and anabolic
organisms. reactions with examples
carrier
 discuss the structure and the
importance of ATP as an
universal energy currency unit
 list the cellular processes
involving energy
 appreciate the role of ATP as an
universal energy currency

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2.4.2 Investigates the role of  Enzymes  define enzymes
enzymes in regulating  General characteristics of enzymes  explain the general characteristics 10
metabolic reactions.  Mechanism of enzymatic reaction of enzymes and their role
 Induced fit mechanism  describe the importance of co-
 Cofactors factors for enzymatic activities
 Co enzymes  describe the mechanism of enzyme
activity by using suitable
 Inorganic ions
diagrams
 Factors affecting enzymatic reactions  explain how pH, temperature,
 pH substrate concentration, enzyme
concentration and inhibitors
 Temperature
(competitive and non
 Substrate concentration competitive) affect the rate of
 Enzyme concentration enzyme activity
 conduct laboratory experiments to
 Inhibitors-competitive, non
show how temperature affects the
competitive
rate of enzyme reaction using
 Laboratory experiment to starch – amylase system
demonstrate enzyme activity and
 appreciate the role of enzymes
to determine effect of temperature on
in metabolic reactions
rate of enzymatic reaction (starch-
amylase)

 define photosynthesis
2.4.3 Examines  Importance of photosynthesis
photosynthesis as an  discuss the global and biological 12

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energy fixing importance of photosynthesis
 Pigments and photosystems
mechanism.  differentiate the role of pigments
 Light dependent reaction of involved in photosynthesis
photosynthesis
 describe the nature and
 Capturing energy from sun significance of photosystems
light  describe the light dependent
 Photolysis of water reaction of photosynthesis
 describe the Calvin cycle of
 Synthesis of NADPH and
photosynthesis
ATP
 describe the C4 pathway of
 Calvin cycle (C3 pathway) photosynthesis
 Carboxylation – function of  describe the impact of
RUBP carboxylase. photorespiration of C3 plants
 Reduction –  explain C4 pathway has evolved
Reduction of PGA to minimize photorespiration
and synthesis of  differentiate C3 and C4 plants
carbohydrates.  correlate limiting factors of
 Regeneration of RUBP photosynthesis with the
 Photorespiration in C3 plants productivity/efficiency of plants
 C4pathway of photosynthesis in different environmental
 Significance of C4 pathway conditions
 Anatomical differences between C3  design and carryout experiments
and C4 plant leaves to determine the rate of
photosynthesis by amount of
 Blackman’s principle of factors
oxygen released
affecting photosysnthesis
 Limiting factors affecting photosynthesis
 discuss the effect of global
 Carbon dioxide
warming on photosynthesis
 Light
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 Temperature  appreciate the universal role of
photosynthesis
 Determination of rate of
photosynthesis by amount of
O2 released using Audus
apparatus (at different CO2
concentrations and light
intensities)
 Microscopic observation of a cross
sections of C3 and C4 leaves with
special reference to adaptations for
photosynthesis.

2.4.4Examines cellular  Cellular respiration  define cellular respiration


respiration as a process of  Importance of cellular respiration  highlight cellular respiration as 12
obtaining energy  Aerobic and anaerobic processes the process of supplying energy
 Aerobic respiration- process of for all cellular activities.
glucose oxidation  describe the location, major
events and end products of
 Glycolysis
aerobic respiration.
 Pyruate oxidation and Citric acid  describe the location, major
cycle (Kreb`s cycle)
events and end products of
 Electron transport chain anaerobic respiration
 Anaerobic respiration  differentiate aerobic and
 Ethanol fermentation and Lactic acid anaerobic respiration
fermentation  calculate efficiency of anaerobic
and aerobic respiration
 Use of lipids (fats and oils) and
 list out the significance of cellular
proteins in respiration
respiration.
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 Respiratory quotient  relate the substrate with
 Determination of rate of respiration respiratory quotient
and respiratory quotient using  determine the rate of respiration
germinating seeds and respiratory quotient using
germinating seeds
 appreciate the significance of
respiration for all organisms

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Unit 3 –Evolution and diversity of organisms (61 periods)

Competency Competency level Content Learning outcomes Number of


periods
3.1.0 Explores 3.1.1 Uses the theories of  Origin of life on earth  describe the conditions on earth
evolution of life origin of life and natural  Evolution of biological diversity before life 07
selection to analyze the  Theories of evolution  describe the theories on origin
process of evolution of of life
 Theory of Lamarck
life
 Darwin – Wallace theory  explain the process of evolution
- Theory of natural selection of biological diversity
 Neo-Darwinism  state four eras of geological
time scale
 explain theory of Lamarck and
theory of natural selection
 relate theory of Neo-Darwinism
to natural selection
 use classification and
3.2.0 Explores the 3.2.1 Constructs hierarchy of taxa  Identification of organisms, classification nomenclature to identify 12
diversity of on scientific basis and nomenclature organisms
organisms  Methods of natural & artificial  distinguish between natural and
classification artificial classification
 History of classification methodologies.
 Hierarchy of taxa from domains to  describe history of systems of
species classification
 Biological definition of species  define Species
 Criteria used in Species identification  state advantages of
 Binomialnomenclature classification of organisms
 use and construct a
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 Use of dichotomous key dichotomous key
 identify taxonomic levels used
 Present system of classification and its in classification of organisms
basis  name organisms according to
 Domains binominal nomenclature.
 Bacteria  use specific characteristics of
organisms to classify them in to
 Archaea
three domains
 Eukarya
 describe the differences of three
 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya domains
 Protista  state examples of each domain
 Plantae
 Fungi  explain the basic characteristics
 Animalia of kingdoms of Eukarya
 appreciate natural diversity of
organisms on earth and the need
for classifying them
 Domain - Bacteria  differentiate between bacteria and
3.2.2 Explores the diversity of  Characteristic features of Bacteria Cyanobacteria.
organismswithin and Cyanobacteria  explain the characteristic features
Domain Bacteria of bacteria and cyanobacteria 05
 Observe and distinguish between
 observe and distinguish bacteria
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria and Cyanobacteria under light
under light microscope microscope
 Use of electron micrographs to  recognize the importance of
study morphological features of bacteria and Cyanobacteria to the
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria ecosystems

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3.2.3 Explores the diversity of  Key morphological characteristics of  state key characteristics of
organisms within the kingdom kingdom Protista giving suitable kingdom Protista giving suitable 06
Protista. examples. examples
 Euglena .  observe and identify characteristic
 Paramecium. features of typical organisms
 recognize the importance of
 Amoeba.
Protista in ecosystems
 Ulva.
 Gelidium.
 Sargassum.
 Diatoms
 Observation of morphological
features of typical organisms
of the above phyla using
suitable examples
 state characteristic features of non
 Kingdom – Plantae vascular, vascular, vascular 08
3.2.4 Explores the diversity of  Evolutionary relationship among seedless and vascular seeded
organisms within the kingdom major groups of plants plants
Plantae  Characteristic features of the  show evolutionary relationships
following phyla and groups referring among major groups of plants
to the given examples  classify flowering plants as
 Non vascular Monocots and Dicots using
characteristic features.
 Phylum – Hepatophyta
 observe morphological features of
 Phylum - Bryophyta
typical organisms of the given
 Phylum – Anthocerophyta
phyla and groups
 Vascular seedless plants
 appreciate the importance of
 Phylum – Lycophyta
members of kingdom Plantae in
 Phylum – Pterophyta
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 Vascular,seed plants ecosystems.
 Phylum-Cycadophyta
 Phylum-Gnetophyta
 Phylum – Coniferophyta
 Phylum – Anthophyta
 Monocots
 Dicots
 Observation of morphological
features of typical organisms of the
above phyla and groups using
suitable examples

 elaborate the characteristic


3.2.5 Explores the diversity 06
of organismswithin  Kingdom – Fungi features of kingdom Fungi.
 Characteristic features of the  classify organisms in kingdom
the kingdom Fungi.
following phyla using given Fungi into phyla using their
examples vegetative and reproductive
 Phylum – Chytridiomycota patterns.
 Phylum – Zygomycota  observe and identify key characteristic
 Phylum – Ascomycota features of typical organisms of
 Phylum – Basidiomycota the given phyla
 recognize the role of fungi in eco-
 Observation of key characteristic
systems
features of typical organisms of
the above phyla using suitable
examples

