Chapter-1: IOT Based Patient Parameter Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi

IOT Based Patient Parameter Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
This project describes about to build a wireless healthcare monitoring system

using GSM module. Remote monitoring is seen as an effective method of providing
immediate care as it allows for continuous as well as emergency transmission of patient
information to the doctor or healthcare providers. Remote patient monitoring will not
only redefine hospital care but also work, home, and recreational activities. These new
technologies enable us to monitor patients on a regular basis, replacing the need to
frequently visit the local doctor for a recurring illness. Recent report says chronic
diseases are the leading cause of deaths in India. People who have suffered from chronic
diseases are monitored their vital signs continuously. Vital signs include the measurement
of temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and blood oxygen saturation. It provides
information about a patient's state of health. They can identify the existence of any
medical problem, illness and person’s body physiological stress. In hospitals both in ICU
ward and general ward nurses take care of chronic disease patients.
In home also, we can monitor vital signs of a patients with the help of nurses.
These are the normal way of monitoring vital signs. Normally elder people are suffered a
lot from chronic disease. They cannot go to hospital regularly and also hospitalization
cost also increases. In hospital, the nurse’s ratio is low compared to patients. Sometimes
nurses have missed to take vital signs data of patients. With the lack of vital sign
monitoring, patient undergoes many problems. For checking the vital signs data to be
healthy or unhealthy, we need nurse or doctor advice and again cost is increased.
Advances in sensor and connectivity technology are allowing devices to collect, record
and analyze data. In healthcare, able to collect patient data over long time that can be
used to help enable preventive care, allow early diagnosis of diseases. IoT related
healthcare systems are based on the Internet of Things as a network of devices that
connect directly with each other to capture and share vital data through a wireless
communication and store the data in server. And also it provide facility to access the
information through our mobile phone using Bluetooth. IOT systems are making to
Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 1

reduce costs and improve health by increasing the availability and quality of care. In
recent years, many e-Health systems developed and they are providing the remote
monitoring of the patient.
In the health management system designed an integrated patient monitoring

device with low cost and this way of technology is mainly used to continuously monitor
the patient health condition, for effectively and accurately measuring the patient
physiological parameter such as temperature, and pulse rate of the patient. Recent years
have seen a rising interest in wearable sensors and today several devices are
commercially available for personal health care, fitness, and activity awareness. IoT
related healthcare is based on IoT as a network of devices that connect directly with each
other to capture and share vital data. It combines sensors, microcontrollers and gateways
where sensor data is further analyzed. Data mining techniques are used to find the healthy
and unhealthy vital signs data using classification model without nurse help. Chronic
Disease monitoring system captured vital signs data via medical sensors, data mining
algorithms to analyze the data and medical professionals can wirelessly access the
information and make diagnoses and treatment recommendations based on the data.
These applications generate huge amount of data. This vital data from the sensor is mined
through data mining techniques and from this model patient automatically know the vital
signs data be healthy or unhealthy.
1.1 EXISTING METHOD
Fig 1.1 Block diagram of existing system

The patient’s physical parameters & movement status is continuously sent to

hospital center through wifi module. The monitoring center receives the information from
each patient and transmits it through Arduino microcontroller. The data from patient can
be displayed as graph or numeric on monitor if it is necessary. The doctor can diagnose
the patient according to continuously recorded data, a sensor electronics module permits
the acquisition of different physiological parameters and their online transmission to the
handheld portable device connected to the processor. The sensor electronics module
constitutes a wireless personal area network. Thus Arduino has low power consumption,
low cost , small size, free frequency etc. so that real time monitoring is possible & patient
can be treated on time with the system & is helpful in worst condition . Nowadays, a
monitor can move with the patient from the operating room to an intensive care unit, to
the hospital room, and even into their home. This is paramount in today’s world of health
care. The most important features in today’s patient monitors are mobility, ease of use,
and effortless patient data transfer.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In early decades the situation was like large numbers of patients and limited
availability of doctors ,large size medical instruments in special care units like ICU’S so
that one nurse or doctor is essential to attend each patient in different wards. So the
patient could not be continuously monitored so following problem formulation is evolved
as follows:- The traditional medical test instruments in large sizes. Patient couldn’t be
found in time & helped in time. Time consuming patient monitoring Human attention is
required for each patient. Limited availability of medical instruments. Continuous
monitoring was not possible. Most of the patient died due to lack of experts &
machines. The purpose of this study was to find out the needs of medical doctors
concerning wireless patient monitoring. The system processes data using plug-in analysis
components that can be easily composed into plans using a graphical programming
environment.

METHODOLOGY
Fig 1.2 Block Diagram of Health Monitoring System
Fig 1.3 Raspberry Pi

 Board size: --- 85.60mm x 53.98mm
 Board weight -- 40 gm
 PCB --- 6 layer PCB
 BCM2835 IC -- Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU + GPU + SDRAM)
ARM11 based microcontroller IC manufactured by Broadcom. Broadcom build this chip

as a “multimedia applications processor for advanced mobile and embedded applications
that require the highest levels of multimedia performance”.
Speed – 700 MHz
http://www.broadcom.com/products/BCM2835
 SMSC LAN9512/LAN9512i IC ----- USB Hub & Ethernet Controller. This is the
major work horse in getting data in/out of the RPi for USB peripheral devices and IP
networking. USB and Ethernet ports, are powerful and widely supported serial
communication devices.
10/100Mb Ethernet and 2x USB 2.0
 JTAG Header: The JTAG Header is used as a debug port. Embedded systems
developer relies on debuggers communicating with chips via the JTAG to perform
operations like single stepping and break-pointing. In time, I suspect people will
find ways to exploit these pins for both good & evil, but for now, this is for the
RPi hardware development community to use.
 CSI Camera Connector: The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) specification is a

standard interface between a camera and a host processor for mobile device
applications. This will be where you’ll connect cameras and video devices to the
RPi.
 DSI Display Connector: The Display Serial Interface (DSI) is a specification

aimed at reducing the cost of display sub-systems in a mobile device. This is
commonly targeted at LCD and similar display technologies. RPi may be able to

interface to some of these. Some graphical LCD/OLED displays might be

attached to it. DSI would seem like a good candidate for implementing my LCD
display but there is a problem. It appears the DSI isn’t supported at this time.
Indicating LED’s :- 5 nos of status indicating leds --

 D5(Yellow) - OK - SDCard Access (via GPIO16)
 D6(Red) - PWR - 3.3V Power
 D7(Green) - FDX - Full Duplex (LAN) (Model B)
 D8(Green) - LNK - Link/Activity (LAN) (Model B)
 D9(Yellow) - 10M - 10/100Mbit (LAN) (Model B)
BCM2835 Block Diagram :-

How to give Static IP Address to Raspberry Pi and access it using SSH

on Ubuntun PC
 Burn the Raspbian image on the SDcard using imagewriter software and using
ubuntu PC.
 Check SDCard (using card reader) on Ubuntu PC in home foler icon.
 You have observed that sdcard having two partitions
1) boot
2) filesystem or something like that

In the boot partition one file is available name as cmdline.txt. Open this file. We
will see that something is already written in this file. Now add below line at the end, in
this file and save it.
 Connect SDcard to the raspberry pi board.

