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ESTERIFICATION
Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic
acids, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides to
form esters.

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DEHYDRATION
Alcohols undergo dehydration to form
alkenes on treating with a protic acid e.g.,
concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4, or catalysts
such as anhydrous zinc chloride or alumina.

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OXIDATION
Oxidation of alcohols involves the formation
of a carbonoxygen double bond with
cleavage of an O-H and C-H bonds.

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OXIDATION

Acidified potassium permanganate

are used for getting carboxylic acids from
alcohols directly.
Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a
reagent for oxidation of primary alcohols
to aldehydes in good yield.
Secondary alcohols are oxidised to
ketones by chromic anhyride

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REACTION WITH METALS

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REACTION WITH PHOSPHORUS

HALIDES

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REACTION WITH LUCAS REAGENT

Alcohols react with hydrogen halides &

zinc chloride to form alkyl halides.
Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent
(conc. HCl and ZnCl2) while their halides
are immiscible and produce turbidity in
solution. 

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REACTION WITH LUCAS REAGENT

In case of tertiary alcohols, turbidity

is produced immediately as they form
the halides easily. 
Primary alcohols do not produce
turbidity at room temperature.

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PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
From Grignard reagents

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WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS

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ACIDITY OF PHENOLS
The reaction of phenol with aqueous
sodium hydroxide indicates that phenols
are stronger acids than alcohols and
water.
In substituted phenols, the presence of
electron withdrawing groups such as
nitro group present at ortho and para
positions, enhances the acidic strength of
phenol.

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ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC
SUBSTITUTION
(i) Nitration:

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ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC
SUBSTITUTION
(ii) Halogenation:

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KOLBE’S REACTION

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REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION

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