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 Kingdom –Animalia  elaborate the characteristic
3.2.6 Explores the diversity of 09
 Evolutionary relationships among major features of kingdom Animalia.
organismswithin the
groups of animals  explains evolutionary
kingdom Animalia
relationships of major phyla
 Characteristic features of the following
phyla (Details of feeding, osmo  classify organisms in kingdom
regulation, excretion, nervous & Animalia into phyla using
hormonal regulations, respiration, characteristic features.
reproduction)  observe characteristic features of
typical organisms of the given
 Cnidaria
phyla
 Platyhelminthes
 appreciate the diversity of
 Rotifera
invertebrates.
 Nematoda  recognize the importance of
 Annelida members of kingdom Animalia to
 Arthropoda the ecosystem
 Mollusca
 Echinodermata
 Cephalochordata
 Chordata
 Observation of morphological
features of each phyla using
typical organisms of the above
phyla

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3.2.7 Uses the characteristic  identify organisms belonging 08
features to study  Characteristic features of classes of major classes of phylum
organisms belonging phylum Chordata
Chordata
to phylum Chordata  Chondrichthyes  construct dichotomous keys to
 Osteichthyes identify given examples
 Amphibia  observe characteristic features
 Reptilia of typical organisms of the
 Aves given classes
 Mammalia  appreciate the diversity of major
 Observation of characteristic classes of phylum Chordata
features of typical organisms of
the above classes using suitable
examples

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Unit 4 – Plant form and function
(80 Periods)

Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of


Periods
4.1.0 Explores 4.1.1 Examines different  Meristems, their locations and role in  explain characteristic features of meristematic cells
types of tissues and relates 08
structure, plant growth  describe the regions of shoot apex and root apex
the structure of plant tissues
 Apical meristems
growth and to their functions  explain the role of each meristem and their locations
development of  Lateral meristems
 describe how differentiation of tissues takes place at
plants  Intercalary meristems
 Three basic types of tissue systems of growing regions
plants  distinguish three types of tissue systems in plants
 Dermal tissues  discuss the role and functions of each tissue
 Epidermis
 identify special characters of cell types of each tissue
 Guard cells
by using light microscope
 Trichomes
 Root hairs  appreciate that plant tissues and their differentiations
 Ground tissues are evolved to perform respective functions
 Parenchyma efficiently
 Collenchyma
 Sclerenchyma
 Vascular tissues
 Xylem
 Phloem

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 Primary structure of monocotyledonous and
4.1.2  distinguish between primary and secondary growth 10
dicotyledonous stems
Examines the changes taking
 Primary structure of monocotyledonous and  illustrate the histological structure of primary stems
place in the growth and
development process of a dicotyledonous roots and roots of Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous
plant  Secondary growth in plants plants
 Formation of wood, growth rings, heart  describe how secondary growth of Dicotyledonous
wood and sapwood,hard wood and soft stems and roots takes place
wood  describe the structure as seen in a cross section of a
 Study of cross sections of primary stem Dicotyledonous stem after secondary growth
and primary root of a Monocot and a  appreciate the importance of secondary growth for
Dicot existence of perennial plants
 Microscopic and macroscopic  differentiate heart wood and sap wood
examination of secondary structure of  differentiate hard wood and soft wood
Dicotyledonous wood using transverse
sections

4.2.0 Examines  Structure and functional adaptations of 02


resource 4.2.1 Investigates the
leaf for efficient photosynthesis
acquisition and shoot architecture  describe the various adaptations seen in plants to
 Shoot and leaf architecture facilitate
transport in and light capture
light capture for photosynthesis maximize capturing of light
vascular plants
 The length of stems and their branching  define the leaf area index
patterns
 carry out experiments to observe cross section of
 Leaf size and structures
 The arrangement of leaves on a stem- mesophytic dicot leaf with special reference to
phyllotaxy
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 Leaf area index adaptations for photosynthesis
 Leaf orientation

4.2.2 Investigates the  Leaves of plants as the main surface for  describe and compare typical leaf structure of
04
process of gaseous gaseous exchange monocot and dicot leaf
exchange in plants  relate the structure of stomata to its function
 Anatomy of typical dicot and monocot
 describe the gaseous exchange through stomata,
leaves
cuticle and lenticels
 Typical structure of stomata
 describe the mechanisms of opening and closing of
 Mechanisms of action of opening and stomata using K+ influx
closing of stomata  explain role of ABA in stomatal closure in drought
 Factors affecting stomatal action  observe the structure of stomata and lenticels through
microscope
 appreciate the mechanisms of stomatal opening in
relation to different environmental conditions

21
4.2.3 Investigates the  Concepts of water potential, solute  explain the need for transport of materials in plants
08
concepts of acquisition of potential of solutions, cell and soil  describe the pathway of water and mineral movement
water and minerals
 Pathway of entry of water into root cells through and between the cells of the plant body
 Transport of water within the root  elaborate on the concepts and principles underlying
transport of water and minerals in plants
 Entering of water into vascular tissue
 explain absorption and radial transport of minerals and
 Travelling of water up to aerial parts of the
water in a plant
plant
 relates the root anatomy with absorption and transport
 Cohesion-adhesion theory and mass flow
of water and minerals
 Mechanisms of mineral absorption into root
 explain the upward movement of water & minerals in a
plant
 Determination of solute potential of epidermal
 appreciate roots as a main route of water and mineral
peels of Rhoeo
acquisition to a plant
 Determination of water potential of
petioles of Colocasia / potato strips

22
4.2.5 Investigates the process  basic characteristics of phloem transport  state the materials transported through phloem
04
involved in transport of
 Materials transport through phloem  describe the mechanism of phloem translocation
materials in plants  relate the structure of the phloem tissue to its function
 Mechanisms of phloem transport
 appreciate the process of phloem translocation
 Phloem loading, mass flow and phloem
unloading
 Pressure flow hypothesis

 Transpiration 04
4.2.6 Investigates the  describe the routes of transpiration
processes of water loss in  Routes of transpiration  list the factors affecting transpiration rate and discuss
plants  Factors affecting transpiration rate how those factors effect transpiration
 Root pressure and guttation  describe guttation
Determination of rates of transpiration  elaborate on how root pressure develops in plants and
from leaves and shoots using its effects on guttation
photometer  compare transpiration and guttation
 conduct experiments to determine solute potential and
water potential of cells using Rhoeo, potato tubers and
petioles of Colocasia respectively
 design and conduct experiments to determine the rates
of transpiration from leaves & shoots under different
environmental conditions
 appreciate the routes of transpiration in plants

23
4.3.0 4.3.1  Nutrition and its importance for plants  explain the importance of nutrition for life 08
Explores the Investigates
 Autotrophic nutrition  describe with examples the special modes of
diversity of the modes of nutrition in organisms
nutritional nutrition of  Photoautotrophic
processes in plants  Symbiosis  appreciate that plant nutrition often involves
plants  Mutualism relationships with other organisms
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
 Insectivorous plants

4.3.2  Form of absorption, functions and  define the terms of essential elements,
Investigates deficiency symptoms macronutrients and micronutrients
nutritional 
 Essential elements in plants state the relative abundance of them in plant
requirement  describe the functions and deficiency
for the  Macronutrients
symptoms of macro and micro nutrients in
optimal  Micronutrients plants 06
growth of
plants
4.4.0 Inquires 4.4.1  Sexual reproduction of terrestrial plants  explain alternation of generation 10
into Uses the  Alternation of generations in plants  explain that in the evolution of land plants,
reproductive trends in life  Haploid and diploid generations gametophytic generation gradually reduced
process in cycles, to
plants relate the  Gametophytes and sporophytes and the sporophytic generation became
adaptations of  Diversity in the life cycles of terrestrial dominant as adaptation to land habit
plants for a plants.
terrestrial life  Pogonatum
 Nephrolepis

24
 Selaginella
 Cycas
 Angiosperms (flowering plants)
 Basic features of the life cycles of above
plants
 Reduction of the gametophyte and
complexity of sporophyte in order to
adapt for terrestrial life.
(details of reproductive structures are not
required )

