Cau tnie

* Vocabulary Preview
Phful hili t~p triic nghi¢m nay giup ngu01 hoc lam quen voo tu Vlplg quan trong
xuat hi¢n trong cac hili doc &phful Mini Test va Exercise.

Ie Overview & Strategies

Phful nay giro thich dAy du cac lo~ cau hOi xuat hi¢n trong hili doc TOEFL iBT
va cung cap nhUng chien thu~t cful thiet d~ tra 101 cac lo~ cau hOi d6. NhUng cau
hOi duQ'C giOO thi¢u lful dAu tien trong mon doc TOEFL iBT The M moo se duQ'C
minh hoa hAng hinh ch~p man hinh vi tinh.

l/r Exercise
Phful hili t~p nay giup nguOi. hoc thllC hanh tUng lo~ cau hOi c~ tM vUa moo hoc
va cung cap nhUng chien thu~t cful thiet (m~c Strategy in focus) d~ tim ra Iva
chon tra 101 dUng cho lo~ cau hOi d6 .

.,. More Practice

Phful nay giup ngu01 hoc on l~ lo~ cau hOi da hoc thOng qua cac hili doc ngAn
cUng vOO lo~ cau hOi c~ tM da hoc trong chuong.

*' Mini Test

Day la giai dol,Ul chuful ht tru6c khi lam cac hili doc TOEFL iBT thllC teo Cac hili
doc trong phful nay c6 dQ dili (khoang 400 tu) hAng 1l11a dQ dili cua hili doc
TOEFL iBT The M moo, nhfun giup ngu01 hoc lam quen vOO dl,Ulg thUc cua hili thi
tru6c khi hu6c vao thvc hanh nhUng hili doc hi~u thvc teo

+ iBT Test
NguOi. hoc c6 tM hoan thi¢n ky nang doc hi~u TOEFL iBT thOng qua vi¢c luy¢n
t~p phful nay mQt cach thuOng xuyen. Cac hili doc &phful nay dUQ'C trinh hay va
s~p xep theo dUng cau truc va cap dQ cua hili doc hi~u TOEFL iBT thvc teo

* Vocabulary Review (Chuang 2,4,6,8)

Phful nay hao g6m cac hili t~p giup nguOi. hoc on l~ tu Vlplg da hoc & 2 chuong
tru6c.

Ie From Reading to Writing (Chuang 2, 4, 6, 8)

Phlin nay neu nhUng di~m ngii phap quan tr~mg dn cho ky nang doc va viet
cling v6i cac bili t~p giup nguoo hQc ap dtplg nhiing di~m ngii phap d6 vao
TOEFL Writing.

5
 Contents

CHAPTER • Reference & Vocabulary

Vocabulary Preview 11

01 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Body Art
Exercise 2 Seaweeds
Exercise 3 Language and Reality
12
14
16
18
More Practice 20
Mini Test Supernovae 22
iBT Test Native North American Hide Painting 24

CHAPTER • Sentence Simplification

Vocabulary Preview 31

02 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 The Great Depression
Exercise 2 Flowers
Exercise 3 The Cultural Variable
32
34
36
38
40
More Practice
Mini Test The Boston Tea Party 42
iBT Test Machiavelli and the Origins of Political Science 44
Vocabulary Review: Chapters 1-2 48
From Reading to Writing: Cau truc cau d<)ng tinh tu 49
(V-ing Phrases)

CHAPTER • Factual Information & Negative Fact

Vocabulary Preview 51

03 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Newspapers in Post-Civil War America
Exercise 2 The Making of a Supernova
Exercise 3 Defining Species
52
54
56
58
60
More Practice
Mini Test Pueblo Architecture 62
iBT Test Atomic Structure 64

CHAPTER • Inference
Vocabulary Preview 71

04 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Labor Unions in the United States
Exercise 2 Tides
Exercise 3 Photosynthesis
72
74
76
78
80
More Practice
Mini Test Infantile Learning Process 82
iBT Test Behavioral Ecology 84
Vocabulary Review: Chapters 3-4 88
From Reading to Writing: M~nh de
quan M 89

6
CHAPTER • Rhetorical Purpose
~~
iWfI:
Vocabulary Preview 91

05 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Cetaceans
Exercise 2 Herman Melvi lle
Exercise 3 DNA Fingerprinting
More Practice
92
94
96
98
100
Mini Test The Jazz Age 102
JBT Test Discourse Analysis 104