 Connect raspberry pi board and our ubuntu computer using LAN (ethernet cable).
 Open Terminal on ubuntu pc and type
Raspberry Pi B+ GPIO Pins

Accessing Raspberry Pi GUI Desktop on Ubuntu PC

Note – Some time while installing tightvncserver on raspberry pi we are getting error
like – Temporary failure resolving 'mirrordirector.raspian.org' etc get then follow below
way --
Raspberry # vi /etc/resolv.conf
and add below lines at the end
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
and save it
and again try to install tightvncserver.
Installing tightvncviewer on ubuntu PC :-
 ubuntu # sudo apt-get install xtightvncviewer
Running tightvncserver on RPI :-
First tile it will asked password to access this server from client side. So we have to give
some password (user defined) which required to access this server from ubuntu PC.
It will give some information as shown in screenshot vncserver
Running tightvncviewer on Ubuntu PC :-
ubuntu # xtightvncviewer ip address of Pi:1/2 (1 or 2 is no got in above log)

It will asked password :- enter password as given while installing tightvncserver.
Finally we get screen as shown in guiscreen screenshot.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR : Temperature sensor is a device which senses variations in

temperature across it. LM35 is a basic temperature sensor that can be used for
experimental purpose.It give the readings in centigrade(degree Celsius) and Fahrenheit .
HEART RATE SENSOR : Heart rate is a very vital health parameter that is directly
related to the soundness of the human cardiovascular system. While the heart is beating,
it is actually pumping blood throughout the body, and that makes the blood volume inside
the finger artery to change too. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an
optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip.
Fig 1.4 Working of Heart rate sensor
LCD DISPLAY : The lcd used is 16 * 2 lcd means it can display 16 characters per line
and there are 2 such lines which is connected to microcontroller . It shows the output of
all sensors. Fig : LCD Display
GSM MODULE : A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM
card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone.
From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the
GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are
most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be
used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages. A GSM modem can be a

dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it can be a

mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities
2.1 Architecture of GSM Network:
A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose

functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM
network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is
carried by the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the
Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and
between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility
management operations. Not shown are the Operations
Fig 2.1 General architecture of a GSM network

CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The microprocessor-based system is built for controlling a function or range of

functions and is not designed to be programmed by the end user in the same way a PC is
defined as an embedded system. An embedded system is designed to perform one
particular task albeit with different choices and options.
Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or
digital signal processors. Microcontrollers are generally known as "chip", which may
itself be packaged with other microcontrollers in a hybrid system of Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC). In general, input always comes from a detector or sensors in
more specific word and meanwhile the output goes to the activator which may start or
stop the operation of the machine or the operating system.
An embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software, each
embedded system is unique and the hardware is highly specialized in the application
domain. Hardware consists of processors, microcontroller, IR sensors etc. On the other
hand, Software is just like a brain of the whole embedded system as this consists of the
programming languages used which makes hardware work. As a result, embedded
systems programming can be a widely varying experience.
An embedded system is combination of computer hardware and software, either
fixed incapability or programmable, that is specifically designed for particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, vending
machines and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the
myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable
are provided with a programming interface, and embedded systems programming id
specialized occupation.

Fig 2.1 Classification of embedded system

Fig 2.1 illustrate the Block diagram of Embedded System (ES consists of hardware
and software part which again consists of programming language and physical
peripherals respectively).
On the other hand, the microcontroller is a single silicon chip consisting of all
input, output and peripherals on it. A single microcontroller has the following features:
1. Arithmetic and logic unit

2. Memory for storing program
3. EEPROM for non-volatile and special function registers
4. Input/output ports
5. Analog to digital converter
6. Circuits
7. Serial communication ports
2.1 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
We are living in the embedded world. You are surrounded with many embedded
products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning’s of these
gadgets, television, radio, CD layer of your living room, washing machines or microwave
oven in your kitchen, card readers, access controllers ,palm devices of your work space
enable to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers
embedded in your car take care of your car operation between the bumper and most of the
times tend to ignore all these controllers.

In recent days you are showered with variety of information about these embedded
controllers in many places. All kind of magazines and journals regularly dish out details
about latest technologies, new devices: fast applications which make you believe that
your basic survival is controlled by these embedded products. Now you can agree to that
fact these embedded products have successfully invaded into our world. You must be
wandering about these embedded controllers or systems.
The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyze the
database is known as standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are
manufactured to serve many purpose and applications.
 MILITARY AND AEROSPACE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
From in-orbit embedded system to jumbo jets to vital battlefield networks,

designer’s performance, scalability, and high-availability facilities consistently turn to the
Linux OS, RTOS and LinuxOS-178RTOs for software certification to DO-178B rich in
system resources and networking serviced, Linux OS provides an off-the-shelf software
platform with hard real-time response backed by powerful distributed computing
(COBRA), high reliability’s software certification, and long term support options.
 COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
Five-nine” availability, compact PCI hot swap support, and hard real-time
response Linux OS delivers on these key requirements and more for today’s carrier-class
systems. Scalable kernel configurations, distributed computing capabilities, intergraded
communications stacks, and fault-management facilities make Linux OS the ideal choice
for companies looking for single operating system for all embedded telecommunication
applications from complex central to single line/trunk cards.
 ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMER DEVICES
As the number of powerful embedded processor in consumer devices continues to

rise, the blue cat Linux operating system provides a highly reliable and royalty-free
option for system designers. And as the wireless appliance revolution rolls on, web
enabled navigation systems, radios, personal communication devices, phones and PDAs

all benefit from the cost-effective dependability, proven stability and full product life
cycle support opportunities associated with blue cat embedded Linux. Blue cat has
teamed uo with industry leaders to make it easier to build Linux mobile phones with java
integration.
2.2 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

SOFTWARE
Designers of industrial and process control systems know from experience that
Linux works operating system provide the security and reliability that their industrial
applications require. From ISO 9001 certification to fault-tolerance, secure portioning
and high availability, we’ve got it all. The advantage of our 20 years of experience with
the embedded system. Now a day’s embedded system widely using in the industrial areas
to reduce the particular task .This replacing the less work and also more efficient gives
the accurate result.

CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Block diagram:
POWER
SUPPLY
ECG LCD Display (16*2)

SENSOR
ALARM
HEART
BEAT
BODY ARM11
TEMPERATURE
RASPBERRY
SENSOR
PI - 3 MAX232
MEMS
FALL
GPRS
SENSOR
MODULE

RECEIVER SECTION ----------IOT WEB SITE
MOBILE TAB PC
GLOBAL
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram
3.2 BLOCK DESCRIPTION
3.2.2 POWER SUPPLY

Introduction:
Almost all basic household electronic circuits need an unregulated AC to be
converted to constant DC, in order to operate the electronic device. All devices will have
a certain power supply limit and the electronic circuits inside these devices must be able
to supply a constant DC voltage within this limit. That is, all the active and passive
electronic devices will have a certain DC operating point (Q-point or Quiescent point),
and this point must be achieved by the source of DC power. The DC power supply is
practically converted to each and every stage in an electronic system. Thus a common
requirement for all this phases will be the DC power supply. All low power system can
be run with a battery. But, for long time operating devices, batteries could prove to be
costly and complicated. The best method used is in the form of an unregulated power
supply a combination of a transformer, rectifier and a filter. The diagram is shown below.
An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert

the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage.
If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating
direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and

sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining
unwanted alternating voltage component at mains or twice mains power frequency
(depending upon whether half- or full-wave rectification is used)—ripple—is
unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage. For purposes such as charging
batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest unregulated mains-powered DC
power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a single diode in series with a
resistor. Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves
(vacuum tubes) which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers,
rectifiers, and filters to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts,
and a low alternating voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used
expensive and bulky regulated power supplies.
Fig 3.5 Block diagram of Power supply
Transformer:
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive

coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. Transformers range in size from thumbnail-
sized used in microphones to units weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power
grid. A wide range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric power
applications. Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization
of electrical energy.