4.4.2  Sexual reproduction in flowering plants  elaborate the structure and function of a flower 08
Examines  Structure and functions of the flower  describe pollination and fertilization in
structures and  Pollination and fertilization flowering plants
functions
 Significance of cross pollination  describe the significance of cross pollination
associated
 Embryo, development of fruits and  state the significance of development of seeds
with sexual
reproduction seeds and fruits
in flowering  Parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis  explain parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis
plants  seed dormancy with examples
 Physiological changes happening at the  describe the significance of seed dormancy
initiation of seed germination  state the major physiological changes
occurring in seed germination
 appreciate the diversification of plants for the
existence of all other forms of life on land

25
 Different types of movements in plants  explain four basic types of movements in plants 02
4.5.0 4.5.1
 Turgor movements  state examples for each type of movement
Explores Inquires into
 Tropic movements  compare nastic and tropic responses
plant types of
responses to movement in  appreciate the contribution of plant movements for
 Phototropic, geotropic, and the survival of plants in their environment
internal and plants in
thigmotropic movements
external response to
signals different  Function of auxins in tropic
stimuli movements.
 Tactic movements
 Nastic movements
 Thigmonasticism
 Nyctinasticism

4.5.2 04
Investigates  Compounds that contribute to the growth  explain general characteristics of plant growth
the role of and development of plants substances/ regulators
plant growth
 Auxins  state major types of plant growth substances
substances/re
gulators/horm  Gibberellins  state the functions of auxins, cytokinins,
ones in  Cytokinin gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic

26
response to  Abscisic acid acid in plant life
different  Ethylene  state agricultural uses of plant growth substances
stimuli  Jasmonic acid
 Agricultural uses of the above plant
growth substances
4.5.3  Abiotc stress  explain selected resistance mechanisms against 03
Investigates  Al and Fe 3+ toxicity abiotic stress
response of  state secondary metabolites found in plants
plants to  Salinity
responsible for plant defense
some biotic  Biotic stress
 appreciate secondary metabolites have medicinal
and abiotic  Pests
stresses and economical value
 Pathogens
 Herbivore attacks

 Major groups of secondary metabolites


(Cyanogenic glucoside, terpenoid ,
alkaloid and phenolics) of plants important
for responding to above stresses

27
Unit 5- Animal form and function (193 periods)

Competency Competency level Content Learning outcomes Number of


periods
5.1.0 Explores 5.1.1 Relates the structure of  Types of animal tissues, their structure ,  list main types of animal tissues 10
structure, animal tissues to their functions and locations  relate the structural features of
growth and functions  Epithelial tissues animal tissues to their function
development
 Simple (squamous, cuboidal, columnar,  list characters of main types of
of animals
pseudo stratified) animal tissues
 Compound -stratified  use characters of animal tissues
 Connective tissues to identify the main types under
 Loose- (Areolar) microscope.
 Dense(fibrous)  compare the different types of
animal tissues
 Adipose
 Blood  appreciate that animal tissues are
adapted to perform functions in
 Cartilage animals
 Bone
 Muscle tissue (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
 Nervous tissue (neurons and neuroglea)
 Microscopic observation and
identification of different types of
animal tissues

28
5.2.0 Explores 5.2.1 Explores heterotrophic  Heterotrophic nutrition  describe heterotrophic nutrition 05
nutrition in nutrition in animals  Holozoic nutrition  explain stages in holozoic
animals
 Symbiosis nutrition
 Main stages in holozoic nutrition  describe feeding mechanisms
 Ingestion of animals
 Digestion  describe symbiosis with
examples
 Absorption
 Assimilation
 Elimination/Egestion
 Feeding mechanisms of animals
 Suspension feeders
 Substrate feeders
 Fluid feeders
 Bulk feeders
 Symbiosis
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
5.2.2 Relates the structure of the  Structure and functions of the human  explain the structure of the human 13
human digestive system to its digestive system digestive system.
functions.
 Alimentary canal  state the locations of the different
organs of the digestive system
 Associated glands
 relate the structure with the
 Gross morphological and functions of each organ in the
histological structure of liver and digestive system
pancreas  describe the gross morphological
and histological structure of liver
29

endocrine regulation of digestion in and pancreas
man  explain the contribution of
 Balanced diet associated glands in the process of
digestion
 Components of food and their functions
 explain the process of digestion
 Carbohydrates
 explain the causes and precautions
 Proteins of food related disorders in the
 Lipids alimentary canal
 Vitamins  state the major endocrinal
 Mineral elements secretions related to digestion and
their functions in man
 Water
 Fibers
 explain balanced diet

 Essential Amino acids and essential  explain major causes and


symptoms of malnutrition and
fatty acids
obesity
 Sources and deficiency symptoms of
vitamins and minerals  state essential amino acids and
essential fatty acids
 Basal metabolic rate and energy budget
 Food for healthy life
 describe the components of food &
their function.
 Obesity
 state the sources & deficiency
 Malnutrition
symptoms of vitamins and
 Food allergies minerals
 Food related disorders in the  avoid food related disorders by
 alimentary canal practicing proper food habits
 Gastritis  appreciate the role of dietary
 Constipation fibres and antioxidants for healthy
 Study the human digestive system life in avoiding disorders in
using diagrams and models alimentary canal

30
5.3.0 Investigates 5.3.1 Investigates the  Need of a circulatory system in  explain the need of a circulatory 03
on organization of animals system for animals
circulation circulatory systems in  Main circulatory systems in animals.  compare open and closed
and gas animals
 Open & closed circulatory systems. circulatory systems using simple
exchange of
animals  Single circulation and double diagrams
circulation.  compare single and double
circulation.
 elaborate the features of double
circulation.
5.3.2 Relates the structure of
 Basic plan of vertebrate and  describe basic plan of human 11
the human circulatory circulatory system & lymphatic
mammalian circulatory systems
system to its functions. system.
 Structure and functions of the human  compare the structure of human
circulatory system. blood vessels and lymph vessels
 Blood circulatory system and  explain the structure & function
lymphatic system. of human heart.
 Structure of blood vessels and  describe the cardiac cycle.
lymphatic vessels  identify the peaks of a typical
 Structure & function of the heart. ECG
 Cardiac cycle  explain causes of hypertension
 Electrocardiogram and hypotension
 Systolic & diastolic pressure  explain systolic & diastolic
pressure.
 Hypertension and hypotension
 describe hypertension &
 Coronary circulation and
hypotension as conditions
consequences of blockage of
leading to cardio vascular
coronary arteries.
disorders
 briefly describe the coronary
31
circulation & consequences of
blockage of coronary arteries.

5.3.3 Inquires into the role of  Respiratory pigments in man.  state respiratory pigments in man. 08
blood.  Respiratory pigments of other animals.  state respiratory pigments in other
 Transport of respiratory gases and animals.
other substances.  describe the transport of
respiratory gases & other
 Blood clotting
substances.
 Grouping of blood
 draw a flow chart of sequence of
 ABO grouping blood clotting process
 Rh factor  describe the ABO grouping based
 Study the circulatory system of man on agglutinogen and agglutinin
using specimens/ models/diagrams  describe Rh blood factors based
on antigen and antibodies
 explain significance of blood
groups in blood transfusion
 explain the importance of Rh
factor in pregnancy

5.3.4 Explores the diversity of  Respiratory surface  define and state the need of 02
respiratory structures in the  Respiratory structures of animals respiratory surfaces in animals
animal kingdom
 Body covering, external gills,  describe the characteristics of
internal gills, trachea, book respiratory surfaces
32
lungs ,respiratory tree and lungs  state different respiratory
 (Detailed structures are not structures of animals
necessary. The students should be
able to identify the respiratory
structures)