CHAPTER • Insert Text

Vocabulary Preview 111

06 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Glaciation
Exercise 2 The Development of Computers
Exercise 3 Biogenesis
More Practice
112
114
116
118
120
Mini Test Tidal Energy 122
JBT Test Subversive Art 124
Vocabulary Review: Chapters 5-6 128
From Reading to Writing: Cau truc song song 129

CHAPTER • Prose Summary

Vocabulary Preview 131

07 Overview & Strategies

Exercise 1 Protozoa
-Exercise 2 The Origins of Writing
Exercise 3 Emily Dickinson
132
134
136
138
More Practice 140
Mini Test Red Tides 142
JBT Test The Lend-Lease Program 144

CHAPTER • Classifying, categorizing, and Organizing Information

Vocabulary Preview

08
151
Overview & Strategies 152
Exercise 1 Estuaries 154
Exercise 2 Freudia n and Jungian Psychology 156
Exercise 3 Two Methods of Scientific Reasoning 158
More Practice 160
Mini Test Grand Unified Theories 162
JBT Test Liftoff and Reentry 164
Vocabulary Review: Cha pters 7-B 168
From Reading to Writing: Di;ing tu + ttic tu 169
+ di;ing tu nguyen tM co to
' I '
Actual Test , , ,
'" -, '"
'-..<.J"
f'
j
:171 '
, ~
,,- :
•

Answer Key _ ',- ..>: 1~6 ' ,." i

" ' J ~ ~. _~:.<~ .. ~ -'oj.< .... _ .' > ,,"'~;;f -;..~~. ~~,"'1~ _""It,;.!" 1"1,.·? .-_.~ "'-~-J-;<1'f~~

7
Crash Course
Reference &
Vocabulary
 ChooseLthe ri htlmeanin for the words:in bold

1 When Mario was carried to the hospital, he was unconscious, with several puncture wounds
to his stomach.
® small hole @ tattoo

2 It is reported that people are more impressed by the dancing of those whose bodies are
more symmetrical.
® balanced @ slender

3 More than two miles of roadway has been blocked with trees, stones and other debris,
caused by the explosion.
® charcoal @ broken pieces

4 Several countries are still in the throes of a flu outbreak.

® sufferings @ grooves

5 Another knee surgery dims the future of the talented tennis player.
® lumps @ obscures

6 A South African paleontologist presented his view that human ancestors were hunted by
predatory birds.
® living on earth @ eating animals

7 According to one theory, variation in genetic make-up determines each person's reaction
to certain painkillers.
® willingness @ difference

8 You have to choose between having a sturdy structure that does not become unstable and
attracting people with a fancy exterior.
® strong @ scarce

9 On Aug. 23, 1996, Noel Gallagher sang lead vocals on Oasis' performance for MTV's
Unplugged, and his brother Liam's trademark singing voice was conspicuous by its absence.
® marked @ representational

10 The criminal was sentenced to death because of the severity of his crime.
® complexity @ cruelty

Reference & Vocabulary" II

 CHAPTER

O~ r V i .:e ' w

1. Reference Questions I CAu hOi tu lien h~ Til ngli thu<'m.g dUn:)

• Cau hOi til liEm M yeu cau b~ xac <4nh moi quan M • The word it in the passage refers to
•
gilia m(it d1;li til va til rna d1;li til do lien h¢lchl den. • The phrase in
the passage refers to the
• Mlh bill doc co til 0-2 cau hOi til lien M.
contributions of
• Cau hOi nay duqc xem 1a lo1;li cau hOi de trong mon • The phrase [fliUi~§ii in the
dQc clla TOEFL iBT; vi v~y, muon d~t di~m cao va passage refers to
tiet ki~m thoo gian, b~ phiii lam chinh xac va nhanh • The phrase J in the
chOng nhling cau hOi nay. passage refers to the difference
between

