Transformers - is a device that involves magnetically coupled coils.

Loosely coupled coils - If only a fraction of the flux produced by one coil links the other
Air-core transformer - core is made of a nonmagnetic material
Iron-core transformer - core is made of a ferromagnetic material with relatively high permeability
A highly permeable magnetic core ensures that
(a) almost all the flux created by one coil links the other
(b) the reluctance of the magnetic path is low
Primary winding - coil to which the source supplies the power
Secondary winding - coil that delivers power to the load
Step-up transformer - used to connect a relatively high-voltage transmission line to a relatively low-
voltage generator
Step-down transformer - has a lower voltage on the secondary side. An example of a step-down
transformer is a welding transformer, the secondary of which is designed to deliver a high load current
Isolation transformer - used basically for the purpose of electrically isolating the secondary side from its
primary side
Annealing process - laminations are subjected to high temperatures in a controlled environment for
some time
Shell-type Transformer – two windings are usually wound over the same leg of the magnetic core
Core-type Transformer - each winding may be evenly split and wound on both legs of the rectangular core

Properties of Ideal Transformer

1. The core of the transformer is highly permeable in a sense that it requires vanishingly small
magnetomotive force (mmf) to set up the flux 𝛷, as shown in the figure.
2. The core does not exhibit any eddy-current or hysteresis loss.
3. All the flux is confined to circulate within the core.
4. The resistance of each winding is negligible.
Faraday’s Law of Induction - the magnetic flux 𝛷, in the core induces an emf 𝑒1 in the primary winding
that opposes the applied voltage 𝑣1

the ratio of primary to secondary induced emfs is equal to the

ratio of primary to secondary turns
 transformation ratio

the power output (delivered to the load) is equal to the power input (supplied by the source)

For an idealized transformer, the terminal voltages are in phase

Non-Ideal Transformer

Winding Resistance
The inclusion of the winding resistances dictates that (a) the power input must be greater than the
power output, (b) the terminal voltage is not equal to the induced emf, and (c) the efficiency (the ratio
of power output to power input) of a non-ideal transformer is less than 100%.

Leakage Fluxes
Part of the flux created by the windings complete its path through the air.
Mutual flux - common flux that circulates in the core and links both windings

Finite Permeability

approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer - Without introducing any appreciable error in our
calculations, we can assume that the voltage drop across the parallel branch is the same as the applied
voltage.