Fig 3.6 Transformer
Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms,
including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers,
solid-state diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor
switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have
been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire
pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or
"crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components
of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems.
Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of
power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems
flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. The simple process of rectification
produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still
unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC current may then be
further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage DC characteristically
produced by such sources as batteries and solar cells. A more complex circuitry device
which performs the opposite function, converting DC to AC, is known as an inverter.

• Single-phase rectifiers
• Half-wave rectification
• Full-wave rectification
FILTER
Fig 3.7 Filter circuit
Filter Capacitor:
Filter capacitors are capacitors used for filtering of undesirable frequencies. They
are common in electrical and electronic equipment, and cover a number of applications,
such as:
 Glitch removal on Direct current (DC) power rails

 Radio frequency interference (RFI) removal for signal or power lines entering or
leaving equipment
 Capacitors used after a voltage regulator to further smooth dc power supplies
 Capacitors used in audio, intermediate frequency (IF) or radio frequency (RF)
frequency filters (e.g. low pass, high pass, notch, etc.)
 Arc suppression, such as across the contact breaker or 'points' in a spark-ignition
engine
Filter capacitors are not the same as reservoir capacitors, the tasks the two
perform are different, albeit related The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of
power supply filter. The application of the simple capacitor filter is very limited. It is
sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathode-ray

and similar electron tubes, which require very little load current from the supply. The
capacitor filter is also used where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical; this
frequency can be relatively high. The capacitor (C1) shown in figure 4-15 is a simple
filter connected across the output of the rectifier in parallel with the load
Fig 3.8 Capacitor
Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistor as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct
proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented
by Ohm's law. where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes V is the
potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohm .The ratio of the voltage applied across a
resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this
can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors
working within their ratings. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and
electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed
circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of

magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision
of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen
resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the
resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are
also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated
power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power
electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and
may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the
rated maximum working voltage of the resistor. Practical resistors have a series
inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-
frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a
resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature
coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor.
They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors
manufactured using a particular technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also
charac1terized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position
of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits
using them.
Fig 3.9 Resistor

Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative
feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power
supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators
control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators
may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive
steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
Fig 3.10 Voltage Regulator
3.2.3 DS18B20 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Introduction:
The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable)

temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device. Information is sent
to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-Wire interface, so that only one wire (and ground) needs
to be connected from a central microprocessor to a DS18B20. Power for reading, writing,
and performing temperature conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no

need for an external power source. Because each DS18B20 contains a unique silicon
serial number, multiple DS18B20s can exist on the same 1-Wire bus. This allows for
placing temperature sensors in many different places. Applications where this feature is
useful include HVAC environmental controls, sensing temperatures inside buildings,
equipment or machinery, and process monitoring and control.
Fig 3.11 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor
Pin Assignment:
Fig 3.12 Pin diagram of Temperature sensor

Pin Description:
GND - Ground
DQ - Data In/Out
VDD - Power supply voltage
NC - No connect
Table 3.6 Pin description of Temperature sensor
DS18B20 Block Diagram:
Fig 3.13 Block diagram of Temperature

The block diagram of Figure shows the major components of the DS18B20. The
DS18B20 has four main data components:
1) 64-bit layered ROM
2) temperature sensor
3) nonvolatile temperature alarm triggers TH and TL
4) a configuration register.
The device derives its power from the 1-Wire communication line by storing
energy on an internal capacitor during periods of time when the signal line is high and
continues to operate off this power source during the low times of the 1-Wire line until it
returns high to replenish the parasite (capacitor) supply.
As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered from an external 3 volt - 5.5
volt supply. Communication to the DS18B20 is via a 1-Wire port. With the 1-Wire port,
the memory and control functions will not be available before the ROM function protocol
has been established. The master must first provide one of five ROM function
commands: 1) Read ROM, 2) Match ROM, 3) Search ROM, 4) Skip ROM, or 5) Alarm
Search.
These commands operate on the 64-bit layered ROM portion of each device and
can single out a specific device if many are present on the 1-Wire line as well as indicate
to the bus master how many and what types of devices are present. After a ROM function
sequence has been successfully executed, the memory and control functions are
accessible and the master may then provide any one of the six memory and control
function commands.
One control function command instructs the DS18B20 to perform a temperature

measurement. The result of this measurement will be placed in the DS18B20’s scratch-
pad memory, and may be read by issuing a memory function command which reads the
contents of the scratchpad memory. The temperature alarm triggers TH and TL consist of
1 byte EEPROM each. If the alarm search command is not applied to the DS18B20, these
registers may be used as general purpose user memory.

The scratchpad also contains a configuration byte to set the desired resolution of
the temperature to digital conversion. Writing TH, TL, and the configuration byte is done
using a memory function command. Read access to these registers is through the
scratchpad. All data is read and written least significant bit first.
Parasite Power:
The block diagram (Figure) shows the parasite-powered circuitry. This circuitry
“steals” power whenever the DQ or VDD pins are high. DQ will provide sufficient power
as long as the specified timing and voltage requirements are met (see the section titled “1-
Wire Bus System”). The advantages of parasite power are twofold: 1) by parasiting off
this pin, no local power source is needed for remote sensing of temperature, and 2) the
ROM may be read in absence of normal power. In order for the DS18B20 to be able to
perform accurate temperature conversions, sufficient power must be provided over the
DQ line when a temperature conversion is taking place. Since the operating current of the
DS18B20 is up to 1.5 mA, the DQ line will not have sufficient drive due to the 5k pull-up
resistor.
This problem is particularly acute if several DS18B20s are on the same DQ and
attempting to convert simultaneously. There are two ways to assure that the DS18B20 has
sufficient supply current during its active conversion cycle. The first is to provide a
strong pullup on the DQ line whenever temperature conversions or copies to the E2
memory are taking place. This may be accomplished by using a MOSFET to pull the DQ
line directly to the power supply as shown in Figure 4.8. The DQ line must be switched
over to the strong pullup within 10 µs maximum after issuing any protocol that involves
copying to the E2 memory or initiates temperature conversions.
When using the parasite power mode, the VDD pin must be tied to ground.
Another method of supplying current to the DS18B20 is through the use of an external
power supply tied to the VDD pin, as shown in Figure 4.9. The advantage to this is that
the strong pullup is not required on the DQ line, and the bus master need not be tied up
holding that line high during temperature conversions. This allows other data traffic on
the 1-Wire bus during the conversion time. In addition, any number of DS18B20s may be