2. Vocabulary Questions I CAu hoi tu vtplg Til ngli thu<'m.g dUn:)

• Cau hOi til ~g yeu cau b~ nh~ biet y nghia clla til II.X!.~~ in the passage
•
va C!pD. til trong bill doc, va sau do chon m(it twC!pD. til is closest in meaning to
• The phrase in the
dong nghia trong cac Iva chon tra 100. M(it til co tM co
passage is closest in meaning to
nhieu nghia, nhung b~ phiii hi~u duqc nghia clla til
• Which of the following best explains
do trong ngli canh Cl). tM va tim Iva chon tra 100 co the term -'1W'!:Imu.:~?
nghia gan nMt vOi nghia duQ'c dUng trong bill doc. • Based on the information in the
• Mbi bill doc co til 3-6 cau hOi til vvng. passage, the term Gi'u can
best be explained as
• Cau hOi til ~g cling 1a lO1;li cau hOi rna b~ co tM
lam nhanh nhu cau hOi til lien M; vi v~y, b~ phiii sAp """llliL""-,,,~~' the author means
xep thoo gian hgp ly, tranh lang phi thoo gian cho du that
co nhling til b~ khong biet.

12 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr
 Thong thuOng tu lien h~ xuat hi~n tru&c dl;li tu trong bID doc, thuOng Ia &ngay tru&c no,
1 nhung doi khi tu lien h~ xuat hi~n sau dl;li tU. Tu lien M co tM &trong cung mQt cau v&i

2
dl;li tu, ho~c co tM nfun &cau khac.

Sau khi nfun vfrng cau truc va nQi dung cua bID doc, b?Jl co th~ ap dlfllg nhUng phuang
phap sau d~ gi&i h?Jl ph!,lIIl vi cac d6i tUQ'Ilg ma dl;li tu lien M.
CD XAc dlnh nam/nu, nguOi/v~t, d~i tu s6 itJs6 nhUm
•
ex) They: la dl!i tu s6 nhieu cho nen b~ c6 the IOl!i ra cac danh tu s6 it.
It: la dl!i tu s6 it, chi v~t cho nen b~ c6 the IOl!i ra cac danh tu s6 nhieu ho~c danh tu chi nguiYi.
~ ChQn cac til co chuc nang ngii phap d6ng nhat vOi d~i ttl da cho
Dieu nay kh6ng phro hic nao c1lng dUng, nhung c6 riit nhieu truOng hqp la neu dl!i tu lam cM ngii
trong cau thi n6 cling thay the cho cM ngii cua cau dUng tru&c d6.
@ ThOng qua dQng ttl trong cilu
ex) Neu cau bAt dau la "They understand .. ." thi cM ngii cua understand chi co the la nguiYi.

Luu Yco nhUng truOng h9'P cau hOi yeu c~u b?Jl tim d6i tUQ'Ilg duqc lien M cua cac pro-
3 form (c~ tu dugc dung d~ thay tM cho m~nh de, c~m tu, tu dan khac) nhu cac vi d~ sau.
ex) this problem, this possibility, the same reason, such process

Ngfr canh (context) Ia ph!,lIIl vi (cau va do:;.n) ma trong do tu ho~c c~m tu xuat hi~n. Nghia
1 cua mQt tu ho~c mQt c~rn tu theo ngfr canh Ia nghia cua no trong cau va dO?Jl c~ tM. MQt
tu tieng Anh co tM co nhieu nghia khac nhau. Nghia chinh xac cua no Iuon Iuon ph~
thuQc vao ngfr dmh rna no duqc sil d~ng.

Trong truOng h9'P b?Jl khong hi~u nghia cua tu duqc cho thi thong qua ngfr canh b?Jl co
2 tM doan dugc nghia cua tu do bfulg cach sil d~ng phuang phap IOl;li suy.

3 Sil dlfllg nhUng phuang phap sau d~ doan ngrua cua tu duqc cho.
CD DUng restatement clue, definition clue, ho~c example clue
Tim cac vi dv, <4nh nghia dUng, ho~c giro thich doi v&i tu duQ'C cho.
~ DUng synonym clue ho~c antonym clue
Tim nhling cach dien d~t c6 nghia trill nguQ'C ho~c c6 nghia tuong t~ v&i tu duQ'C cho.
@ D"a VIlO word part (thanh ph3.n cau t~o ttl) dil dOlln nghia cua ttl duQ'c cho
ex) Tiep dau ngii pre- trong prehistoric co nghia la before, cho n{m prehistoric co nghia la "thuQc thiYi tien sU".