5.3.5 Relates the structure of the  Gross structure of the human  explain the gross structure of 08
human respiratory system to respiratory system the human respiratory system.
its functions.  Mechanism of ventilation of lungs  relate the structure with the
 Respiratory cycle and lung volumes and function of each part of the
capacities respiratory system
 Exchange of gases between blood and  describe the mechanism of
air (external respiration) ventilation of lungs.
 Exchange of gases between blood and  explain the respiratory cycle &
tissues (internal respiration)
lung volume.
 Dissociation curve of Oxy-
hemoglobin  explain the exchange of gases
 Regulation of respiration in man between blood & air and blood
 Disorders of the human respiratory & tissue.
system.  discuss the dissociation curve of
 Impacts of smoking on the Oxy-hemoglobin
respiratory system  describe the regulation of
 Impacts of dust on the respiratory respiration in man.
system
 Occupational hazards associated  state the changes in lung
with the exposure to particles of capacity ,tidal volume during a
silica and asbestos particles strenuous exercise
 Lung  state the major disorders of the
cancers human respiratory system
33
 Tuberculosis  measure effects of exercise on
Asthma respiratory rate and pulse rate
 Study of human respiratory system
using models/diagrams and
observation of effects of exercise on
respiratory rate and pulse rate

5.4.0 Explores  Immunity  explain immunity 08


5.4.1 Explores types of immunity
immunity
 Innate immunity  describe humoral response
 External defenses  describe cell mediated response
 Skin  explain types of external
 Mucous membranes immunity
 Secretions  explain types of internal
immunity
 Internal defenses
 phagocytic cells
 explain active immunity with
examples
 antimicrobial proteins
 explain passive immunity with
 inflammatory response
examples
 natural killer cells
 state possible causes for
 Acquired immunity allergies, auto immune diseases
 Humoral immunity response and immunodeficiency diseases
 Cell-mediated immune response  describe antigens and antibodies
 Antigens  describe role of T lymphocytes
 Antibodies and B lymphocytes in immunity
 Lymphocytes  appreciate the importance of
immune system for survival
 T- lymphocytes
 B -lymphocytes

34
 Naturally acquired immunity
 Active immunity
 Passive immunity
 Artificially acquired immunity
 Active immunity
 Passive immunity
 Allergies
 Auto immune diseases
 Immunodeficiency diseases

5.5.0Explores 5.5.1 Examines the  Importance and need of  explain the process of excretion 04
osmoregulatin relationship between osmoregulation and excretion & its importance.
and excretion metabolism and  Excretory products  describe the relationship between
excretory substances  Relationship between metabolism of excretory products & metabolism
substrates and their excretory products  explain the end products of
 Nitrogenous excretory products nitrogenous excretion.
 Advantages and disadvantages of  compare advantages &
excreting different types of disadvantages of excreting
nitrogenous end products. different nitrogenous excretory
 Relationship between the nitrogenous products.
end products and living environment  state examples for organisms
excreting different types of
nitrogenous end products

5.5.2 Investigate the diversity of  Different excretory structures in  list the different excretory 04
excretory structures of animals(Details of fine structure of structures in animals giving
organisms excretory structures not necessary) suitable examples
 Body surface  explain the different excretory
35
 Contractile vacuoles structures in animals by using
 Flame cells simple diagrams
 Nephridia
 Malpigian tubules
 Green glands/antennal glands
 Sweat glands
 Salt glands
 Study of major types of excretory
structures in animals using
diagrams and charts

5.5.3 Investigates the gross  Human urinary system  describe parts of human urinary 09
functioning of the human  Parts of the human urinary system system and their functions
urinary system
 Kidney  describe the location, blood supply
 Location and structure of the kidney
 Blood supply  explain nephron as the structural
and functional unit
 Structure
 Ureters
 describe the process of urine
formation
 Urinary bladder
 construct a flow chart on the role
 Urethra (urinary passage) of hormones on the functioning of
 Nephron as the structural and the kidney
functional unit  discuss role of kidney as a main
 Process of urine formation homeoststic organ
 Ultrafilteration  explain the preventive measures of
 Selective reabsorption bladder and kidney stones
 Secretion  explain what CKDu is and discuss

36
 Role of hormones on the functions of hypothized reasons for its
the kidneys occurrence
 ADH  appreciate the importance of
 Aldosterone maintaining well being of urinary
system
 Other functions of the kidney ( Kidney
as a main homeostatic organ)
 Osmo-regulation
 Control of blood volume
 Blood pH regulation
 Secretion Erythropoietin and Renin
 Maintenance of blood volume and
blood pressure.
 Disorders related to human urinary
system
 Bladder & kidney stones
 Chronic kidney disease of unknown
etiology (CKDu)
 Measures of prevention of disorders
5.6.0Investigates 5.6.1 Inquires in to the  Need for coordination  discuss the need for coordination.
the structures processes and systems  Systems contributing to coordination  describe the systems contributing 03
& functions involved in to coordination
 Nervous system
involved in coordination.  compare the nervous system &
nervous  Endocrine system
the endocrine system.
coordination  Similarities and differences (in  describe different types of
relation to coordination) of the nervous organizations among
nervous system and the endocrine animals
system
37
 Organization of nervous systems
(Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata and
Chordata)

5.6.2 Investigates the g r o s s  Organization and main parts of the  describe the organization & main 11
structure & functions of the human nervous system parts of the human nervous
human nervous system.  Central nervous system system.
 Brain  describe the autonomic nervous
 Embryonic origin system & the functions
 Meninges  explain the importance of
antagonistic effect of
 Cerebro ventricles and
sympathetic and parasympathetic
cerebro spinal fluid
nervous system in smooth
 Main parts of human functioning of human body
brain
 state the overall function of the
 Cerebrum nervous system
 Lobes of cerebral hemisphere  describe major parts of the
 Functional areas of cerebral human brain
cortex  relate the main parts of the
 Sensory area human brain to their functions
 Associated area  describe the importance of three
 Motor area major functional areas of
cerebral cortex
 explain organization of the
human nervous system using
diagrams/ models
38
 Brain stem
 Medulla oblongata  appreciate the contribution of
 Pons varoli major parts of the brain for
smooth functioning of human
 Mid brain
body and maintaining healthy
 Cerebellum life
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Spinal cord.
 Peripheral nervous system
 Cranial nerves
 Spinal nerves
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
and their functions
 Overall function

5.6.3 Explores how nerve  Nerve impulse conduction  describe how the nerve impulse 07
impulses are generated and is conducted along an axon
 Resting potential
transmitted.  describe the gross structure of
 Ion exchange synapses
 Action potential  explain mechanism of
 Synapses transmitting a nerve impulse
through synapses
 Neurotransmitters
 Reflex arc
 explain the reflex arc
 list different types of
neurotransmitters and state the
39
basic role of each of them

5.6.4 Explores the injuries and  Common disorders of nervous  explain the reasons for common
02
common disorders of the system disorders of the nervous system
nervous system  Schizophrenia and how those could be
controlled
 Depression
 Alzheimer ,s disease
 Parkinson’s disease
 state basic characteristics of the 04
5.6.5 Explores the  Human sensory structures (Receptors) human sensory structures.
functions of different  Basic characteristics  describe the sensory structures
sensory structures in
 Types of man using diagrams/ models
human
 Chemoreceptors
 Taste receptors
 Olfactory receptors
 Thermo receptors
 Cold - Krauses’s end bulbs
 Warmth –Ruffini bodies (corpuscles)
 Free nerve endings
 Photo receptors
 Rods
 Cones
 Mechano receptors

40
 Touch receptors– Meissner
corpuscles, Merkel’s discs
 Pressure receptors
 Pacinian corpuscles
 Vibration receptors
 Most of the touch receptors
 Pain receptors
 Special nerve endings.
 Study of sensory structures of
human using diagrams /
models/charts
5.6.7 Relates the structures of  Basic structure and functions of the  describe the basic structure & 08
the eye and ear to their human eye functioning of the human eye.
functions.  Basic structure and functions of the  state the advantages of binocular
human ear vision over monocular vision
 Study the structures of human eye  describe the basic structure &
and ear using functions of the human ear.
diagrams/models/charts  identify main components of
human eye and ear
 appreciate the importance of
sensory receptors in coordination

41
5.6.8 Investigates the basic  Basic layers of the human skin-  explain the structure and function
structure and functions epidermis, dermis of the human skin. 03
of the human skin  Hairs  recognize the different functions
 Glands of human skin
 Receptors  appreciate contribution of human
 Functions of the skin skin in maintaining homeostasis

