ASME PTC 4-2013

MoFg 2 MoDFg (approximately ½°F/1 in. Wg fan pressure rise2) may

DVpH 2O 5 100 , % H 2 O dry
MoDFg
(5-12-20)
where
C1 5 5.2023 lbf/ft2/in.wc (U.S. Customary), 1.0 J/m3
Pa (SI)
C2 5 27.68 in. wg/psi (U.S. Customary), 1.0
Pa/Pa (SI)
C3 5 459.7°F (U.S. Customary), 273.2°C (SI)
DVpH2O 5 percent H2O in flue gas, dry basis,
% volume
MoDFg 5 moles dry gas. Refer to eq. (5-11-18) for
calculation.
MoFg 5 moles wet gas. Refer to eq. (5-11-28) for
calculation.
MwDFg 5 molecular weight of dry flue gas, lbm/
mole (kg/mole)
MwFg 5 molecular weight of wet flue gas, lbm/
mole (kg/mole)
Pa 5 barometric pressure, psia (Pa). To con-
vert in. Hg to psia, divide by 2.0359.
static pressure of flue gas at point z,
PFgz 5 
in. wg (Pa)
R 5  universal molar gas constant, 1,545 ft
lbf/lbm mole R (8 314.5 J/kg mole K)
Rk 5 specific gas constant for gas k,
ft  lbf ¥ J ´
¦ µ
lbm  R § kg  K ¶
temperature of flue gas at point z,
TFgz 5 
°F (°C)
5-13 AIR AND FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE
5-13.1 TRe, Reference Temperature, °F (°C)
The reference temperature is the datum tempera-
ture to which streams (e.g., air, fuel, sorbent, and flue
gas) entering and leaving the steam generator enve-
lope are compared for calculation of sensible heat
credits and losses. The reference temperature for this
Code is 77°F (25°C) and is not related to any spe-
cific stream temperature. The energy credit will be
negative for any stream entering the steam generator
envelope at a temperature lower than the reference
temperature.
5-13.2 TMnAEn, Average Entering Air Temperature,
°­ F (°C)
The air temperature entering the steam generator
envelope is required to calculate the credit due to the
difference between the entering air temperature and
the reference temperature, TRe. The air temperature
entering the fan(s) is usually taken as the design ambi-
ent condition but may be some other specified condi-
tion such as when the fan inlets are supplied by air
from within the building. The fan compression energy
be considered to establish the fan discharge tempera-
ture in the design stage.
When air preheating coils are utilized and the energy
is supplied from outside the envelope, the entering air
temperature is the temperature leaving the air preheat-
ing coils. When the energy to an air preheating coil is
supplied from within the envelope (steam from the
steam generator), the entering air temperature is the
temperature entering the air preheating coils. Refer to
location 8 in Figs. 1-4-1 through 1-4-7.
When there is more than one fan of the same type,
such as two forced draft fans, it is normally sufficiently
accurate to assume balanced airflows between the fans
and use the arithmetic average of the air temperatures
in each stream. When there is evidence of unbalance,
weighted averages should be used.
When there is more than one source of air entering
at different temperatures, the average entering air tem-
perature must be determined. The general philosophy
for determining the mass fraction of individual streams
is that all air streams may be measured or some streams
may be measured (and/or calculated by energy balance)
and the balance calculated by difference from the total
airflow (calculated stoichiometrically). It should be noted
that some amount of air (usually not more than 2% or 3%
at full load) enters the unit as leakage through the set-
ting and the actual temperature is indeterminate. Unless
otherwise specified or agreed to by the parties to the test,
the infiltration air is considered to enter the unit at the
same temperature as the measurable air streams and the
uncertainty accounted for in the measurement systematic
uncertainty. Typical examples of units with multiple air
sources are pulverized-coal-fired units with cold primary
air fans (TA8A) or pulverizer tempering air supplied from
the environment (TA5). The weighted average air temper-
ature entering the unit, TMnAEn, shall be calculated.