Reference & Vocabulary " 13

 Body Art

There is no reason why tattooing and face and body painting * tattoo: (v.) to mark a permanent
should be from the status of "art"; if they are nevertheless picture or writing on someone's
skin with a needle and ink
commonly excluded, this may be due to the impermanent nature of
• impermanent: (a.) not staying the
face and body painting as well as to marketing problems. same forever [=temporary]
The most common technique of tattooing among native North
American Indians was by pricking the skin with sharp pOints. • prick: (v.) to make a small hole in
something with a sharp object
Sometimes was done using on a special comb-like implement. As
in the less widely distributed scratching method, designs are usually
first sketched with charcoal paste, then rubbed into the breaks in
the skin. In northern and northwestern North America, threads
covered with soot are drawn through punctures made by needles to • puncture: (n.) a small hole made
with a sharp point
apply the beneath the skin. In face painting, mostly
mineral pigments (but sometimes including charcoal for black, or
pollen for yellow) are mixed with water and/or grease before
are applied to the skin with fingers, paint brushes, or wooden paint
sticks. Painting is generally done by the wearer himself, with
occasional help from others, and with the exception of some
ceremonial painting, using a bowl of water to serve as a mirror.
Tattooing, on the other hand, is done by others, who tend to be
speCialists.
The functions of body art are extremely varied, even within a
single tribe. range from pure beautification of the wearer,
through expression of mood, prevention of disease, protection
against misfortunes, and the recording of a ceremonial event, to the
identification of an individual's status or membership in a social
group.
Even though there is information on the body art of
various individual tribes, Significant comparative studies are scarce • variation: (n.) the existence of
on the continent. Regional stylistiC variations are as yet undefined. differences
• symmetrical: (a.) consisting of
Tattooed designs are all basically linear, with simple symmetrical, two halves that are exactly the
non-representational designs on the face, and forms of greater same
complexity on the body. Tattooing is black (with rare red/black
exceptions); but painting is frequently bichrome or polychrome, with
solid color areas as important as lines.

14 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr
 in paragraph 1 is closest 4 The word in paragraph 2 refers to
1 The word
in meaning to o mineral pigments
o kept secret ® punctures
® made better © needles
n
© left out ® water and grease :z:
".

® applied ....
~

....
5 The word in paragraph 3 refers to =
2 The word I in paragraph 2 refers to o Specialists
o face and body painting ® Single tribe
® North American Indians © Functions
© skin ® Body art
@ pricking the skin with sharp pOints
6 in paragraph 4 is closest
3 The word in paragraph 2 is in meaning to
closest in meaning to
0 correct
o dye ® enough
® color © important
© metal ® surprising
@ oil

1. Ttl "excluded" fr dong tiep theo la synonym clue. 2. Cac d\li tu it, this, that khong chi thay the cho cac tu don ma con co
tM thay the cho C\pII til (phrase), m~nh de (clause), ho~c ca cau (sentence). 3. "pigmenf' la mot trong nhUng til tr9ng tam
(keyword) clla bili d9C nay. Dila vao noi dung clla bili d9C, b~ hay co doan nghia clla "pigmenf. 4. Doi khi d\li til thay the
cho danh til co chUc nang dong nhat. "they" la Chll ngii clla m~nh de ph\!; vi v~y, b~ hay thti thay no bAng cM ngii Clla
m~nh de chinh. 5. Tuong til v&i cau 4, b~ thti tim til don co chuc nang dong nha:t v&i "They" fr cau tru&c. 6. Ttl "scarce" fr
hang du&i la antonym clue.

- synonym clues ,

+: Dieu cO' bim trong viet van la dUng cach dien dl,it tuong t~ va khong I~p II,li tiro Ap d~g quy uk
nay, bl,ill co tM tim dUQC cae g(1i y d6i v6i tir dUQC cho. Tham khao vi dQ sau:

Cit hai cau dUQC n6i co CUng the b~ dQng va nQi dung giong nhau, va bl,ill co tM tMy rang barred va
excluded & day tl,io thilnh mQt c~p. Day la vi dQ dien hinh cua vi~ dUng synonym clue de tim cau
tra 100 dting cho tir dUQC cho.