placed on the 1-Wire bus, and if they all use external power, they may all simultaneously
perform temperature conversions by issuing the Skip ROM command and then issuing
the Convert T command.
Note that as long as the external power supply is active, the GND pin may not be
floating. The use of parasite power is not recommended above 100°C, since it may not be
able to sustain communications given the higher leakage currents the DS18B20 exhibits
at these temperatures. For applications in which such temperatures are likely, it is
strongly recommended that VDD be applied to the DS18B20.
For situations where the bus master does not know whether the DS18B20s on the
bus are parasite powered or supplied with external VDD, a provision is made in the
DS18B20 to signal the power supply scheme used. The bus master can determine if any
DS18B20s are on the bus which requires the strong pull-up by sending a Skip ROM
protocol, then issuing the read power supply command. After this command is issued, the
master then issues read time slots. The DS18B20 will send back “0” on the 1-Wire bus if
it is parasite powered; it will send back a “1” if it is powered from the VDD pin. If the
master receives a “0,” it knows that it must supply the strong pull-up on the DQ line
during temperature conversions. See “Memory Command Functions” section for more
detail on this command protocol.
Features of DS18B20:
 Unique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for Communication ƒ
 Each Device has a Unique 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in an On-Board ROM
 Multidrop Capability Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing Applications ƒ
 Requires No External Components ƒ
 Can Be Powered from Data Line; Power Supply Range is 3.0V to 5.5V ƒ
 Measures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to +257°F) ƒ
 ±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°C ƒ
 Thermometer Resolution is User Selectable from 9 to 12 Bits ƒ
 Converts Temperature to 12-Bit Digital Word in 750ms (Max) ƒ

 User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm Settings ƒ

 Alarm Search Command Identifies and Addresses Devices Whose Temperature is
Outside Programmed Limits (Temperature Alarm Condition) ƒ
 Available in 8-Pin SO (150 mils), 8-Pin μSOP, and 3-Pin TO-92 Packages ƒ
 Software Compatible with the DS1822 ƒ
 Applications Include Thermostatic Controls, Industrial Systems, Consumer
Products, Thermometers, or Any Thermally Sensitive System.
Applications:
 Thermostatic Controls
 Industrial Systems
 Consumer Products
 Thermometers
 Thermally Sensitive Systems
3.2.4 PULSE SENSOR
Introduction:
Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It
can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who
want to easily incorporate live heart rate data into their projects. The sensor clips onto a
fingertip or earlobe and plugs right into Arduino. It also includes an open-source
monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time.
The Pulse Sensor that we make is essentially a photoplethysmograph, which is a

well known medical device used for non-invasive heart rate monitoring. Sometimes,
photoplethysmographs measure blood-oxygen levels (SpO2), sometimes they don't. The
heart pulse signal that comes out of a photoplethysmograph is an analog fluctuation in
voltage, and it has a predictable wave shape as shown in figure 4.10. Our latest hardware
version, Pulse Sensor Amped, amplifies the raw signal of the previous Pulse Sensor, and
normalizes the pulse wave around V/2 (midpoint in voltage).

Pulse Sensor Amped responds to relative changes in light intensity. If the amount
of light incident on the sensor remains constant, the signal value will remain at (or close
to) 512 (midpoint of ADC range). More light and the signal goes up. Less light, the
opposite. Light from the green LED that is reflected back to the sensor changes during
each pulse
Fig 3.15 Pulse signal
Our goal is to find successive moments of instantaneous heart beat and measure
the time between, called the Inter Beat Interval (IBI). By following the predictable shape
and pattern of the PPG wave, we are able to do just that.

Now, we're not heart researchers, but we play them on this blog. We're basing this
page on Other People's Research that seem reasonable to us (references below). When the
heart pumps blood through the body, with every beat there is a pulse wave (kind of like a
shock wave) that travels along all arteries to the very extremities of capillary tissue where
the Pulse Sensor is attached. Actual blood circulates in the body much slower than the
pulse wave travels. Let's follow events as they progress from point 'T' on the PPG below.
A rapid upward rise in signal value occurs as the pulse wave passes under the sensor,
then the signal falls back down toward the normal point. Sometimes, the dicroic notch
(downward spike) is more pronounced than others, but generally the signal settles down
to background noise before the next pulse wave washes through. Since the wave is
repeating and predictable, we could choose almost any recognizable feature as a
reference point, say the peak, and measure the heart rate by doing math on the time
between each peak.
This, however, can run into false readings from the dicroic notch, if present, and
may be susceptible to inaccuracy from baseline noise as well.There are other good
reasons not to base the beat-finding algorithm on arbitrary wave phenomena. Ideally, we
want to find the instantaneous moment of the heart beat. This is important for accurate
BPM calculation, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) studies, and Pulse Transit Time (PTT)
measurement. And it is a worthy challenge! People Smarter than us (note1) argue that the
instantaneous moment of heart beat happens at some point during that fast upward rise in
the PPG waveform
Fig 3.16 Pulse sensor output signal
Some heart researchers say it's when the signal gets to 25% of the amplitude,
some say when it's 50% of the amplitude, and some say it's the point when the slope is
steepest during the upward rise event. This version 1.1 of Pulse Sensor code is designed

to measure the IBI by timing between moments when the signal crosses 50% of the wave
amplitude during that fast upward rise. The BPM is derived every beat from an average
of the previous 10 IBI times. Here's how we do it!
First off, it's important to have a regular sample rate with high enough resolution
to get reliable measurement of the timing between each beat. To do this, we set up
Timer2, an 8 bit hardware timer on the ATmega328 (UNO), so that it throws an interrupt
every other millisecond. That gives us a sample rate of 500Hz and beat-to-beat timing
resolution of 2mS (note2). This will disable PWM output on pin 3 and 11. Also, it will
disable the tone() command. This code works with Arduino UNO or Arduino PRO or
Arduino Pro Mini 5V or any Arduino running with an ATmega328 and 16MHz clock.
The Pulse Sensor Kit includes:

 1) A 24-inch Color-Coded Cable, with (male) header connectors. You'll find this
makes it easy to embed the sensor into your project, and connect to an Arduino.
No soldering is required.
 2) An Ear Clip, perfectly sized to the sensor. We searched many places to find
just the right clip. It can be hot glued to the back of the sensor and easily worn on
the earlobe.
 3) 2 Velcro Dots. These are 'hook' side and are also perfectly sized to the sensor.
You'll find these Velcro dots very useful if you want to make a Velcro (or fabric)
strap to wrap around a finger tip. 4) Velcro strap to wrap the Pulse Sensor around
your finger.
 4) 3 Transparent Stickers. These are used on the front of the Pulse Sensor to
protect it from oily fingers and sweaty earlobes.
 5) The Pulse Sensor has 3 holes around the outside edge which make it easy to
sew it into almost anything.