TMnAEn 5 MFrAz1 TAz11 MFrAz2 TAz2{
1 MFrAzi TAzi , 8F (8 C)
(5-13-1)
When the entering air temperature at the various loca-
tions differs significantly, it is more correct to determine
the average entering air temperature from the average
entering enthalpy of the entering air.
HMnAEn 5 MFrAz1 HAz11 MFrAz2 HAz2{
1 MFrAzi HAzi , Btu/lbm (J/kg)
(5-13-2)
where
HAz 5 enthalpy of wet air at temperature TAz,
Btu/lbm (J/kg)
HMnAEn 5 average enthalpy of wet air entering the
boundary, Btu/lbm (J/kg). The average
2  The temperature rise above is based upon a fan efficiency of
approximately 75% and an air density of 0.075 lbm/ft3.

87
 ASME PTC 4-2013

5-15.4 QpBSlf, Sulfation Credit, Percent 5-15.6 QrBSb, Sensible Heat in Sorbent Credit,
Sulfation is the reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with Btu/hr (W)
calcium oxide (CaO) and oxygen to form calcium sulfate QrBSb 5 MrSb HSbEn, Btu/hr (W)(5-15-7)
(CaSO4). The reaction is exothermic.
where
MpSF
QpBSlf 5 MFrSc HrSlf , %(5-15-4) HSbEn 5 enthalpy of the sorbent entering the steam
HHVF generator envelope, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
MrSb 5 mass flow rate of sorbent, lbm/hr (kg/s)
where
HrSlf 5 heat generated in the reaction of sulfur
dioxide, oxygen, and calcium oxide to 5-15.7 QrBWAd, Energy Supplied by Additional
form calcium sulfate per pound of sulfur Moisture Credit, Btu/hr (W)
capture, 6,733 Btu/lbm (15 660 kJ/kg) Typical examples of additional moisture are sootblow-
MFrSc 5 mass fraction of sulfur capture, lbm/lbm ing and atomizing steam.
(kg/kg) 5 ¤ MrStEnz
QrLClh5
QrBWAd MrSbk MFrClhk
(HStEnzHrk , Btu/hrBtu/hr
– HWRe), (W) (W)
(5-15-8)
5-15.5 QrBX, Auxiliary Equipment Power Credits, where
Btu/hr (W) HStEnz 5 enthalpy of additional moisture entering
Typical auxiliary equipment includes pulverizers, gas the envelope, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
recirculating fans, hot primary air fans, and boiler circu- HWRe 5 enthalpy of water at the reference tem-
lating pumps. Note that credits shall not be calculated perature, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
for forced draft fans, cold primary air fans, and other MrStEnz 5 mass flow rate of additional moisture,
equipment when credits are calculated based on the lbm/hr (kg/s) at location z
measured fluid temperature exiting the equipment. For
example, when a credit is calculated for entering air in 5-15.8 Conversion of Credits on Rate Basis to Percent
accordance with para. 5-15.1, the energy added by the Input Fuel Basis
forced draft and primary air fans is included; thus, add- The credit calculated on a rate or unit of time basis
ing the credit for fan power would be accounting for the may be used to calculate efficiency directly. If the credit
energy added twice. on a percent input from fuel basis is desired, it may be
calculated after completion of the efficiency calculations
5-15.5.1  For Steam Driven Equipment using the calculated fuel input.