 Human endocrine system  define endocrine glands and 07


5.7.0 Explores 5.7.1Analyses the role of human
endocrine system  Endocrine glands , their locations and hormones
endocrinal functions.  describe the human endocrine
regulation and
homeostasis
 Hypothalamus. system with their locations &
 Pituitary gland functions.
 Thyroid gland  explain the feedback mechanism
and its relevance to the endocrine
 Parathyroid gland
system
 Thymusgland
 discuss reasons for diabetes,
 Adrenal glands hyperthyroidism and
 Islets of Langerhans hypothyroidism and how those
 Pineal gland could be controlled
 Gonads  appreciate the contribution of
 Feed back mechanism (with endocrine system in coordination
relevance to the endocrine and homeostasis
system)
 Negative
 Positive
 Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)
 Hyperthyroidism and
hypothyroidism
42
5.7.2Investigates how a constant  Homeostasis  explain homeostasis with respect 06
Internal environment is  Internal & external environment to the internal & external
maintained within a range  Homeostasis of man environment.
 explain feedback mechanism of
 Regulation of body temperature
homeostasis
 Regulation of blood glucose level  describe homeostasis of man in
 osmoregulation regulating body temperature,
 Feedback mechanism blood glucose level and
osmoregulation
 Role of the liver in homeostasis
 explain the role of the liver in
homeostasis
 recognize the importance of
homeostasis for the survival of
human life
5.8.0 Inquires into 5.8.1 Inquires into different  Different types of reproduction  list the different types of asexual 05
the types of reproduction in  Asexual, sexual reproduction reproduction with examples.
reproductive animals  Asexual reproduction  explain bisexuality, unisexuality,
process in  Fission parthenogenesis, gametogenesis
animals  Binary fission and fertilization.
 Multiple fission  compare sexual reproduction with
 Budding asexual reproduction
 Fragmentation  accept that reproduction is an
 Formation of spores important process to ensure the
(Sporulation) survival of species
 Sexual reproduction
 Gamete formation
 Bisexuality and unisexuality
 Fertilization
 External & Internal
 Parthenogenesis
43
5.8.2 Inquires structure and  Structure & function of the male  list the main structures and their
10
functions of male reproductive system functions of male reproductive
reproductive system  Scrotal sac system.
 Testis (with microscopic  outline the major steps of
anatomy) spermatogenesis.
 Seminiferous tubules  elaborate the structure and
 Leydig cell function of sperm
 Sertoli cell  state the composition of semen.
 Epididymis  state the importance of the
 Vas deferens accessory glands
 Εjaculatory duct  draw a flow chart to elaborate the
 Urethra and penis hormonal regulation of
 Basic structure and function of spermatogenesis.
sperm.  identify the main components of
 Main steps in spermatogenesis male reproductive system using
 Accessory glands related to the male models/diagrams.
reproductive system
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate glands
 Cowper’s glands
 Semen
 Hormonal regulation of
spermatogenesis, development and
maintenance of male reproductive
system

44
 GnRH
 FSH
 LH
 Inhibin
 Testosterone
 Study of the male reproductive
system using models/diagrams

5.8.3 Inquires in to structure and  Structure & function of the female  list the structures and functions
10
functions of female reproductive system of female reproductive system.
reproductive system.  Ovaries (including the microscopic  describe the major steps of
structure) oogenesis and the hormonal
 Germinal epithelium regulation of it.
 Follicles  elaborate the structure and
 Primary function of human ovum.
 Graffian  illustrate the hormonal
 Corpus luteum regulation and the structural
 Corpus albicans changes that occur in menstrual
 Oogenesis, ovulation and its cycle.
hormonal regulation  analyze the hormonal
 Structure & function of an ovum fluctuations in blood of women
 Uterine ducts/ fallopian tubes/ during menstrual cycle and
oviducts pregnancy period using related
 Uterus graphs or bar charts
 Vagina  describe menopause.
 Menstrual cycle and its hormonal  identify the main components of
regulation (FSH, GnRH, LH, female reproductive system
Progesterone, Oestrogen using models /diagrams.

45
 Menopause
 Study of the female reproductive
system using models /diagrams.

5.8.4 Inquires into the processes  Fertilization  define fertilization 05


involved in fertilization  Cleavage  explain the development of
up to birth  Implantation zygote and implantation
 Foetal membranes ,placenta, and  describe the structure and
umbilical cord. functions of fetal membranes
 Pregnancy and its duration ,placenta and umbilical cord.
 Major foetal changes in each  explain pregnancy and its
trimester duration.
 Mother’s immune tolerance to the  explain major foetal changes
embryo during pregnancy
 Process of parturition  explain the process and the
 Role of the positive feedback positive feedback mechanism of
mechanism in parturition. parturition
 Lactation  explain regulation of lactation
Hormonal and nervous regulation  state composition of milk
of lactation  appreciate breast feeding
Composition of breast milk
Significance of breast feeding

46
5.8. 5Develops an awareness on  Early signs of pregnancy  state the early signs of pregnancy.
05
reproductive health.  Pregnancy tests  explain the basis of the pregnancy
 Family Planning tests.
 Birth control methods  state the concept of family
planning and its importance.
 Female
 relate the effects of
 Male
contraceptive methods on the
 Abortions normal physiological process
 Sexually transmitted infections  discuss harmful effects of illegal
 Gonorrhea abortions
 Syphilis  discuss infertility and assisted
 Genital herpes reproduction
 HIV/AIDS  list out the sexually transmitted
 Infertility infections
 Modern reproductive technology  discus how to avoid sexually
transmitted infections
 Hormone therapy
 Surgery
 Assisted reproductive technologies
 In vitro fertilization
 Intracytoplasmic sperm
injection

5.9.0 Inquires 5.9..1 Inquires into the  Main types of skeletons of animals and  state the main types of skeletons of
into the structure and functions their organization animals.
types of of the Skeletal systems  Hydrostatic skeleton  describe the organization of
supporting and movement of  Gastrovascular cavity hydrostatic skeleton with examples. 06
systems animals.
 Pseudocoelom  describe the organization of
and exoskeleton with examples
47
movement  Interstitial fluid  describe the organization of
in organisms.  Coelom endoskeleton with examples
 Exoskeleton  relate the structure of the skeletal
system with its functions
 Chitinous exoskeleton
 compare exoskeleton,
 Calcium carbonate exoskeleton
endoskeleton and hydrostatic
 Bony plates
skeleton
 Endoskeleton  explain how animals move
 Plates of Calcium carbonate through water and air
 Bones  appreciate the skeletal system in
 Cartilage relation to survival of organisms
 Common functions of skeleton in their environment
 Support
 Movement
 Protection
 Functions of the human skeletal system
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Storage & release of Calcium
 Storage & release of Phosphates
 Production of blood cells
 Movement in land and air

5.9..2.Investigates the structure  Organization of the human skeletal  describe the organization of the 06
and functions of the system human skeleton.
axial skeleton of man.  Axial skeleton  list the main parts of the axial
 Skull skeleton.
48
 Cranium  describe significant parts and
 Vertebral column functions of skull
 Four curvatures & main areas  explain curvatures of vertebral
 Types of vertebrae (Types and column
number)
 Intervertebral discs  describe the structure of typical
 Ribs vertebra
 Sternum  compare different types of
vertebrae
 Study the gross structure of
human skull and vertebral  identify the gross structure of
column in relation to human skull & vertebral column
functions of various parts with reference to their functions
using specimens/ models/  relate the structure of axial
diagrams skeleton to maintain upright
posture
 discuss the organization of
human axial skeleton to
maintain upright posture

5.9.3. Investigates the structure  Appendicular skeleton  describe the organization of 06


and functions of the  General structure of appendicular human appendicular skeleton
appendicular skeleton skeleton and its functions  relate the structure of pectoral
of man. and pelvic girdles to their
 General structure of the
functions
pectoral girdle in relation to
 describe how upper limb is
its functions
adapted for a range of
 General structure of the pelvic girdle
movements-including grasping
in relation to its functions.
and manipulation
 Pelvis of the male & female  explain the differences between
49
 General structure of the upper limb in male and female pelvises
relation to wide range of movements  describe how lower limb is
 General structure of the lower limb adapted for posture, bearing of
in relation to strength, erect body body weight and walking
position (posture), bearing of body  explain osteoporosis and
weight and walking. osteoarthritis
 list the components of the
 Arches of foot
appendicular skeleton and state
 Disorders and abnormalities
the function of each of them
 Osteoarthritis.  identify the importance of correct
 Osteoporosis posture for healthy maintenance
 Slipped disc of skeletal system
 Study of the human pectoral
and pelvic girdles and
appendicular skeleton using
specimens /models/diagrams.