Reference & Vocabulary " IS

 Exercise

Seaweeds
Most species of marine algae are represented by the forms
popularly known as seaweeds. This, however, is a rather
unfortunate term. For one thing, the word weeds does not do justice
to these ns OJous and often elegant inhabitants of rocky shores
and other marine environments. Some biologists opt for the more
formal name of macrophytes. On the other hand, the term
seaweeds is useful in distinguishing them from the unicellular algae. • unicellular: Ca.) consisting of a
of single cell

unicellular algae, and reproduction is also more ..,...=='-""',..,

Seaweeds are all eukaryotes, as opposed to prokaryotes, which are
the simplest type of cells that lack organelles. Most are multicellular, • multicellular: (a.) conSisting of
many cells
but some forms conSisting of single cells or simple filaments are
considered seaweeds. This is because the classification of seaweeds
is based not only on structure but also on other features such as the
types of pigments and food storage products.
Although more complex than unicellular algae, seaweeds still

• terrestrial: (a.) living on land

rather than water
specialists include them in the kingdom Protista. There are some
• kingdom: (n.) one of seven
who disagree and assign them instead to the kingdom Plantae, biological categories
together with the higher plants.
The range of variation observed among the multicellular algae
is spectacular. ose we see on rocky shores at low tide are usually
small and sturdy as an adaptation to withstand waves. Kelps found • sturdy: (a.) strong

offshore in cold waters are true giants that form dense underwater
forests. The multicellular condition of seaweeds allows many
adaptations not available to unicellular forms. For example, they can
* turbulence: (n.) sudden violent
grow tall and rise off the bottom. provides new opportunities
movements
as well as challenges: wave action and turbulence, competition for • prel;!atory: (a.) relating to animals
space and light, and the problem of predatory sea urchins and fish. that kill and eat other animals

16 "' www.ibttoefl.co.kr
 1 The word n in paragraph 1 is 4 The phrase in paragraph
closest in meaning to 2 is closest in meaning to

0 easily seen 0 based on

® well-known ® lacking
n
© huge © regarded as ,..
:z:

I ® graceful ® typical of
-...
"1:1

::lO

2 5 in paragraph 3 refers to

0 structures o Variation
® seaweeds ® Multicellular algae
© unicellular algae © Rocky shores
® macrophytes ® Waves

3 6 The word i in paragraph 3 refers to

closest in meaning to
0 Living in underwater forests
0 complicated ® Living in cold water
® advanced © Having unicellular forms
© common ® Having many adaptations
® decisive

1. Dipl vao ngli cfmh, hay doan nghia clla tu "conspicuous". 2. Tim xem doi tUQ'llg duQ"C so sanh trong cau la gi. 3. TU
"complex" & dong trim Ia synonym clue. 4. Un Iugt thay the cac Iva ch(Jn tra 1m vao vt tri clla "characteristic of" va dUng
phuong phap Io~ suy de tim Iva ch(Jn dtiug nhal 5. Luu y Ia tu "Those" dugc dUng de thay the cho danh tu so nhieu.
6. ''This" kh6ng chi thay tM cho tu don rna con co th~ thay the cho m(it fact ho~c idea nao do.

D~ tu chi d~nh those co cae each dung sau:

o Those duQ'C dUng de thay the cho ngu(yjjv~t &so nhi~u, giong v6i d~ tu nhan xung they.
6 Those (so it la that) duQ'C dung de thay the eho danh tu dUng tnroc, d~c bi~t la & dl;lIlg so sanh.
Because birds' eggs are more resistant to water loss, they have a better chance of survival than those of
reptiles.
~ Those duQ'C dUng liun tu dUng tnroc chi ngum ho~c v~t eua m~nh de quan M.
Many c t ! " 's may not achieve reproductive success, but those whose physical characteristics enable
them to do well In the new environment will usually reproduce.

Reference & Vocabulary " 17

 Exercise

Language and Reality

An important ethnolinguistic concem of the 1930s and 1940s
was the question of whether language might indeed determine
culture. Do we see and react differently to the colors blue and green,
with different cultural symbolism for the two different colors, only
because our language has different names for these two neighboring
parts of the unbroken color spectrum? When anthropologists noticed • anthropologist: (n.) someone who
studies human societies and their
that some cultures lump together blue and green with one name,
cultures
they began to wonder about this question. The American linguists • lump: (v.) to put people or things
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, drawing on their experience into the same group
• full-fledged: (a.) completely
with the language of the Hopi Indians, developed a full-fledged
developed
theory, sometimes called the """,,,,,o,,,f,--=,
fia......,",u =,-,,,,"=

that a language is not simply an encoding process for voicing our

ideas and needs but is rather a shaping force, which, by providing
habitual grooves of expression that people to see the • groove: (n.) a fixed routine or
habit
world in a certain way, guides their thinking and behavior.
The opposite point of view is that language reflects reality. In