MrStX ( HStEn 2 HStLv) EX QrBk

QrBX 5 , Btu/hr (W) QpB 5100 ,% (5-15-9)
100 QrF
(5-15-5)
where 5-16 UNCERTAINTY
EX 5  overall drive efficiency, percent; includes
Subsection 5-2, Measurement Data Reduction, dis-
turbine and gear efficiency
cussed calculation of the standard deviation of the mean
HStEn 5 enthalpy of the steam supplied to drive the
and degrees of freedom for individual parameters. This
auxiliaries, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
Section presents calculations for overall standard devia-
HStLv 5 enthalpy at the exhaust pressure and the
tion of the mean and degrees of freedom for the ran-
initial entropy of steam supplied to drive
dom uncertainty. This Section also presents calculation
the auxiliaries, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
methods for sensitivity coefficients and the combina-
tion of random and systematic components into overall
5-15.5.2  For Electrically Driven Equipment
test uncertainty. For post-test uncertainty calculation,
EX all steam generator performance calculations must be
QrBX 5 QX C1 , Btu/hr (W) (5-15-6)
100 complete prior to the beginning of the uncertainty calcu-
lations presented in this Section. The uncertainty calcula-
where tions presented in this Section, as well as those presented
C1 5 3,412 Btu/kWh in para 5-2.4, can be used for pretest as well as post-test
EX 5 overall drive efficiency, percent; includes such uncertainty analysis.
items as motor efficiency, electric and hydrau- The pretest uncertainty analysis can provide impor-
lic coupling efficiency, and gear efficiency tant information and reduce the effort required to calcu-
QX 5 average power, kW late uncertainty after completion of a performance test.

97

5-18.9 Miscellaneous Efficiency Corrections
Other minor losses and/or credits that are measured
should be reviewed by the parties to the test and agree-
ment reached as to whether corrections to the efficiency
are applicable.
5-18.10 Corrected Input–Output Efficiency
When efficiency is determined by the Input–Output
method, the test result is corrected to the standard or
design conditions by adding the difference between the
corrected efficiency and test efficiency (both as calculated
by the energy balance method) to the Input–Output test
results. Design boundary conditions (such as entering
air and exit gas temperatures) shall be used if they are
not measured. The most significant corrections are typi-
cally fuel analysis, entering air temperature and exit gas
temperature corrected for entering air temperature (for
unit with air-to-gas heat exchangers). Correcting for the
test fuel versus the design fuel requires that the ultimate
analysis be determined for the test fuel as well as the
heating value. For units with air-to-gas heat exchang-
ers, if the entering air temperature is measured, the exit
gas temperature (expected temperature if not measured)
should be corrected in accordance with para. 5-18.2.
Any other corrections discussed above can be applied if
measurements of necessary parameters are made.
5-18.11 Air and Gas Resistance
The measured resistance shall be corrected to stand-
ard or design conditions for the difference in mass flow
of the flowing fluid and the density of the fluid between
the test condition and the conditions corrected to design.
The general equations for correcting air resistance or
draft loss are
¨ 2
¥ MrAFgCr ´ ¥ DnAFg ´
PDiAFgCr 5 C1 ©  PDiAFg 2 Se ¦ 1Se ¸ ,
§ MrAFg µ
¶ § ¦ DnAFgCr µ
¶
©ª
in. wg (Pa)
(5-18-15)
2.31
Se 5 C 2 Ht  DnAFg 2 DnA , in. wg (Pa)
12
(5-18-16)
where
C1 5  unit conversion factor, 1.0 for in. wg
(2.4884E102 for Pa)
C2 5  unit conversion factor, 1.0 for in. wg
(2.4884E102 for Pa)
DnA 5  density of ambient air in vicinity of
pressure measurement, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3)
DnAFg 5 density of air or flue gas, lbm/ft3 (kg/
m3). For the furnace shaft, use a value of
0.0125 lbm/ft3 (0.20 kg/m3).
DnAFgCr 5 density of air or flue gas corrected to
design conditions, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3). The
ASME PTC 4-2013
corrected density will normally be very
close to the test density, DnAFg, and this
correction can usually be disregarded.
The density correction is included if
the density at the test conditions is sig-
nificantly different from the density cor-
rected to design conditions.
Ht 5 height between the pressure locations
[i.e., the difference in elevation between
the downstream and upstream pressure
locations, ft (m)]. Ht will be positive if
the fluid is flowing upward.
