Participles Present and past participles can be used as
adjectives (a boring man/an exhausted athlete). Present
participles describe actions still happening. Past participles
describe actions that have happened. They are both used as
reduced relative clauses (There was a man (who was) selling
newspapers), and in adverb clauses (He woke up feeling ill).
The subject of the main verb clause and the participle clause
must be the same:
The house stood at the end of the road. It appeared large and
friendly.
Standing at the end of the road, the house appeared large and
friendly.
If the subject of the two clauses are different, then they must
both be used with main verbs:
I looked through the window. The house appeared large and
friendly.
If a participle clause were used here, then it would mean
that the house was looking through the window!
Vocabulary The vocabulary section looks at adverb
collocations. It introduces extreme adjectives that collocate
with absolutely, and it looks at the different meanings of
quite.
Everyday English This section introduces and practises
dialogues in shops and places providing other services.
Notes on the unit
TEST YOUR GRAMMAR (SB p70)
The Test your grammar section aims to test the students’
ability to use relative pronouns, and to recognize past and
present participles.
This exercise should be done quickly. Don’t get involved in
lengthy grammar explanations at this stage.
1 Ask students to complete the sentences with the correct
relative pronoun. Let them check in pairs before
feedback.
Answers
l The man who you met was my brother.
2 My older brother, who lives in London, is a teacher.
3 He suddenly decided to give up teaching, which came as a
bit of a shock.
4 He says that what he wants to do is move to Australia.
5 His girlfriend, whose parents live in Melbourne, is
delighted.
6 They don't know eaactly where or when they are going.
7 Their flat, which they bought only last year, is up for sale.
8 The flat which I want to buy is in Acacia Avenue.
82 Unit 8 ~ Going to extremes
2 Ask students the question.
Answers
That can replace the relative pronoun in sentences 1 and 8. It
can replace who or which in defining relative clauses. (Note
that the pronoun can also be completely omitted in these
sentences because they are object pronouns.)
Note that what means the thing that and cannot be replaced
by that. Students often make an error here, {for example.
* ), because in many
languages what and that are the same word.
3 Ask students to underline the participles and replace
them with relative pronouns.
Answers
l The woman firgdjrrg next to him is his wife.
The woman who is standing...
2 Most houses built in the sixteenth century are listed
buildings.
Most houses which were built...
Relative clauses and participles
This section contextualizes and practises relative clauses and
participles. The practice activities focus on recognizing
when a relative clause is defining or non-defining, and on
forming long, complex sentences using relative clauses and
participles.
1 Lead in by asking students what they know about Iohn
Travolta. Ask students to read the text quickly and
answer the gist questions.
Answers
We learn that Travolta lives in Jumbolair. Florida. where he
keeps a row of aeroplanes. His house looks like an airport
terminal. He also has a heliport, swimming pool, stables and
runway. He is a family man. His passion is flying planes. He has
a commercial pilot’s licence.
l BIOGRAPHICALINFORMATION
john Travolta (1954 — )
An actor and dancer, Travolta became famous in the
-i-i i
films Saturday Night Fever (1977) and Grease U978).
I-lis career was less successful in the 1980s, but he had
great success in the 1990s, notably in Pulp Fiction
(1994) and Get Shorty (1995). In the mid 1990s he was
Hollywood’s highest paid actor. He is married to actress
Kelly Preston.