changes, so too will language. Some support for this is provided by

studies of blue-green color terms. It has been shown that eye
pigmentation acts to filter out the shorter wavelengths of solar • pigmentation: (n.) the natural
color of living things
radiation. Color vision is thus limited through a reduced sensitivity to
blue and confusion between the shorter visible wavelengths. The
effect shows up in color-naming behavior, where green may be
identified with blue, blue with black, or both green and blue with
black. The severity of visual limitation, as well as the extent of • severity: (n.) seriousness
lumping of color terms, depends on the density of eye pigmentation
characteristic of people in a given sOciety.
These findings do not mean that language merely reflects
reality, any more than thinking and behavior are determined by
language. The truth of the matter is more as anthropologist Peter
Woolfson has put it: "Reality should be the same for us all. Our
nervous systems, however, are being !:iii by a continual
flow of sensations of different kinds, intensities, and durations. It is • intensity: (n.) strength
obvious that all of these sensations do not reach our consciousness;
some kind of filtering system reduces them to manageable
propositions. The Whorfian hypothesis suggests that the filtering • proposition: (n.) a matter to be
dealt with
system is one's language. Our language, in effect, provides us with a
special pair of glasses that heightens certain perceptions and I
others. Thus, while all sensations are received by the nervous
system, only are brought to the level of consciousness."

18 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr
1 Based on the information in paragraph 1, 4 The word in paragraph 3 is
which of the following best explains the closest in meaning to
term (£; argued
(£; A theory that language determines ® attacked
n
:c
culture © prevented :P

® A theory that language reflects reality

A theory about the relationship
® heated
...=....
"'CO

©
between language and color 5 The word dims in paragraph 3 is closest in
® A view against established theories meaning to
about language
(£; damages
® enlarges
2 The word in paragraph 1 is © removes
closest in meaning to ® obscures
(£; influence ® resolve
© deal with ® categorize 6 in paragraph 3 refers to
(£; nervous system
3 The phrase in paragraph 2 refers
® sensations
to © consciousness
(£; view ® language ® perceptions
© cultural reality ® behavior

1. Cau cuoi cling cua dOIilll d~u tien giru thich cho thu~t ngli "Whorfian hypothesis". 2. Dlla vao ngli cimh &cau tru&c va cau
sau, blilll c6 tM doan duQ'C ngrua cua tu "predispose". 3. Trong hai danh tu dugc de c~p &tru&c, the former chi danh tu dUng
tru&C, the latter chi danh tu dUng sau. 4. Tim lila ch<.>n tnlloo phU hgp v6i. ngli canh trong dOIilll van. 5. Ttl "heightens"
dUng tru&c Ill. antonym clue. 6. "some" &day thay the cho danh tu so nhieu.

infocus: ~~

:- D~a vilo word part (thanh phAn cau tl,l.O tu), bl,lIl co tM doan duQ'c nghia cua tu moo.
Word part Meaning Word part Meaning Word part Meaning
ante-, pre- before, prior to pro- advancing hetero- diffe rent
anti- against re- again, back horno- alike
bi- two su b- u nder ornni- all
co- together, with lrans- across, cha nge p hil- love
de- from, off, away uni-, rnono- one pseudo- false
dis-, in-, un- not aqua-, hydro- water retro- backward
rnal- bad bio- life tele- distance
multi-, poly- many ego- self -phobia fear

Reference & Vocabulary " 19

 M0 r e Practice

w
A To understand how the schedule of and demands of a given society is balanced
against the supply of goods and services available, it is necessary to introduce a
noneconomic variable - the anthropological variable of culture . In any given economic
system, economic processes· cannot be interpreted without culturally defining the demands
and understanding the conventions that dictate how and when t e are satisfied.

1 in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

® supplies © prices

2 The word e in the paragraph refers to

o conventions ® economic processes © demands

B However impressive all these discoveries may be, one important link is still missing: the
social organization. There is evidence that chimpanzees lead a highly subtle and complex
social life, but this picture is still vague. is due to the fact that it is impossible to follow
social processes in every detail in the jungle. Presently, there is one place in the world where

1 The word Thi in the paragraph refers to

o The subtle and complicated nature of chimpanzees' social life
® The uncertainty of ideas about chimpanzees' social life
© The impressive discoveries about chimpanzees' social life

2 ""-"::":"::::"=.:.:0 in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

o exclusive ® thorough © progressive

c The audience for a work of art may consist of members of a particular group, perhaps a
lineage or age set or people of a certain social rank, and the theme, content, and purpose of
the oral narrative to wliicn they listen may change to fit the social context in which it is
recited. The words may also change from recitation to recitation as the mood of the audience
changes. And a story told to children will be told differently to adults.