MrAFg 5 mass flow rate of air or flue gas for test
conditions, lbm/hr (kg/s)
MrAFgCr 5 corrected mass flow rate of air or flue
gas, lbm/hr (kg/s)
PDiAFg 5  measured air resistance or draft loss,
in. wg (Pa)
PDiAFgCr 5 corrected air resistance or draft loss,
in. wg (Pa)
Se 5 stack effect or difference in static pres-
sure between the air/gas side of boiler
and surrounding ambient air. Se will be
negative if the fluid is flowing upward.
The pressure drop characteristics of each system must
be examined in detail, and a detailed pressure drop
correction procedure for the specific system must be
developed. The above general pressure drop equation
may not be applicable for all equipment (pulverizers,
for example) and systems (for example, where pressure
drop is controlled, such as cyclone furnaces).
5-18.12 Steam or Water Pressure Loss
The general equations for correcting steam/water
pressure drop between the test and design or contract
·
conditions are as follows:
¸¹
2
¥ DnSt ´ ¥ MrStDs ´
PDiStCr 5  PDiSt 2 C13 Ht 3 DnSt ¦
§ DnStDs µ¶ ¦§ MrSt µ¶
1 C13 Ht 3 DnStDs 2 VhCr , psi (Pa)
(5-18-17)
where
C1 5  unit conversion factor, 0.00694 for psi
(4.788026E101 for Pa)
DnSt 5 density of the steam/water at the test con-
ditions, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3)
DnStDs 5 density of the steam/water at the design
conditions, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3)
Ht 5  height between the pressure locations
[i.e., the difference in elevation between
the downstream and upstream pressure
locations, ft (m)]. Ht will be positive if the
fluid is flowing upward.
MrSt 5 mass flow rates of the steam/water at the
test condition, lbm/hr (kg/s)
107
 ASME PTC 4-2013
MrStDs 5 mass flow rates of the steam/water at the
design condition (for feedwater flow and
intermediate superheater flows, calcu-
lated based on the corrected spray water
flow), lbm/hr (kg/s)
PDiSt 5 the measured pressure drop, psi (Pa)
PDiStCr 5 the corrected pressure drop, psi (Pa)
VhCr 5  velocity head correction (if applicable)
calculated as follows:
2 2
1 ¨¥ MrStDs ´ ¥ MrStDs ´
VhCr 5 C2 © -
DnSt ª¦§ Aid µ¶ ¦§ AidDs µ¶
¥ MrStDs ´·
1 VhCf ¦ ¸ , psi (Pa)
§ AidDs µ¶ ¹
(5-18-18)
where
Aid 5  area of the pipe where pressure tap is
installed, ft2 (m2)
AidDs 5 area of the pipe at the contractual terminal
point, ft2 (m2)
C2 5  unit conversion factor, 8.327E–12 for psi
(5.741E–8 for Pa)
VhCf 5 loss coefficient for the change in cross section
geometry involved based on the diameter
of the pipe at the terminal point. Parties to
test to agree upon value based on geometry
involved utilizing fluid flow reference text.
The measured pressure differential across a steam gener-
ating unit or a portion of the unit shall be corrected to stand-
ard or design conditions due to the difference in mass flow
of the flowing fluid and the specific volume between the test
condition and the design conditions. A correction for veloc-
ity pressure may also be required if the static pressure meas-
urement tap is located at a point with a cross-sectional area
different from the terminal point for the guarantee.
5-18.13 Steam Temperature and Desuperheating
Spray
Steam temperature and desuperheating spray guar-
antees shall be evaluated based on actual and design
superheater (and reheater if applicable) absorptions
rather than actual temperature due to potential devia-
tions from the target steam temperature during the test
and/or deviations from the design cycle conditions. The
actual main steam and reheat mass flow rates utilized to
calculate actual absorptions are corrected for off-design
test conditions. In general
(a) the steam temperature shall be evaluated by
comparing the actual superheater/reheater absorp-
tion to the design required superheater/reheater
absorption.