5.9..4 Investigates on  Main types of joints  describe functioning of main 04


the main types of  Ball and socket types of joints and their
joints and  Hinge importance
mechanism of  state features of muscle tissue
 Pivot
skeletal muscle  explain the structure of the
movement  Features of muscle tissue
sarcomere & basic mechanism of
 Structure of the sarcomere and
skeletal muscle movement.
basic mechanism of skeletal
 explain the basic concepts of the
muscle movement
sliding filament theory.
 Basic concept of the sliding  appreciate the way muscles are
filament theory
adapted to perform their
functions
50
Unit 06- Genetics (22 Periods)

Competency Competency level Content Learning outcomes Number of


periods
6. 1.0 Explores the 6.1.1Inquires the Scientific basis  Mendelian Heredity ( Mendelism)  explain the terms , F1 and F2
07
basic of Mendel’s Experiments  Mendel’s Experiments generations, contrasting
principles of  Monohybrids characters, gene, allele, genotype,
genetics for  Monohybrid test crosses phenotype , recessive, dominant,
applications  Mendel’s first law pure breeding, pure line,
 Dihybrids homozygous, heterozygous,
 Dihybrid test crosses monohybrid, monohybrid test
 Mendel’s second law cross, dihybrids , dihybrid test
cross, multiple test cross
 Multiple factor crosses
 state Mendel’s first law and
 Success of Mendel’s
second law.
experiments
 describe mono hybrid cross and
dihybrid cross
 predict ratios of genotypes and
phenotypes of multiple factor
crosses
 describe the reasons for the
success of Mendel’s experiments
 appreciate that patterns of
inheritance could be predicted by
using mathematical ratios

51
 state common Mendelian
04
6.1.2 Examines the patterns of  Common human Mendelian characters in human
inheritance of Mendelian characteristics  analyze and predict results of
characters in human.  Pedigree charts Mendelian inheritance in human
families by using pedigree
charts
 appreciate that inheritance of
Mendelian characters can be
predicted by using pedigree
charts

 describe non-Mendelian
04
6.1.3 Uses concepts and  Non Mendelian inheritance inheritance
principles to explain  Incomplete dominance
 describe some non-Mendelian
genetic patterns that  Co dominance inheritance such as incomplete
deviate from Mendel’s  Polyallelism dominance, co-dominance,
laws.  Gene interaction polyallelism, gene interaction,
 Epistasis (dominant and polygenic inheritance and gene
recessive) linkage
 Polygenic Inheritance  analyze the F2 phenotype ratios
 Gene linkage with non-Mendelian patterns
 Human sex determination  explain human sex
 Human sex linked characteristics determination
 Concept of epigenetics  state human sex linked
characteristics
 appreciate the way incomplete
52
dominance, co dominance,
polyallelism, gene interaction,
polygenetic inheritance
contribute to variations
 analyze the sex-linked
characteristics in inheritance in
human families using pedigree
charts
 Outline the concept of
epigenetics

6.1.4 Investigates evolution of  Population genetics  explain Hardy-Weinberg


04
life by using changes in  Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium equilibrium
gene frequencies.  explain how changes in gene
frequency leads to evolution
6.1.5Explore the basic concepts  Plant and animal breeding  explain the importance of plant 03
in plant and animal  Artificial selection and animal breeding with
breeding  In breeding and Out breeding examples
 Hybrids  state some breeding techniques
 Interspecific breeding in plants and animals
 Polyploidy  explain the genetic principles of
 Mutagenesis breeding techniques
 Genetic modification  compare advantages and
disadvantages of natural and
artificial breeding methods
 appreciate the plant and animal
breeding techniques to obtain
improved varieties

53
Unit 7– Molecular Biology & Recombinant DNA Technology (42 Periods)
Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of
Periods
7.1.0 Investigate 7.1.1 Examines the structures  Structure of DNA and RNA  explain the basic structure of
the and functions of genetic DNA and RNA molecules 06
 Architecture of chromosomes
molecular materials  explain the properties of DNA
basis of  Basic characteristics of DNA  describe the architecture of
genetic replication mechanism chromosomes
materials  Overview of DNA repair  distinguish prokaryotic
mechanisms chromosome from eukaryotic
chromosome
 explain the mechanism of DNA
replication and its importance
 distinguish the differences
between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic replications
 state the significance of DNA
repairing
 explain the characteristics of
DNA as a hereditary molecule
of the cell

7.1.2 Examine genes and how  The nature of genes  Explain the basic structure of 09
they work  Chromosomal theory prokaryotic and eukaryotic
 The genetic code and codon genes
 Exons, introns and other non-coding  list their differences
areas of chromosomes  explain the relationship of gene

54
 Overview of gene expression with chromosomes
 Role of DNA and RNA and enzymes  explain the characteristics of
involved in protein synthesis genetic code
 One-gene/one-polypeptide  discuss the role of DNA, RNAs
hypothesis and enzymes involved in protein
 Mechanism of protein synthesis synthesis
 Control of gene expression  name the steps found in protein
 Fate of proteins (trafficking and synthesis (process of
degradation) transcription and translation)
 explain the role of regulatory
proteins in gene expression
 discuss the negative (repressive)
and positive (activator) control of
transcription
 appreciate the value of
chromosomal theory
 Appreciate the central dogma of
molecular biology
 appreciate the trafficking and
degradation of proteins within the
cell

7.1.3 Examine the molecular  Causes of mutation and  Explain the term mutation 07
basis of mutations Mutagens  explain the causative factors of
 Types of mutations; mutations
 state the types of mutations with
Gene mutations
examples
Chromosomal mutations
 explain the significance of
 Human genetic disorders mutation in evolution
55
created by mutations  discuss human genetic disorders
 Genetic counseling in solving created by mutations
of some genetic disorders  discuss significance of genetic
 Role of mutations in counseling in avoiding some
human genetic problems
evolution
7.2.0 Gets updated 7.2.1 Gets updated on tools,  DNA manipulation and in vitro  discuss the major steps in DNA 09
on gene techniques and methods experiments isolation
technology of gene technology  Principles of DNA isolation  discuss the role of enzymes used
 Enzymes reacting with DNA in gene technology
(nucleases, ligases, polymerases)  explain the principle of agarose
gel electrophoresis
 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
 explain the principle of nucleic
 DNA probes, hybridization
acid hybridization and use of
 Recombinant DNA technology & probes
cloning of genes  outline the steps in gene/DNA
 Vectors fragment cloning
(Bacterial plasmids/ Phage/ yeast  explain the methods used in gene
artificial) transfer technology
 DNA libraries
 Use of Reverse transcriptase
 Use of Marker genes

 DNA delivery systems and


methods
 (Transformation/ Transduction/
Agrobacterium/ Gene guns)

56
7.2.2 Gets updated on DNA  Various techniques used in DNA  explain a restriction map and 07
analysis analysis (methods are not expected) their applications
- Restriction maps  state the importance of having
- DNA sequencing the information of sequence of a
- DNA fingerprints DNA fragment/gene
- PCR  applications of DNA fingerprints
 explain the steps in a PCR cycle
 appreciate PCR as an
accelerated process of DNA
analysis
7.2.3 Updates on the  Genetically modified organisms and  define a genetically modified 04
applications of gene their uses in; (GM) organism
technology  Agriculture  explain the use of genetically
 Medicine modified organisms in medicine,
agriculture and industry
 Industry
 discuss possible socio economic
 Health, environmental and socio problems concerning the use of
economic concerns of using GM organisms
genetically modified organisms
 appreciate the significance of
 Cartagena protocol, national international protocols and bio
biosafety framework safety framework in the safety of
mankind.
 appreciate as gene technology as
a field of excitements and
controversies
 appreciate the applications of
gene technology in different
fields