Fig 3.17 Pulse sensor
Taking your pulse is as simple as holding a finger to your neck or wrist and
timing the beats with your watch. But if you want to record the data or use it to trigger
events, you need to turn that mechanical pulsing action into an electrical signal. This
pulse sensor fits over a fingertip and uses the amount of infrared light reflected by the
blood circulating inside to do just that.
Fig 3.18 Schematic with symbolic op-amp representation.
The sensor itself consists of an infrared emitter and detector mounted side-by-side
and pressed closely against the skin. When the heart pumps, blood pressure rises sharply,
and so does the amount of infrared light from the emitter that gets reflected back to the

detector. The detector passes more current when it receives more light, which in turn
causes a voltage drop to enter the amplifier circuitry. This design uses two
consecutive operational amplifiers (“op-amps”) to establish a steady baseline for the
signal, emphasize the peaks, and filter out noise. Both op-amps are contained in a
single integrated circuit (IC or “chip”), and hooking them up is really just a matter of
interconnecting the pins correctly.
Fig 3.19 Schematic with symbolic LM324 representation.
The two op-amps output a clean but weak signal which is amplified by the
transistor before output. The complete pulse sensor is a three-wire device that runs on 5V
and outputs signal on the white wire. You can visualize and/or record this signal in a
number of ways, but we’ve chosen to connect to a personal computer through Arduino,
mostly because of the ease of integrating Processing, which in turn is very handy for
visualization. But you don’t really need an Arduino to use the sensor.
3.2.5 VIBRATION SENSOR
Introduction:
The vibration sensor has two electrical contacts that do not touch each other in
idle condition. When any movement or vibration occurs, the sensor’s contacts close and
touch each other. When the movement or vibration stops, the sensor’s contacts return
back to their original positions, away from each other. The closed contacts during
vibration trigger the circuit connected to it. The author’s prototype is shown in Fig. 4.17

Fig 3.20 Vibration sensor
Principle:
Usually at any angle switch is ON state, by the vibration or movement, the rollers
of the conduction current in the switch will produce a movement or vibration, causing the
current through the disconnect or the rise of the resistance and trigger circuit. The
characteristics of this switch is usually general in the conduction state briefly
disconnected resistant to vibration, so it's high sensitivity settings by IC, customers
according to their sensitivity requirements for adjustments.
The vibration sensor has a small spring mechanism that makes the contacts touch
each other when vibration occurs above a certain threshold level. Two pins coming out of
the sensor are insulated by a resistance of more than 10-mega-ohm. During vibration the
spring inside the sensor vibrates and makes a momentary short-circuit between the two
terminals. Terminals of the vibration sensor have no polarity but one pin is thick. It is
connected to Vcc through a resistor and the thin pin is connected to the circuit to be
triggered. The sensor’s maximum working voltage is 12V DC but it works even at three
volts. When using it in a circuit, it consumes less than 5mA current and offers around 10-
mega-ohm contact resistance in open state and less than 5-ohm in contact state. It is
highly reliable and its response time is less than 2ms. It works more than 500,000 times
without breakdown.

Fig 3.21 Vibration sensor Internal View

Circuit and working:
Circuit diagram of the vibration sensor is shown in Fig.4.19. It is built around
NE7555 timer (IC1), npn transistor BC547 (T1), piezo buzzer (PZ1) and a few other
components.
Fig 3.22 Circuit diagram of Vibration sensor

The circuit is simple. NE7555 timer is configured in monostable mode to activate
the buzzer and the white LED for around two minutes when the sensor detects vibration.
The vibration sensor is directly connected between trigger pin 2 and ground pin 1 of IC1.
NE7555 is the CMOS version of NE555 timer and works off three volts.

The sensor is biased by resistor R1, which also keeps trigger pin 2 of IC1 in high
state during standby. When the sensor senses a small vibration, its contacts close and
takes pin 2 of timer to ground level. This triggers the timer and its output goes high for
around two minutes based on the values of timing components R2 and C1. When output
of the timer turns high, transistor T1 conducts to drive the 0.5W white LED and the
buzzer. The circuit is powered by a 4.5-volt rechargeable battery pack generally used in
cordless phones. It can be charged using a mobile phone charger if a suitable socket is
provided. LED2 indicates charging of the battery. This module features an adjustable
potentiometer, a vibration sensor, and a LM393 comparator chip to give an adjustable
digital output based on the amount of vibration. The potentiometer can be adjusted to
both increase and decrease the sensitivity to the desired amount. The module outputs a
logic level high (VCC) when it is triggered and a low (GND) when it isn’t. Additionally
there is an onboard LED that turns on when the module is triggered.
Features:
 The default state of the swith is close

 Digital output Supply voltage:3.3V-5V
 On-board indicator LED to show the results
 On-board LM393 chip
 SW-420 based sensor, normally closed type vibration sensor
 Dimension of the board: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
Many Applications can created by measuring Vibration level, but sensing
vibration accurately is a difficult job. This article describes about vibration sensor SW-
420 and Arduino interface then it may help you to design effort less vibration
measurement. The vibration sensor SW-420 Comes with breakout board that includes
comparator LM 393 and Adjustable on board potentiometer for sensitivity threshold
selection, and signal indication LED.

Fig 3.23 Vibration sensor on breakout board

This sensor module produce logic states depends on vibration and external force
applied on it. When there is no vibration this module gives logic LOW output. When it
feels vibration then output of this module goes to logic HIGH. The working bias of this
circuit is between 3.3V to 5V DC.
Application Ideas:
 Vibration detecting
 Burglary protection system
 Object Movement detecting
 Triggering effect reported theft alarm
 Smart car
 Earthquake alarm
 Motorcycle alarm
Sensor Details SW-420:
Single-roller type full induction trigger switch. When no vibration or tilt, the
product is ON conduction state, and in the steady state, when a vibration or tilt, the
switch will be rendered instantly disconnect the conductive resistance increases,
generating a current pulse signal, thereby triggering circuit. These products are
completely sealed package, waterproof, dustproof.

The Vibration Sensor Module Vibration Switch SW-420 is based on the vibration
sensor SW-420 and Comparator LM393 to detect if there is any vibration that beyond the
threshold. The threshold can be adjusted by the on-board potentiometer. When this no
vibration, this module output logic LOW the signal indicate LED light, and vice versa.
 Uses: For a variety of shocks triggering, theft alarm, smart car, an earthquake
alarm, motorcycle alarm. This module when compared with normally open
pneumatic shock sensor module, shock triggered much longer can drive relay
module
 The use of the company's production of SW-420 normally closed type vibration
sensors. comparator output signal clean wave well, driving ability, 15mA
 rated voltage and 3.3V-5V output: digital switching output (0 and 1) a bolt-hole
for easy installation
 Small Board PCB dimensions: 3.2cm x 1.4cm. using wide LM393 voltage
comparator
 Module description: the product when it is not shock, vibrate switch is closed on-
State, output low level, the green indicator light is on; When vibration, vibration
switches disconnected moments, output line, the Green led is not lit; the output
can be directly connected to the microcontroller, by single-chip computer to
detect high or low level, to detect whether there is vibration, alarm function.
Features:
 The default state of the switch is close
 Digital output Supply voltage:3.3V-5V
 On-board indicator LED to show the results
 On-board LM393 chip
 Dimension of the board: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
 Normally closed type vibration sensor SW-420
 The comparator output, signal clean, good waveform, driving ability is strong
 The working voltage of 3.3V to 5V
 Output form: digital switch output (0 and 1)
 Has a fixed bolt hole, convenient installation

 Small board PCB size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm

 Use the LM393 wide voltage comparator
Fig 3.24 Board dimensions
Single-roller type full induction trigger switch. When no vibration or tilt, the
product is ON conduction state, and in the steady state, when a vibration or tilt, the
switch will be rendered instantly disconnect the conductive resistance increases,
generating a current pulse signal, thereby triggering circuit. These specification products
are completely sealed package, waterproof, dustproof.
3.2.6 THINGSPEAK FOR IOT

Introduction:
According to its developers, "ThingSpeak is an open source Internet of
Things (IOT) application and API to store and retrieve data from things using
the HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network. ThingSpeak enables
the creation of sensor logging applications, location tracking applications, and a social
network of things with status updates". ThingSpeak was originally launched by ioBridge
in 2010 as a service in support of IOT applications. ThingSpeak has integrated support
from the numerical computing software MATLAB from MathWorks, allowing

ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using Matlab without requiring
the purchase of a Matlab license from Mathworks.
ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Mathworks, Inc. In fact, all of the
ThingSpeak documentation is incorporated into the Mathworks Matlab
documentation site and even enabling registered Mathworks user accounts as valid login
credentials on the ThingSpeak website. The terms of service and privacy policy of
ThingSpeak.com are between the agreeing user and Mathworks, Inc. ThingSpeak is an
IOT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live
data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant visualizations of data posted by
your devices to ThingSpeak. With the ability to execute MATLAB® code in ThingSpeak
you can perform online analysis and processing of the data as it comes in. ThingSpeak is
often used for prototyping and proof of concept IOT systems that require analytics.
What is IOT?
Internet of Things (IoT) describes an emerging trend where a large number of

embedded devices (things) are connected to the Internet. These connected devices
communicate with people and other things and often provide sensor data to cloud storage
and cloud computing resources where the data is processed and analyzed to gain
important insights. Cheap cloud computing power and increased device connectivity is
enabling this trend.
IoT solutions are built for many vertical applications such as environmental monitoring
and control, health monitoring, vehicle fleet monitoring, industrial monitoring and
control, and home automation.
At a high level, many IoT systems can be described using the diagram below:

Fig 3.25 Internet of Things
On the left, we have the smart devices (the “things” in IOT) that live at the edge
of the network. These devices collect data and include things like wearable devices,
wireless temperatures sensors, heart rate monitors, and hydraulic pressure sensors, and
machines on the factory floor. In the middle, we have the cloud where data from many
sources is aggregated and analyzed in real time, often by an IOT analytics platform
designed for this purpose.
The right side of the diagram depicts the algorithm development associated with
the IOT application. Here an engineer or data scientist tries to gain insight into the
collected data by performing historical analysis on the data. In this case, the data is pulled
from the IoT platform into a desktop software environment to enable the engineer or
scientist to prototype algorithms that may eventually execute in the cloud or on the smart
device itself. An IOT system includes all these elements. ThingSpeak fits in the cloud
part of the diagram and provides a platform to quickly collect and analyze data from
internet connected sensors.
ThingSpeak is a platform providing various services exclusively targeted for

building IoT applications. It offers the capabilities of real-time data collection,
visualizing the collected data in the form of charts, ability to create plugins and apps for

collaborating with web services, social network and other APIs. We will consider each of
these features in detail below.
The core element of ThingSpeak is a ‘ThingSpeak Channel’. A channel stores the

data that we send to ThingSpeak and comprises of the below elements:
 8 fields for storing data of any type - These can be used to store the data from a
sensor or from an embedded device.
 3 location fields - Can be used to store the latitude, longitude and the elevation. These
are very useful for tracking a moving device.
 1 status field - A short message to describe the data stored in the channel.
To use ThingSpeak, we need to signup and create a channel. Once we have a channel,
we can send the data, allow ThingSpeak to process it and also retrieve the same.
ThingSpeak Key Features:
ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the
cloud. Some of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to:
 Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IOT protocols.
 Visualize your sensor data in real-time.
 Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources.
 Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IOT data.
 Run your IoT analytics automatically based on schedules or events.
 Prototype and build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing web
software.
3.2.7 IFTTT
Introduction:
If This Then That, also known as IFTTT , is a free web-based service to create
chains of simple conditional statements, called applets.

An applet is triggered by changes that occur within other web services such
as Gmail, Facebook, Telegram, Instagram, or Pinterest.
For example, an applet may send an e-mail message if the user tweets using a hashtag, or
copy a photo on Facebook to a user's archive if someone tags a user in a photo.[6]
In addition to the web-based application, the service runs on iOS and Android. In
February 2015, IFTTT renamed their original application to IF, and released a new suite
of apps called Do which lets users create shortcut applications and actions.[7] As of 2015,
IFTTT users created about 20 million recipes each day.[8] All of the functionalities of the
Do suite of apps have since been integrated into a redesigned IFTTT app.
IFTTT is both a website and a mobile app that launched in 2010 and has the
slogan "Put the Internet to work for you". The idea is that you use IFTTT to automate
everything from your favorite apps and websites to app-enabled accessories and smart
devices. If you own the Philips Hue smart lighting system, for instance, you could use
IFTTT to automatically turn on a light every time you're tagged in a Facebook photo. In
another example, you could use IFTTT to automatically email readers when they
comment on your WordPress blog. There are numerous combinations (also called
"recipes") on IFTTT that can make your life easier.
IFTTT currently supports more than 110 services (also called "channels")
including Android devices and Apple iOS apps like Reminders and Photos, as well as
websites like Facebook, Instagram, Flickr, Tumblr, Google Calendar, Google Drive,
Etsy, Feedly, Foursquare, LinkedIn, SoundCloud, WordPress, YouTube, and more.
Features:
IFTTT employs the following concepts:
 Services (formerly known as channels) are the basic building blocks of IFTTT. They
mainly describe a series of data from a certain web service such as YouTube or eBay.
Services can also describe actions controlled with certain APIs, like SMS.

Sometimes, they can represent information in terms of weather or stocks. Each

service has a particular set of triggers and actions.
 Triggers are the "this" part of an applet. They are the items that trigger the action. For
example, from an RSS feed, you can receive a notification based on a keyword or
phrase.[6]
 Actions are the "that" part of an applet. They are the output that results from the input
of the trigger.
 Applets (formerly known as recipes) are the predicates made from Triggers and
Actions. For example, if you like a picture on Instagram (trigger), an IFTTT app can
send the photo to your Dropbox account (action).
 Ingredients are basic data available from a trigger—from the email trigger, for
example; subject, body, attachment, received date, and sender’s address.
IFTTT Working:
Join:
Sign up for an account on the IFTTT website. It's a one-step process that only
requires an email, username, and password. Once finished, you will see that IFTTT has
automatically created a recipe for you (this recipe will send a recommended recipe to
your email inbox every day). From here, IFTTT should show your dashboard.
Dashboard:
On the dashboard, there is a brief explanation of how IFTTT and recipes work.
The "This" in "If This, Then That" stands for a trigger, while the "That" stands for an
action. These two linked events create an IFTTT recipe. Thus, referencing the Philips
Hue example we mentioned earlier, the trigger could be a Facebook photo tag and the
action would be the Philips Hue light turning on.
Recipes:
Also on the dashboard, you will see links to create custom recipes or browse (and
then use) recipes already created by other IFTTT users. You can also share recipes and

save recipes to a favourite section on your dashboard. If you've added a recipe to your
dashboard, you will have options to turn off, delete, and edit that recipe.
How to create IFTTT recipe?
You can use IFTTT to automate your web services and smart devices, but we're
going to outline a basic recipe for automatically posting your new Instagram photos to
Twitter. Although Instagram has a default feature that lets you post Instagram photos on
Twitter, that feature includes your photo caption and friend tags. It won't let you
customise details before it publishes your Instagram photo Twitter. That's where IFTTT
can help.
You can create a custom recipe that will not only post your Instagram photo to
Twitter but also change what the final tweet will include. In other words, you can have
your tweet include the Instagram photo and maybe a URL, timestamp, or whatever other
"ingredient" you may want to add. And the best part is: the recipe will work for every
Instagram photo you post on Twitter in the future, so long as you keep the recipe toggled
on.
Step-by-step example:
1. From the dashboard, select the "Create a new recipe" link. You will then need to
click the "this" word on the following page to select your first channel (also
called trigger channel). You can scroll down the page to find and then activate
Instagram, or you can enter "Instagram" into the search bar.
2. Once you've selected Instagram, you will need to choose one of a few pre-
programmed triggers. For the purposes of this example, select "Any new photo
by you". Keep in mind you will need to connect your Instagram account to your
IFTTT account. Don't worry, everything is supposed to be safe and secure.
3. Now you need to choose your second channel (also called action channel). Start
by clicking the "that" word on the page that pops up next. From there, scroll