1 The word in the paragraph refers to

o purpose ® oral narrative © people

o As continents and ocean basins change shape, some strata sink below the surface of an
ocean or lake, others are forced upward into mountain ranges, and are worn away by
water, wind or ice or are defol11led by heat or pressure.

1 The word som in the paragraph refers to

o surface ® ranges © strata

20 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr
 Although the Sumerians and the Egyptians took steps needed to turn the simple ideography
E into the full alphabet, writing still needed to develop. Having a different sign for every single
word would require knowing thousands of different signs, and abstract ideas and grammar are
still difficult to express. A way of overcoming this problem is to turn to sound devices. For
C':I
example, by using the haracter for a bee and the character for the leaf of a tree, one can :z:
...,
:1:0
combine them, "bee" plus "leaf," to form "belief." This kind of writing is called "word-syllabic." ....
...
::D
1 The phrase this proolem in the paragraph refers to
(£) the difficulty of expressing abstract ideas
® the difference between signs and ideas
© the task of turning the simple ideography into the full alphabet

2 The word character in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

(£) place ® feature © letter

Before the invention of photography, the great majority of painted images were
F portraits, small enough to be carried in a locket for remembrance. Suddenly, painting was
relieved of the necessity of "communicating" in this pedestrian way. The result was an
explosion of new styles and methods. Impressionism was the crowning glory of those times.
It was followed by cubism, dadaism, surrealism and abstract expressionism, as well as other
movements in art of our time, including photorealism, in which the painter paints an image
that, from a distance, is indistin uislia Ie from a photograph.

1 The phrase tlie great majority in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

(£) some ® most © all

2 The phrase indistinguishable m in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

(£) inseparable from ® suitable to © identical with

Darwin saw that food supply and other factors hold populations in cliec . Darwin
G calculated that a single breeding pair of elephants would, if all their progeny lived and
reproduced the normal number of offspring over a normal life span, produce a standing
population of 19 million elephants in 750 years, yet the average number of elephants generally
remains the same over the years . Although a single breeding pair could have produced 19
million descendants, it did produce an average of only two. But why these particular two?
Darwin gave birth to the theory of natural selection by answering th ion .

1 In stating that food supply and other factors hold populations in check, the author
means that they
(£) control populations ® reduce populations © increase populations

2 The phrase the ques Ion in the paragraph refers to the question as to
(£) why a single breeding pair of elephants only produced two descendants on average
® how many years it would take for the number of elephants to increase
© how elephants could survive up to modern times producing only two descendants

Reference & Vocabulary ~ 21

 Mini Test

TOEFL Reading
IfIiI;

Supernovae

5 oun . Apart from hydrogen, every atom in our bodies, and every atom on Earth except
for hydrogen and helium (there is no helium in our bodies) was manufactured inside stars and
then expelled into space by supernova explosions. They laced the clouds of hydrogen and
helium from which the Sun and its family of planets formed.
Over three decades, beginning in the 1950s, theorists had developed what seemed to be
a satisfactory understanding of supernova explosions, based on their knowledge of the laws of
physics, on observations of such explosions in remote galaxies and of the debris from old
supernova explosions in our own galaxy, and on computer models of how stars worked . But
until 1987 they had no means of checking this understanding directly. The explosion of a star
known as Sanduleak -69°C 202 to become a supernova first visible from Earth on the night of
February 23/24, 1987 was possibly the single most important event in astronomy since the
invention of the telescope.
= = '-"" SN1987A, took place in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy close to
our own Milky Way and part of the system of galaxies, held together by gravity, recognized as
the Local Group. rl At a distance of 180,000 light years, just next door by cosmological
standards, SN1987A was by far the closest supernova to have occurred since 1604, when the
last known supernova in our own galaxy exploded, just before the development of the
astronomical telescope . m It was near enough to be studied in detail by a battery of
instruments, including conventional telescopes on mountaintops, X-ray detectors on board
satellites in space and neutrino detectors buried deep beneath the ground. [!J Both in broad
outline and in most details, ~1i.......,....Q
...oservations showed over the years following the outburst