57
Unit 8-Environmental Biology (44 periods)

Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of


Periods
8.1.0 Engages in a 8.1.1 Investigates components Introduction to Environmental Biology :  explain the importance of 02
biological of an ecosystem  Importance studying environmental biology
analysis on  Organizational levels of the  define levels of organization of
relationships environment the environment
between  abiotic and biotic components
organisms and
 list the major biotic and abiotic
their components and state their
environment. importance
8.1.2 Investigates major Structure and function of ecosystems:  identify relationships among 03
processes of an  Concept of niche and abiotic and biotic components
ecosystem habitat (biotic- biotic, biotic- abiotic
 Food webs components)
 biotic interactions
 construct food chains and food
 Material and Energy flow
webs in a given ecosystem
 describe flow of energy and
materials
8.2.0 Explores the 8.2.1 Investigates main  Biomes  list major terrestrial biomes in 06
heterogeneous biomes of,the world  Main terrestrial biomes of the the world
nature of the world  describe their distribution in the
biotic  Distribution world
component of  Characteristics
global and
 distinguish different biomes
local using their major characteristic
environment features

58
8.2.2 Investigates ecosystems  Major ecosystems in Sri Lanka  state different types of
of Sri Lanka  Terrestrial ecosystems in Sri Lanka 12
 Forests  list characteristic features of
 Lowland rain forests ecosystems in Sri Lanka
 Dry monsoon forests  identify locations of each type of
 Montane forests
ecosystem.
 Thorn forests
 state dominant plant species in
 Grasslands
the given ecosystems
 Savanna
 appreciate diversity of
 Patana
ecosystems in Sri Lanka
 Inland wetland ecosystems
 Rivers and streams
 Reservoirs
 Marshes and swamps
 Villus
 Coastal ecosystems
 Lagoons and estuaries
 Mangroves
 Coral reefs
 Sea shore
 Sand dunes
 Sea grass beds
 Salt marshes

59
8.3.0 Explore 8.3. 1 Explores biodiversity  Biodiversity  define biodiversity, ecosystem
biodiversity and threats due to  Defining three levels of biodiversity diversity, species diversity and 07
as a human actions  Values of biodiversity Commercial and genetic diversity .
component non commercial goods, environment,  explain what biodiversity hotspots
of the recreational, ethical , services etc with are
environment examples  describe goods and services
 Threats to biodiversity and species provided by biodiversity
extinctions  define the main five ways that
 Main mechanisms of biodiversity loss biodiversity is lost giving examples in
 Different categories of threatened Sri Lanka: habitat loss and
organisms fragmentation, overexploitation,
 Biodiversity Hotspots pollution, introduction of invasive
 Following categories with suitable alien species, climate change
examples from Sri Lanka  discuss extinction as a natural
 Endemic species process, but the rate been greatly
 Indigenous species increased by human activity
 Exotic species  define threatened species according
 Migratory species to the Red Data Book (only the
 Relict species vulnerable, endangered and critically
endangered and extinct in the wild
 Flagship species
categories with an example for plant
 Keystone species
and animal each)
 Invasive species

60
8.4.0 explores 8.3.2 Gets updated on the  Contributory factors and Impacts of  list major global environmental
global issues global environmental Global environmental problems issues 06
related to problems  Global warming and climate  describe the contributory factors
environment change for global warming , depletion of
 Depletion of the Ozone layer
the Ozone layer, acid rains,
 Desertification
desertification, climatic change
 Acid rain
and their impacts

8.4.0 Explores 8.4.1 Investigates how  Two basic ways of biodiversity  describe In-situ and Ex- situ 
methods of biodiversity and conservation ( In situ and ex- situ conservation practices with example 
Biodiversity environment can be conservation) practices with examples  demonstrate the knowledge and 05
and conserved at global and  Main outcomes of the following understanding of global
environmen- national level international agreements agreements and key national
-tal  CITES legislations, their administration
conservation  Convention of biological diversity
(CBD)
 Ramsar Convention
 Marpol convention
 Montreal protocol
 Kyoto protocol
 Basel convention
 Key National Legislations
 Fauna and flora protection
Ordinance
 National Environment Act

61
Unit 9-Microbiology (50 periods)

Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of


Periods
9.1.0 Investigate  9.1 .1 Explores the  Definition of micro-organisms  describe the nature of microbial world.
diversity and diversity and  Types of microorganisms  state the taxonomic diversity of 10
handling of micro- nature of micro-  Bacteria ,Archaea and microorganisms.
organisms organisms Cyanobacteria  describe the morphological, nutritional
 Unicellular protista & physiological diversity of
 Fungi microorganisms.
 Other agents studied under
microbiology
 Mollicutes (mycoplasmas and
phytoplasmas)
 Viruses
 viroids
 Prions
 Microscopic nature of micro-
organisms in terms of their relative
size and units of measurements.
 Ubiquitous nature of micro-
organisms
 High growth rate of micro-
organisms
 Morphological, nutritional and
physiological diversity of
microorganisms
 Nature of virus, viroids and prions
as disease causing agents

62
9.1.2 explores some basic  Methods of sterilization  prepare culture media (NA/ PDA),
laboratory techniques in  Preparation of culture media inoculate with a sample of toddy /
microbiology
 Preparation of culture media (NA yoghurt and stain microorganisms found
and PDA ) and inoculation with a in toddy / yoghurt/root nodule
sample of toddy/yoghurt/root  apply techniques in sterilization of
nodule different materials
 Staining of bacteria found in  develop the skills of techniques related
toddy or yoghurt using a in handling , observing and controlling
simple stain microorganisms under laboratory
conditions
 Methods of sterilization of water ,
culture media, glassware, heat
labile substances and inoculating
Needles
 Use of alcohol and other
disinfectants to control microbial
populations

9.2.0 Investigates 9.2.1 Explores the  Microorganisms and diseases  discuss the nature , distribution and role 09
microorganis concepts,  The nature , distribution and of normal micro biota in human body
-ms as principles relevant to functions of the normal micro biota  explain the terms in relation to
human infectious diseases living in human body infectious diseases
pathogens  Following terms in relation to  describe important characteristics of a
infectious diseases microorganisms in causing a disease
 Pathogenecity  explain virulence factors .
 Pathogen  discuss degree of virulence on
 Host invasiveness and toxigenecity
 Parasite  state the role of enzymes and toxins on
 Relationship between the host and invasiveness

63
the parasite/pathogen  state the portals of entry of pathogens
 Characteristics of the pathogens into the human body.
 Virulence  recognize the nature of pathogenic
 Virulent factors that increase the microorganisms in causing infectious
pathogenicity diseases
 Dependence of virulence on  explain differences between endotoxins
invasiveness and toxigenicity and exotoxins
 Role of enzymes and toxins on  state the scientific name of the selected
invasiveness -Phospolipase, causal agents
lecithinase ,Hyaluronidase  discuss the ways of prevention of
 Toxigenicity infectious diseases
 Endotoxins
 Exotoxins
 Exotoxin producing bacteria and role
of exotoxins in pathogenecity
(Cytotoxins, Enterotoxins ,
Neurotoxins)
 Portals of entry of pathogens into the
human body
 Respiratory tract
 Genito -urinary tract
 Gastrointestinal tract
 Wounds on skin

64
 Diseases of the important organs
(only the following causal agents,
symptoms are not required)
 Skin
 Chickenpox
 Rubella
 Measles
 Eye
 Conjunctivitis (bacteria/ virus)
 Nervous system
 Bacterial meningitis
 Tetanus
 Rabies
 Cardiovascular system
 Rheumatic fever
 Respiratory system
 Tuberculosis
 Pneumonia
 Influenza
 Digestive system
 Hepatitis
 Food poisoning
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Urinary system
 Leptospirosis
 Reproductive system
65
 Gonorrhea
 Genital herpes

 Immune system
 AIDS

9.2.2Explores the  describe the role of disinfectants and 05


methods of  Methods of controlling microbial antiseptics in controlling microbial
controlling diseases. diseases.
microbial  Use of disinfectants
population  differentiate between disinfectants and
 Use of antiseptics antiseptics
 Immunization  state the role of antibiotics in controlling
 Curative methods of microbial microbial diseases.
diseases  appreciate the importance of hygiene
 Antibiotics practices in day to day life in controlling
 Other chemotherapeutics infectious diseases
 appreciate the artificial methods of
immunization in controlling infectious
diseases