down to find and then activate Twitter, or you can enter "Twitter" into the
search bar.
4. Upon selecting Twitter, you will need to choose one of a few pre-programmed
actions. For the purposes of this example, select "Post a tweet". Again, you will
need to connect your Twitter account to your IFTTT account.
5. And finally, complete your action fields by inserting ingredients. You can click
the "+" symbol to insert any of the pre-programmed ingredients such as the
caption, URL, timestamp, or even embed code. All of these recipe ingredients
pertain to your Instagram photo, and they will automatically publish to Twitter
in a tweet alongside your photo.
6. Make sure you hit the "Create recipe" link at the bottom of the ingredients page
when you're finished customising your recipe. At that point, IFTTT will bring
you back to your dashboard. You should see your new recipe, with options for
editing it.
How could IFTTT be better?
Enhancements and improvements that some IFTTT users would like to see
include the following:
An improved search function:
It can be difficult to find the app you want, said Bearman. “It’s not because it
doesn't exist. It’s because there are many applets that sound the same. So, there's a little
trial and error to find the right app.”
Fewer broken apps:
“With so many people creating applets, there’s one big issue, and that’s the fact
that some apps are broken,” said Pingaro. “There doesn’t seem to be a filtering system
that proactively checks the applets that are uploaded, because I’ve found that some
applets work and then stop working, and the app stays up on the site forever.”

Pre-bundled applet suites:
“The biggest area for improvement would be to have suites of applets pre-
bundled, with a much easier option for integrating multiple recipes at once,” said Dary
Merckens, CTO of Gunner Technology, a custom software developer. “There could be a
home automation bundle that lets you control all kinds of stuff at once like lights,
thermostat and grocery orders. You could have one suite and configure it all in one
place.”
Better functionality:
“There’s a blurry line between where IFTTT could improve and where the
services it connects to need some work,” said Jay Goldman, co-founder and managing
director of Sensei Labs, which offers digital workplace services. “It can be frustrating to
try to set up an applet and discover that the service provider doesn’t offer the
functionality you need, which makes IFTTT itself less useful.”

CHAPTER-4
SOFTWARE TOOL-ARDUINO IDE
Introduction:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on
an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based
on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers -
students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this
open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount
of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to
new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products
for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino
boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and
eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it
is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.
Hardware Specifications:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended):7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6- 20V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 Ma
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328)
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Board Types:
Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different
microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are
programmed through the Arduino IDE. The differences are based on the number of inputs
and outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board),
speed, operating voltage, form factor etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and
have no programming interface (hardware), which you would need to buy separately.
Some can run directly from a 3.7V battery, others need at least 5V.
Here is a list of different Arduino boards available.
Board Operatin Clock Digital Analog PWM UART Programming

Name g Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via

Uno R3 ATMega16U2
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via
Uno R3 ATMega16U2
SMD
Red 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via FTDI
Board
Arduino 3.3V 8 8 MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Pro Compatible
3.3v/8 Header

MHz
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Pro Compatible
5V/16M Header
Hz
mini 05 Compatible
Header
Arduino 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
Pro mini Compatible
3.3v/8mh Header
z
Pro mini Compatible
5v/16mhz Header
Ethernet Compatible
Header
Arduino 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
Fio Compatible
Header
LilyPad 3.3V 8MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Arduino Compatible
328 main Header
board
LilyPad 3.3V 8MHz 9 4 5 0 FTDI
Arduino Compatible
simply Header
board
Table 4.1 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller
Arduino board Description:
We will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will
study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board
family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some
boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduino’s have majority
of these components in common.

Fig 4.1 Arduino UNO board
1. Power USB:
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All
you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).
2. Power (Barrel Jack):
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by
connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).
3. Voltage Regulator:
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino
board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
4. Crystal Oscillator:
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number
printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is
16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz
5, 17. Arduino Reset:
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning.
You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the

board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labeled
RESET (5).
6, 7, 8, 9. Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):
 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7): Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.
 Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.
10. Analog pins:
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins
can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor
and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
11. Main microcontroller:
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You
must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino
IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC
construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
12. ICSP pin:
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the
output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
13. Power LED indicator:
This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to
indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there
is something wrong with the connection.

14. TX and RX LEDs:

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They
appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to
indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13).
The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of
flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving
process.
15. Digital I / O:
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital
pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like
LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
16. AREF:
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
Arduino Installation:
After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to
learn how to set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our
program on the Arduino board. In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up
the Arduino IDE on our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB
cable.
Step 1:
First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB
cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560,
or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would
connect to a USB printer as shown in the following image.
Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the
Arduino Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your

operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip
the file.
Fig 4.2 Download Arduino IDE Software

Step 3: Power up your board.
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw
power from either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If
you are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured
to draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a
small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power
jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board
to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labeled PWR) should
glow.
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder.
Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label
(application.exe). Double-click the icon to start the IDE.

Fig 4.3 Launch Arduino IDE

Step 5: Open your first project.
Once the software starts, you have two options:
 Create a new project.
 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File --> New.
Fig 4.4 Open your first project

To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

Fig 4.5 Open example project

Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the
LED on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.
Step 6: Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the
correct Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer.
Go to Tools -> Board and select your board
Fig 4.6 Select your Arduino board

Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you
must select the name matching the board that you are using.

Step 7: Select your serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu.
This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open
the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board
and select that serial port
Fig 4.7 Select your serial port
Step 8: Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds;
you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the
message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.

Fig 4.8 Upload the program to your board
Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the reset button
physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the Arduino
Software.

CHAPTER-5
PROJECT OUTLOOK AND OUTPUTS
5.1 PROJECT OUTLOOK
Fig 5.1 Project outlook

WORKING
 Pulse sensor is connected to Finger tip or Ear lobe as pulse can be detected easily
from there. The pulse sensor emits and detects the light rays into the ear or finger
and calculates the pulse rate. The output analog pulse rate is connected to the A0
analog input pin of the NODE MCU. The input connected to the NODE MCU is
converted into digital form.
 The Temperature sensor is attached to the body part of the patient and the
temperature sensor senses the body temperature and converts into digital form.
The temperature sensor is connected to the D3the digital input pin of the NODE
MCU.
 The Vibration sensor has two separated contacts if patient’s body vibrates then
sensor short circuits and gives digital high output. If not remains as low output.
The vibration sensor output is connected to the D5 pin of NODE MCU.
 NODE MCU connected to internet with built in WIFI module updates the sensor
output values to the THINGSPEAK server.
 IFTTT cloud based service is assigned with particular range of sensor output
parameters. The IFTTT is programmed such that if the sensor output values
exceed the given range then An alert is sent to pre-assigned Email.