that the astronomers did have a good understanding of how supernovae work. m

22 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr
1
o Death throes of a star
® Supernovae
© The emission of light
n
® Explosions of small stars
=
:Do
"'CO
.....
"'
=
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
o Although the Sun is not going to be a supernova, its birth is related with supernova
explosions that occurred in the beginning stage of our galaxy.
® The Sun is not a supernova, but it was part of a supernova when our Milky Way started to
exist.
© It is believed the Sun will explode in the future, but it was born out of a supernova when our
Milky Way started in the distant past.
® When our galaxy was young, the Sun was separated from the galaxy because of a
supernova explosion.

3 Before 1987, scientists based their knowledge of supernovae on all of the following EXCEPT
o computer models
® direct observation of a supernova explosion
© debris of old supernova explosions
® laws of physics

4
o identified as ® named
© combined ® praised

5 The phrase Iffi~[gjii~ifkmi in the passage refers to the observations of

o the Large Magellanic Cloud ® the Milky Way
© SN1987A ® satellites

6 Look at the four squares [.] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.

Although some details did not match up to expectations, there were no major surprises.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add it to the passage.

Reference & Vocabulary " 23

 iB T Test

Native North American Hide Painting

The artistic development and diversity of a society are largely determined by the different physical
mediums available to it. Having no technology for the production of paper or canvas, the Native North
Americans turned to the painting of animal hides as a major form of artistic expression. Occasionally this
took the form of painting hides intended to be used exclusively as art, but far more frequently it involved
the decoration of everyday or ceremonial objects made of hide, which were abundant in Native North
American cultures. Shields, tepee coverings, and hide clothing were decorated with hide paintings. Hide
painting was a laborious process. First, the hide had to be cured and treated with a clear preservative
coating that would retain the original color of the hide. Then an outline was scratched in the soft leather.
Once the outline was finished, paints made of minerals and plants were applied to add color.
Native North American hide painting takes on many forms and styles, as might be expected of
such a diverse region. Yet, it is possible to identify three distinct traditions that seem to appear in nearly
all tribal hide paintings. The first is historical or biographical in subject matter and most commonly
appears on ceremonial robes. This form of hide painting seems to have been almost exclusively the
province of male artists. It is highly informational in nature, and the aesthetic qualities of these hide
paintings are of secondary importance. Biographical and historical hide paintings record the fortunes,
exploits, and hardships of a tribe or individual. In this way they are similar to the picture writing of other
pre-literate cultures.
Another tradition in hide painting can be termed visionary painting. Visionary hide paintings are
mystical or religious in nature. They either tell of a visionary experience, or are attempts to seek out such
a supernatural connection . Astrological motifs and representations of animistic spirits are common in
visionary hide painting. Shields and tunics are common mediums for visionary painting . This may reflect
an attempt to invoke the aid of supernatural forces for protection and victory in battle. Tepees also often
bear visionary art. This may be seen once again as an attempt to procure supernatural protection for the
residents.
The final major tradition in hide painting was primarily produced by women. Highly symbolic and
abstract in nature, their art represents some of the most sophisticated examples of hide painting.
Symbolic hide painting employs the use of geometric shapes to create complex symmetric patterns.
Boxes, triangles, and hourglass shapes all feature prominently in symbolic hide painting . One of the most
interesting aspects of this form of hide painting is its use of negative space. A highly advanced artistic
technique, the use of negative space requires the carefully planned placement of unpainted sections of
the hide so that they too form adesign that corresponds to the painted designs.
As with all aspects of Native American life, hide painting was greatly affected by contact with white
settlers who were pushing westward during the 1800s. Initially, these changes were mostly material in
nature. White settlers brought access to paper, canvas, and better paints and brushes, all of which were
incorporated into Native American art. As they began to adopt linen clothing, they simply transferred
their hide painting onto this new material. In latter years, however, white culture began to influence the
conventions of the art itself. White Americans ran an aggressive campaign to marginalize Native
American culture and traditions. Native American children were educated not in their own communities,
but in government run schools with the goal of instilling white values and sensibilities in them . This white
influence inevitably began to be seen in hide painting as these children grew up to take the artistic
mantle from their elders.

24 " www.ibttoefl.co.kr