9.3.0 Investigates 9.3.1 Investigates and  Use of microorganisms in industry,  explain the advantages of employing 06
the use of explores the use of agriculture and environment microbes in commercial products
micro – microorganisms in  Use of microorganisms in  explain the basic principles of metabolic
organisms industry, agriculture commercial products that are processes of microorganisms for product
in industry, and Environment useful for humans formation
agriculture ,  Advantages of using microbial  state the industrial applications of
Environmen processes over chemical processes microorganisms
t and  Basic principles of metabolic  distinguish industries based on
contribution processes of microorganisms microbes, microbial products and
66
of soil for product formation processes
micro-  Microorganisms used in industry  state the applications of microorganisms
organisms  Applications of microorganisms in in environmental management
for industry  state the applications of microorganisms
agriculture  Single cell proteins, alcohol and in agriculture
alcoholic beverages, vinegar, dairy  appreciate the microbial processes over
products, organic acids, metal chemical processes in industry
extractions, vitamins, vaccines,
enzymes, antibiotics, insulin, human
growth hormones, retting, bio-gas
production, biofuel, bakery products
 Applications of microorganisms in
environment
 Bio-remediation, waste treatment
 Applications of microorganisms in
Agriculture
 Biofertilizers (mycorrhiza phosphate
solubilization, rhizobium
inoculation, plant growth
substances),
 Biopesticides/ bio control agents
 composting
9.3.2 Uses the functions of  Nature, distribution and roles of soil  describe the nature , distribution and 06
soil micro- microbes roles of soil microbes.
organisms to  Chemical and Physical environment  explain the natural role of
maintain soil of soil as a healthy media for growth microorganisms as decomposers in
health of microorganisms recycling of minerals
 Role of microorganisms in cyclic  elaborate the specific role of
process of minerals microorganisms in Nitrogen cycle and
67
 Mineralization Carbon cycle, mineralization
 Carbon cycle  describe the interactions of soil
microorganisms relevant to plant growth
 Nitrogen cycle
 describe the role of microorganisms in
 Soil microbes relevant to plant
improving of soil quality
growth
 appreciate the decomposition role in
 Microbial function in Rhizosphere microorganisms
 Interactions of soil microorganisms
associated with roots
9.4. 0 Utilizes the 9.4.1 Uses the  Microbiology of potable water, and  discuss the natural sources and possible 06
microbiologic microbiological waste water . contamination methods of drinking water
al concepts concepts and  Natural sources of drinking water  list main contaminants of water
and principles principles in potable and possible contamination  list the diseases transmitted by water
to maintain water and waste methods.  state the importance of coliform as an
the quality of water management
 Diseases that are transmitted by indicator of fecal contamination
water  outline the steps in water treatment in an
water.
 microbes as indicators of fecal urban water treatment plant
contamination.  explain the effects of discharging waste
 Steps in water treatment in urban water into natural water resources
water treatment plant  outline the principles and main steps in
treatment of industrial waste water
 Waste water- domestic and
 appreciate the importance of waste water
industrial waste water
treatment methods to avoid water
 Adverse effects of discharging large
pollution and their impact
amounts of waste water
into natural water resources
 Principles and main steps in
treatment of industrial waste water

68
9.5.0 Explores the 9.5.1 Contributes to the  Microorganisms and food  explain why food is easily spoiled by 08
impact of prevention of  Food spoilage by microorganisms microorganisms
microbes on diseases that are 
 Presence of nutritious matter and explain the physical and chemical
food caused by spoiled water in foods help microbial changes in food spoilage
food growth
 describe the effects of food spoilage
 Physical, chemical and biological
on human health
changes taking place in food
by the growth of heterotrophic  appreciate the importance of food
microorganisms preservation methods
 External factors affecting food
spoilage (temperature, oxygen
supply, humidity)
 Internal factors affecting food
spoilage –pH value, moisture
content, amount of nutrients,
biological structure of food
 Food borne diseases by bacteria
 Food borne infections
 Food intoxication
 Infections caused by food
 Typhoid – Salmonella typhi
 Dysentery –Shigella
 Cholera – Vibrio cholera
 Food intoxication
 Intoxication by Staphylococcus
aureus Intoxication by Clostridium
botulinum
 By Fungi-
 Aflatoxin-Aspergillus flavus

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Unit 10 -Applied Biology (24 periods)

Competency Competency Level Content Learning outcomes No. of


Periods
10.1.0 Uses 10.1.1 Investigates  Ornamental fish cultivation  identify the importance of aquaculture 05
biological ornamental fish  Species that are used  describe the methods of aquaculture
concepts and culture systems
 Maintenance of an aquarium  explain general characters of species that
principles to could be cultured
promote the  Common diseases  list species of fish ,prawns and plants used
living  Environmental impact of ornamental in aquaculture
standards fish culture  describe the methods of aquaculture
 develop an interest in preparing an
aquarium
 appreciate the diversity of ornamental fish

10.1.2 Investigates on  Nursery management  discuss issues in nursery management 05


opportunities  Protected agriculture  describe methods of protected
related to  Tissue culture agriculture
horticultural  Floriculture  explain tissue culture
practices  explain important methods used in
floriculture
10.1.3 Uses biological  Dengue, filaria  describe the methods of transmission 05
knowledge and  identification of vector of filaria and dengue
understanding in  Breeding sites  describe symptoms of infection
minimizing  Symptoms of disease  appreciate the importance of keeping
damage caused  Controlling measures the environment clean to prevent
By vector -borne infection
diseases

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 Food preservation  explain the concept and importance of 05
10.1.4 Utilizes the  Importance of food food preservation
knowledge on preservation  elaborate the principles of methods in
food preservation  Principles of food preserving food
and postharvest preservation  discuss causes for postharvest loss
losses for  Postharvest loss  describe methods to minimize
successful
applications in
 Causes for postharvest loss postharvest loss

day to day life  Minimizing postharvest


loss(during harvesting,
transporting ,storing and
domestic processing)

10.1.5 Gets updated in  Applications of modern  State what nano technology is 04


applications of technology in biology  state the applications of
emerging  Nano biology nanotechnology in biology
technologies  Stem cell therapy  state what stem cells are and list their
related to biology  Human Genome project and sources
genomes of other organisms  state the outcomes and applications of
human genome project
 state advantages of stem cell therapy
and potential uses

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4.0 Teaching - Learning Strategies

Global trend in present day education is to introduce competency based curricula which promote collaborative learning

through student-centered activities where learning predominates over teaching. It is intended for the students to actively

participate in activities which enhance the development of individual, social and mental skills. Emphasis is laid on the

following aspects.

 Allow the students to acquire hands on experience.


 Direct students to acquire knowledge and information through reliable sources wherever necessary.
5.0 School policy and programmes

 The teacher has the liberty to follow any suitable teaching learning method to achieve the relevant learning outcomes.
 It is expected that the theoretical components of each unit will be dealt with the relevant practical components, which are given in italics.
 Capacity of students should be enhanced through extra-curricular activities, extensive use of supplementary reading materials and learning teaching
aids such as Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) software.
 With a view to extending learning beyond the classroom activities and to highlight the students’ special abilities, it is expected to involve students in
co-curricular activities such as;
 setting up school societies or clubs to pursue various aspects of chemistry
 field trips to places where applications of chemistry can be observed and preparation of reports subsequently
 organizing school exhibitions and competitions
 organizing guest lectures on relevant topics by resource persons
 producing school publications
 organizing events such as debates, science days, etc.

 School management is responsible in providing services such as lab equipments, computer facilities, etc. and assistance within the school and from
outside resources.
 In order to develop school policy and programmes it would be desirable to form a committee comprising relevant teachers and students.
 Most importantly, the school should serve as a role model to be followed by the students.
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 School will develop its annual programmes, consisting of a variety of activities for achieving policy goals. In determining the activities to be
undertaken during a particular year, the school will need to identify priorities and consider feasibility in relation to time and resource constraints.

6.0 Assessment and Evaluation

Assessment and Evaluation should conform to the standards set by the Department of Examinations. However, school-based assessment should also
be part and parcel as it paves way to give direct feedback to learners.

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