Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 October 1982
ViIi = Vi Ii (2)
This means that the function of an ideal phase shifter Then, instead of an unsymmetrical network we get a
is to change the phase angles of the voltage and the symmetrical network. At the same time, on bus i there
current in a prescribed manner, and at the same time to is an equivalent injected current:
change the amplitudes of the voltage and the current by
1/K and K times, respectively. Consequently, we can use
the following equivalent circuit to represent the phase Is = (IS + I)(9)
shifter.
It
jS (10)
Y.. = ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
ZK2(4i ;S j IjS (12)
ii. Y'i (5) These equivalent injected currents (or powers) are
3 jj,J all functions of Vi, VJ and phase shift angle J. Thus,
Yj Z (6) in the load flow calculation we can use a symmetrical
ij ZjK Y-bus matrix. In every iteration we simply use the
calculated bus voltages to revise the equivalent
injected powers Sis and S S at buses i and j . This
Y
e
e (7) treatment is particulariy
suitable to the decoupled
ji Z.Kij load flow method because we can still use a real-valued
constant susceptance matrix in the iteration
where Y'., Y'. -- self-admittances of buses i and calculation.
j excluding thJ admittance of line i--j.
In high voltage transmission networks (G<<B), when
Thus, where the phase shifter exists in the + and line power angle 6i-6j are relatively small, we
network the Y-bus matrix will be unsymmetrical and also see from equations (11) and (12) that the equivalent
a function of the phase shift angle. Under this injected reactive power at buses i and j will be much
condition we cannot use a symmetric Y-matrix to process smaller than the corresponding real power. The injected
power system calculation. In particular, when the phase powers SiS and SjS can be approximately expressed:
shift angle is changeable in the process of
calculation, as when the phase shifter is used to
control the line load flow, we cannot repeatedly use a %s Z vV B Kncos ( i (13)
constant factorized Y-bus matrix. For this reason, we J J K
propose here another method to treat the phase shifter.
As shown in Fig. 3a, we can use a series inserted S i si cos (6
i ) (14)
voltage source VS and a tapped current IS to model the js j j K i J
phase shifter. The VS and Is for two different
arrangements are shown in table 1. From these equations it is apparent that the main
function of the phase shifter is to redistribute the
V V. real power flow of the system. Generally, the real
1 1 power flow can be changed by generation shift or line
switching. However, these measures are always related
to economic considerations and other operating
conditions, it is rather inconvenient, therefore, to
s use these measures to redistribute the real power flow.
(a) The phase shifter can provide a practical means of
V.01 controlling the real power flow in a system without
affecting economic generating conditions and the
configuration of the system.
_ /_\ LOAD FLOW CONTROL BY MEANS OF PHASE SHIFTER
J.
S, In this section, on the basis of the model just
(b) derived, we will develop a simple method to control the
Fig. 3 real power flow of the line by phase shifter. Suppose,
we wish to control the real power Pij of line i--j by
When we use a current source to replace this means of a phase shifter installed in the line i--j.
voltage source (Fig. 3b), the source current is: Since 4ij is not a regular problem variable in the
conventional load flow calculation, the phase shift
V5 angle fi enters as an extra problem variable in [10]
IS = S ~~~~(8) and the linearized relation APij = Pijq - i is
- ~~~~~ij considered as an additional constraint~equation. This
approach augments the original system and disturbs the
3792
Table 1
b2
min { E (P +AP ) R 1 (24) Scheme 1 Scheme 2
pq=l pq pq pq .(Fig. la.). (Fig. lb.)
K 1
where pq is the number of line, pq=l ... b; Cos_
ij is the number of line where the.phase shifter . j
is installed, ij=l. . .m; V
s
jV tanCP i ~l)
(e-
P is the initial real power flow of line pq
before aUjusting the phase shifters; ., t -j )
APp is the increment of the real arepower due to s I I
phase shifter adjustment, they equal to
E
ij-l
dpqi,
J ij. I
s
i
z .
i
SJuly 1930, pp. 825-831. assumed per unit voltages are given in Table A-2.
[2] W.J. Lyman and J.R. North, "Application of Large Fig. A-1
Phase-Shifting Transformer on An Interconnected Table A-1 Table A-2
System Loop", AIEE Transaction, Vol. 57 Oct.