5.2 OUTPUTS
Fig 5.2 Temperature sensor output
Fig 5.3 Pulse sensor output

Fig 5.4 Vibration sensor output
Fig 5.5 Email Alert

ADVANTAGES
 IOT Monitoring proves really helpful when we need to monitor & record and
keep track of changes in the health parameters of the patient over the period of
time. So with the IOT health monitoring, we can have the database of these
changes in the health parameters. Doctors can take the reference of these changes
or the history of the patient while suggesting the treatment or the medicines to the
patient.
 Hospital stays are minimized due to Remote Patient Monitoring.
 Hospital visits for normal routine checkups are minimized.
 Patient health parameter data is stored over the cloud. So it is more beneficial than
maintaining the records on printed papers kept in the files. Or even the digital
records which are kept in a particular computer or laptop or memory device like
pen- drive. Because there are chances that these devices can get corrupt and data
might be lost. Whereas, in case of IOT, the cloud storage is more reliable and
does have minimal chances of data loss.
APPLICATIONS
 IOT Healthcare is the most demanding field in the medical area. This project is for,
elderly person in our home. Also for the senior citizen living alone or living with 1
or 2 members. This project really proves helpful when family members need to go
out for some emergency work.
 Disable patients who find it really difficult to go to doctors on daily basis or for
those patients who need continuous monitoring from the doctor

CONCLUSION
Monitoring your beloved ones becomes a difficult task in the modern day life.
Keeping track of the health status of the patient at home is a difficult task. Specially old
age patients should be periodically monitored and their loved ones need to be informed
about their health status from time to time while at work. So, a system with an innovative
system that automated this task with ease. This system puts forward a smart patient health
monitoring system that uses sensors to track patient health and uses internet to inform
their loved ones in case of any issues. Our system uses temperature as well as heartbeat
sensing to keep track of patient health. The sensors are connected to a mcu to track the
status which is in turn interfaced to a wifi module connection in order to transmit alerts.
If system detects any abrupt changes in patient heartbeat or body temperature, the
system automatically alerts the user about the patients status over IOT and also shows
details of heartbeat and temperature of patient live over the internet. The sensors to cloud
system with Internet of Things (IoT) concept experimentally tested for monitoring three
parameters. It also sent the sensor parameters to the cloud (Thing speak). This data will
be helpful for future analysis and it can be easily shared to other end users.Then the
collected data and analysis results will be available to the end user through the Wi-Fi.
Thus IOT based patient health monitoring system effectively uses internet to monitor
patient health stats and save lives on time.

FUTURESCOPE
A GPS module in IOT patient monitoring can be added. This GPS module will
find out the position or the location of the patient using the longitude and latitude
received. Then it will send this location to the cloud that is the IOT using the Wi-Fi
module. Then doctors can find out the position of the patient in case they have to take
some preventive action.

REFERENCES
[1] Jorge Gomez, Byron Oviedo, Emilio Zhuma: “Patient Monitoring System Based on
Internet of Things,” The 7th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks
and Technologies (ANT 2016).
[2] Prosanta Gope and Tzonelih Hwang: “BSN-Care: A Secure IoT-Based Modern
Healthcare System Using Body Sensor Network,” IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL.
16, NO. 5, MARCH 1, 2016.
[3] Moeen Hassanalieragh , Alex Page , Tolga Soyata , Gaurav Sharma, Mehmet Aktas ,
Gonzalo Mateos ,Burak Kantarci , Silvana Andreescu: “Health Monitoring and
Management Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Sensing with Cloud-based Processing:
Opportunities and Challenges” 2015 IEEE International Conference on Services
Computing.
[4] World population ageing 2013, United Nations, New York, NY, USA, 2013, pp. 8–
10.
[5] H.Fang, X.Dan, and S.Shaowu, “On the application of the Internet of Things in the
Field of Medical and Health Care,” in the Green Computing and Communications(Green
Com), 2013 IEEE and Internet of Things(i Things /CPSCom), IEEE International
Conference on and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, 2013.
[6] A. Page, O. Kocabas, T. Soyata, M. Aktas, and J.-P. Couderc, “CloudBased Privacy-
Preserving Remote ECG Monitoring and Surveillance,” Annals of Noninvasive
Electrocardiology (ANEC), 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12204
[7] R. Paradiso, G. Loriga, and N. Taccini, “A wearable health care system based on
knitted integrated sensors,” IEEE Trans. Info. Tech. in Biomedicine, vol. 9, no. 3, pp.
337–344, Sept 2005.
[8] A. Benharref and M. Serhani, “Novel cloud and SOA-based framework for E-Health
monitoring using wireless biosensors,” IEEE Journal of Biomed. and Health Inf., vol. 18,
no. 1, pp. 46–55, Jan 2014.

Chapter-1: IOT Based Patient Parameter Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi

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IOT Based Patient Parameter Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi

This project describes about to build a wireless healthcare monitoring system

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 1

In the health management system designed an integrated patient monitoring

1.1 EXISTING METHOD

Fig 1.1 Block diagram of existing system

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 2

The patient’s physical parameters & movement status is continuously sent to

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 3

Fig 1.2 Block Diagram of Health Monitoring System

Fig 1.3 Raspberry Pi

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 4

 Board size: --- 85.60mm x 53.98mm

 PCB --- 6 layer PCB

 BCM2835 IC -- Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU + GPU + SDRAM)

ARM11 based microcontroller IC manufactured by Broadcom. Broadcom build this chip

Speed – 700 MHz

10/100Mb Ethernet and 2x USB 2.0

 CSI Camera Connector: The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) specification is a

 DSI Display Connector: The Display Serial Interface (DSI) is a specification

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 5

interface to some of these. Some graphical LCD/OLED displays might be

Indicating LED’s :- 5 nos of status indicating leds --

 D7(Green) - FDX - Full Duplex (LAN) (Model B)

 D8(Green) - LNK - Link/Activity (LAN) (Model B)

 D9(Yellow) - 10M - 10/100Mbit (LAN) (Model B)

BCM2835 Block Diagram :-

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 6

How to give Static IP Address to Raspberry Pi and access it using SSH

2) filesystem or something like that

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 7

 Connect SDcard to the raspberry pi board.

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 8

Accessing Raspberry Pi GUI Desktop on Ubuntu PC

and add below lines at the end

and again try to install tightvncserver.

Installing tightvncviewer on ubuntu PC :-

 ubuntu # sudo apt-get install xtightvncviewer

Running tightvncserver on RPI :-

It will give some information as shown in screenshot vncserver

Running tightvncviewer on Ubuntu PC :-

ubuntu # xtightvncviewer ip address of Pi:1/2 (1 or 2 is no got in above log)

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 9

It will asked password :- enter password as given while installing tightvncserver.

Finally we get screen as shown in guiscreen screenshot.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR : Temperature sensor is a device which senses variations in

Fig 1.4 Working of Heart rate sensor

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 10

dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it can be a

2.1 Architecture of GSM Network:

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose

Fig 2.1 General architecture of a GSM network

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 11

The microprocessor-based system is built for controlling a function or range of

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 12

Fig 2.1 Classification of embedded system

1. Arithmetic and logic unit

2.1 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Dept. of CSE, TKRCET Page 13

 MILITARY AND AEROSPACE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

From in-orbit embedded system to jumbo jets to vital battlefield networks,

 ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMER DEVICES

As the number of powerful embedded processor in consumer devices continues to