(b) desuperheating spray shall be evaluated based
on the calculated spray required for the actual versus
design required superheater/reheater absorption.
108
(c) the test main steam and reheat mass flow rates
utilized to calculate actual absorptions are corrected for
offdesign load by multiplying by the ratio of the design
main steam flow divided by the test main steam flow,
MFrStCr.
(d) main steam temperature and desuperheater spray
for once-through steam generators are not functions of
surface arrangement, and corrections are not necessary.
Main steam temperature is a matter of steam genera-
tor controls and should be acknowledged as achievable
unless there are other limiting design considerations.
(e) certain designs, such as divided gas flow units,
may require test and/or correction procedures not
addressed by this Code (a simplified approach for
divided gas flow units is presented below).
Actual and design required superheat and reheater
absorptions are defined below. The main steam and
reheat steam mass flow rates used to calculate actual
absorptions are corrected for off-design main steam
flow by multiplying the test main steam/reheat steam
flow by the ratio of the design main steam flow divided
by the test main steam flow (MFrStCr). The resulting
absorption term generally referred to as “actual absorp-
tion” above is referred to as corrected absorption in the
following Sections. While a second stage of reheat is not
addressed directly, the same principles apply as for the
first stage of reheat.
5-18.13.1  Superheater Absorption Corrected, QrShCr.
The superheater absorption corrected for design main
steam flow is calculated from
QrShCr 5 MrSt32Ds (HSt32 – HSt31) + MrW25 (HSt31
– HW25) + MrSt46A (HSt46A – HSt31), Btu/hr (W)
(5-18-19)
where
MrSt32Ds5 design main steam flow, lb/hr (kg/s)
MrSt46A 5 superheater extraction flow for the test
conditions, lb/hr (kg/s)
MrW25 5 desuperheating water flow for the test
conditions, lb/hr (kg/s)
5-18.13.2  Required Superheater Absorption, RqQrSh. 
The required superheater absorption for the design main
steam flow is calculated from
RqQrSh 5 MrSt32d (HSt32d 2 HSt31Cr)
1 MrSt46Ad (HSt46A 2 HSt31Cr), Btu/hr (W)
(5-18-20)
where
HSt31Cr 5 enthalpy of saturated steam calculated
from the design superheater outlet pres-
sure and corrected superheater pressure
drop
HSt46A 5 enthalpy of auxiliary or extraction steam
at the test conditions, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
Other terms are based on design conditions.
 ASME PTC 4-2013
QrF 5 MrF  HHVF , Btu/hr ( W )  (D-3-2)
where
HHVF 5 higher heating value of fuel, Btu/lbm
(J/kg). Refer to subsection 5-8.
MrF 5 measured mass flow rate of fuel, lbm/hr
(kg/s)
QrF 5 heat input from fuel, Btu/hr (W)
QrB 5 summation of credits, Btu/hr (W) basis.
Refer to Section 5 for the general method
of calculation. For the credits calculated on
a percent input from fuel basis, multiply
by (QrF/100) to convert to Btu/hr (W).
Below are supplementary comments on the
calculation of credits that are not measured
directly.
The credits due to heat in entering dry air (QrBDA)
and moisture in entering dry air (QrBWA) require the
mass flow rate of dry air. The mass flow rate of dry
air is calculated stoichiometrically from the ultimate
fuel analysis and unburned carbon in the refuse (refer
to Section 5 and the Combustion Calculation Form,
Nonmandatory Appendix B). For units that do not
utilize sorbent for reduction of sulfur emissions, it may
be necessary to calculate unburned carbon in the refuse
(refer to the Unburned Carbon in Refuse Calculation
Form, Nonmandatory Appendix A). For units that do
use sorbent, it will be necessary to calculate the mass
fraction of sulfur capture as well as the unburned carbon
in the refuse (refer to the Sorbent Calculation Form,
Nonmandatory Appendix A). The credit due to sulfation
(QrBSlf) is calculated from the mass fraction of sulfur
capture that is calculated above. The use of sorbent also
impacts the mass flow rate of dry air.