1938, pp. 579-587.
line impedance Generation Load
[3] L.F. Blume, "Phase-Angle Control", Transformer Bus assumed
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1951. p--g Z
pq p bus voltage
[4] D. O'Kelley and G. Musgrave, "Improvement of 1--2 0.02+jO.06 MW MVAR MW MVAR
Power System Transient Stability by Phase-Shift 1--3 0.08+jO.24 -
Insertion", Proceedings of IEE, Vol. 120, No. 2 2--3 0.06+jO.18 1 1.06+jO.0 0 0 0 0
Feb., pp. 247-251. 2--4 0.02+jO.18 2 1.0 +jO.0 40 30 20 10
2--5 0.08+jO.12 3 1.0 +jO.O 0 0 45 15
[5] A. Thanikachalam, V.T. Sulzberger, P. Van Olinda 3--4 0.Ol+jO.03 4 1.0 +jO.0 0 0 40 5
and J.N. Wrubel, "On-line Operation of Phase 4--5 0.03+jO.24 5 1.0 +jO.0 0 0 60 10
Shifters Using Energy Control Center Computers",
IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, As pointed out in section 2, to simplify the
Vol. PAS-93, pp. 1563-1570, 1974. problem we use a DC model. When bus 1 is assigned as
swing bus, the reactance matrix of the sample power
[6] G.C. Ejebe, W.R. Puntel, B.F. Wollenberg, "A Load system is:
Curtailment Algorithm for the Evaluation of Power
Transmission System Adequacy", paper presented on 2 0.050571 0.037714 0.040268 0.047143
PES 1977 suimmer meeting, SM 1977 A-77 505-1. 3 0.037714 0.089143 0.078857 0.051428
[7] J. Arrillaga and R.M. Duke, "Thyristor-Controlled 4 0.040286 0.078857 0.095143 0.058571
Quadrature Boosting", Proceedings of IEE, Vol. 5 0.047143 0.051428 0.058571 0.130952
126, No. 6, Ju'ly 1979. L' 1
[8] R.M. Mathur, "A Thyristor Controlled Static Phase- If we install phase shifters in the lines 2-5 and
Shifter for AC Power Transmission", paper 2-3 to redistribute the load flow, the distribution
presented on PES 1980 summer meeting, 80 SM 660-L factors can be obtained as shown in Table A-3:
[9] C.P. Arnold, R.M. Duke and J. Arrillaga, "Trans-
ient Stability Improvement Using Thyristor Con-
Table A-3 Distribution Factors dpq ij
trolled Quadrature Voltage Injection", paper pre- 2-3 2-5
sented on PES 1980 summer meeting, 80 SM 631-2. P q _
1-2 1.1905 0.4762
[10] N.M. Peterson and W.S. Meyer, "Automatic Adjust- 1-3 -1.1905 -0.4762
ment of Transformer and Phase-Shifter Taps", IEEE 2-3 3.5714 -0.7936
Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 2-4 -1.5873 -1.0053
PAS-90, pp. 104-106, 1971. 2-5 -0.7936 2.2751
3-4 2.3809 -1.2698
[11] G.W. Stagg and A.H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in 4-5 0.7936 -2.2751
Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968
In the scheduled case the real power flows of
[12] W.F. Tinney, "Mathematical Challenges in Power lines are shown in second column of Table A-4.
System Planning", Electric Power Problems: The
Mathematical Challenge, 1980. If we do not consider the limits of the line power
flows and the phase shifters (case 1), the optimal
[13] W.F. Tinney, "Compensation Method for Network settings of phase shifters are determined by solving
Solution by Optimal Ordered Triangular Factoriza- equation (28): A = - 6.59520, A2 = - 1.7764°.
tion", IEEE PICA Proceedings, pp. 377, 1971.
If we assume the minimum permissible setting of
[14] B. Stott and E. Hobson, "Power System Security phase shifter 2-5 is -5° (case 2), the the optimal
Control Calculation Using Linear Programming, setting of phase shifter 2-3 will be -1. 3195°o. In the
Part I", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and case 3, when the power flow limit of line 2-3=0.1, the
Systems, Vol. PAS-91, pp. 1713-1731, 1978. optimal settings: AQP25=-6.83O02 and M¢23.=-3.793°. When
both limits exist (case 4), the corresponding optimal
[iS] W.F. Tinney and C.E. Hart, "Power Flow Solution setting of phase shifter 2-3 is: -3. 3854° .
by Newton's Method", IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, pp. 1449-1460 The line power flows of each case are also shown
1967. in Table A-4.
3795
Z. X. Han: The author would like to thank Prof. A. J. Calvaer for his
discussion of this paper.
The computer program has not yet been extended to the fault analysis
and transient stability computation. The author generally agrees with
discussor's comments regarding the difficulty of extension of equivalent
circuit given by Fig. 3 to these computations. It is the author's opinion,
that by using sophisticated computation techniques, one or two more
iterations are sufficient for obtaining results with reasonable precision.
Fig.A_j Sample system for, load flou solution. Manuscript received April 2, 1982.