D-4 EFFICIENCY ON A LOWER HEATING VALUE,
LHV, BASIS
This Code uses the higher heating value of the fuel
as the preferred method to determine fuel energy input.
This Section explains how to compute efficiency on a
lower heating value (LHV), or net calorific value, basis.
Refer to para. 3-1.2 regarding the disadvantages of
expressing efficiency on a lower heating value basis.
It is necessary to calculate LHV from the measured HHV.
There is no universally accepted standard for calculation
of LHV; the constant used for heat of combustion and the
temperature used to determine the latent heat of vaporiza-
tion (hFG) vary between references. Some published meth-
ods are incorrect for SOLID OR LIQUID fuels that contain
water. It is important that the temperature used for the cal-
culation of hFG be consistent with the basis for the boiler
efficiency calculations, otherwise the calculated fuel mass
flow rate for a given boiler output will be incorrect.
This Code specifies a reference temperature of 778F
(258C). Based on the ASME International Steam Tables
for Industrial Use, IAWPS-IF97, the recommended value
267
for hFG at 778F (258C) and 1 psia (0.01 MPa) (the partial
pressure of water vapor in the combustion gas at one
atmosphere) for solid and liquid fuels is 1,050 Btu/lbm
(2 422 kJ/kg). Calculation of LHV from HHV is then
 H 2F  8.937  H 2OF 
LHV 5 HHV  C1   , Btu/lbm (kJ/kg)
 100 
(D-4-1)
where
C1 5 1,050 Btu/lbm (2 442 kJ/kg)
H2F 5 the quantity of H2 in the fuel, % mass
H2OF 5 the quantity of H2O in the fuel, % mass
For gaseous fuels, the LHV should be calculated based
on the LHVs specified for the individual gas fuel con-
stituents in ASTM D3588.
It is recognized that calculation of LHV (and fuel effi-
ciency) is dependent upon the temperature at which the
test is conducted. However, the difference in the cal-
culated LHV due to the difference between 77°F (25°C)
and the temperatures of the laboratory test is minor and
within the uncertainty of the measured HHV.
LHV will be on the same basis, constant pressure or
constant volume, as HHV.
The systematic uncertainty of the LHV must consider
the uncertainty of determining the quantity of hydrogen
and moisture in the fuel as well as systematic uncertainty;
however, the additional uncertainty is usually minimal.
Efficiency on a lower heating value basis is calculated
by substituting the lower heating value for the higher
heating value in all computations. Since the LHV is
calculated by reducing the fuel HHV by the latent heat
of vaporization of the water formed from the combus-
tion of the H2 in fuel and the water content of solid or
liquid fuels, the method of calculating the LHV losses
due to water from fuel are different depending upon
whether calculated on a HHV or LHV basis. The energy
loss on an HHV basis is based on the difference in the
enthalpy of steam at the exit gas temperature, HStLvCr,
and the enthalpy of water, HWRe, at the reference
temperature. The energy loss on an LHV basis is based
on the difference in the enthalpy of water vapor, at the
exit gas temperature, HWvLvCr, and the enthalpy of
water vapor, at the reference temperature, HWvRe. Thus,
the loss due to water formed from the combustion of H2
on an LHV basis, QpLH2FLHV, is calculated per the fol-
lowing equation:
QpLH 2FLHV 5 100 MqWH 2F ( HWvLvCr  HWv Re) HHV LHV, %
(D-4-6)
where
MqWH2F 5 water produced from the combustion of
H2 in the fuel on a mass per energy input
on an HHV basis
It is recommended that parameters associated with
the fuel or input from fuel continue to calculated on an