Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3
Chapter 1: Introduction
4
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. What is strength of material (mechanics of material)?
Strength of material or mechanics of material is a subject which deals
with the behavior of a solid object subjecting to stresses (σ) and strains (ε)
caused by external action.
9
Chapter 2: Actions
10
Chapter 2: Actions
2.1. Types of actions
There are many types of action which might act on a structure. These action would be
distinguished or classified as following:
a. By their action mode:
- Direct action: (general loading) point or distributed loading
- Indirect action: imposed deformation, settlement, etc.
b. By variation of time:
- Permanent action: self-weight of structure and non structural element, earth
pressure, imposed deformation by construction mode of structure, settlement, etc.
- Variable action: Imposed load (live load), weight of element during construction
phase, load of mobile vehicle, wind, deformation caused by temperature, etc.
- Accidental action: collision or explosion, fire, earthquake, etc.
c. Other: (Fixed vs free action, static vs dynamic action)
11
Chapter 2: Actions
2.2. External Forces
External force (load) is the load on a system by forces or couples, which allows to
quantify and idealize the interaction between two mechanical systems. For example,
operation load, pressure, wind, self-weight, etc.
→
F1 →
F2
Support
σ ε
12
Chapter 2: Actions
2.2. External Forces
• Contact surface forces: they are caused by the contact between two bodies in a
particular surface that is called a surface distributed force. For the particular
case, the contact surface is much smaller compared to the total surface of the
body, they can be idealized as a concentrated force (point force) that is applied
at a point. The force can be idealized as a linear distributed force if force is
applied along a narrow surface.
• Volumetric forces: a element is exerted by a contactless physically force in
direct contact with another element. This force is due to gravity or to the
electromagnetic field, and it normally represents a concentrated force exerted
at the center of gravity of the body, called the self-weight.
13
Chapter 2: Actions
2.2. External Forces
External forces are classified by their applied geometric shape as following:
• 1-dimension force:
- Linear uniformly
- Volumetric distributed
load
→ R fi
A B M Tensor of internal
S
S
M ri f i
G forces
S → S
Cross section R
15
Chapter 2: Actions
2.3. Internal Forces
• Normal force (N): it is the internal force that is
→
→ perpendicular to the considered surface. ( Rx )
→ M
→ My
Mz • Shear force (T or V): it is the internal force that is
→ → x
G Mx Rx
→ →
→ parallel to the considered surface. ( Ry , Rz )
Ry →
Rz →
R • Bending moment or moment of flexion (Mf): it is the
17
Chapter 3: Stress
18
Chapter 3: Stress
3.1. Stress at a point
B
Fi F n
S S S
S
O
A A A
• At each point M of a solid, there are internal forces which are demonstrated by
cutting the solid by a surface S into two parts A and B. The part A is in
equilibrium under the action of the external forces directly applied to it and
action of the internal forces distributed over the cutting plane.
• Consider a point O of surface S. Let ΔS be an infinitesimal element of the
surface S surrounding point O and nthe unitary vector perpendicular to S at
point O and directed towards the exterior of the part A.
19
Chapter 3: Stress
3.1. Stress at a point
Due to external force, it will cause the internal force F on the surface S . The stress
vector on the surface that has the vector normal nat point O is:
F d F
F A B
T O , n lim
S 0 S
dS
N
m 2 Pa
B
n S
S O
n
O
F B A
T O , n T O , n
A
The concept of stress was introduced by Cauchy (1822): stress is the intensity/ density
of the internal forces distribution on the small area around the point of the deformable
body.
Generally, the stress vector is inclined at an angle with angle
T O, n n with respect to the plane of the cross-section.
n n
Normal stress on the plane of normal n at point O: n T .cos
O
Shear stress on the plane of normal n at point O: n T .sin
20
Chapter 3: Stress
3.1. Stress at a point
Due to external force, it will cause the internal force on the surface. The stress vector
on the surface that has the vector normal at point O is:
z x
T O, n n z
xz T O, x
nz xz
n n x
y xy n x x
ny xy O
y O
O x
One surface is positive (+) when its normal axis is in the positive (+) direction of the axis.
One stress is positive (+) when its is in positive direction (+) of the axis and its surface is positive (+)
or when its is in negative direction (-) of the axis and its surface is negative (-)
22
Chapter 3: Stress
3.2. Stress at a point
The stresses at point O
For a point stress condition:
- Rotational equilibrium at point O around x axis:
dy dy
2 yz d x d z 2 zy d x d z 0 yz zy
2 2
- Rotational equilibrium at point O around y axis:
dx d
2 xz d y d z 2 zx d y d z x 0 xz zx
2 2
- Rotational equilibrium at point O around z axis:
dz d
2 yx d x d y 2 xy d x d y z 0 yx xy
2 2
For the point stress state:
xy yx x xy xz
Stress components: T O , ij xy y yz
ij ji xz zx
xz yz z
or Stress tensor:
yz zy 23
Chapter 3: Stress
3.2. State of stress in a body in a three-dimensional space
The stresses at point O act on the faces of the infinitesimal parallelepiped and the body
forces act in volume of the parallelepiped.
x xy xz
dx dx dx
x x x
d x d xy d xz
yx y yz
d yx d y d yz
y
dy
y
dy
y
dy
d d zy d z
zx zx zy x
dz dz dx
z z x
z 0
xz zx 0
yz zy 0
26
Chapter 3: Stress
3.3. Two-dimensional analysis of the stress tensor
In plane stress state, the stresses that have component related to the small dimension
direction (generally considered z-axis) are zero. So, we consider only stress tensor in plan
xy as below:
y
The static equilibrium: y dy
y yx dy
y yx
y
x yx D C xy
x y f x 0 x
fy dx
fx xy
dy
x
xy y f 0 xy x x dx
x y dx x
y A B
yx x
y
For the point stress state: y
yx
dx 0; dy 0 xy yx y xy
x x
O x
xy
yx
y 27
Chapter 3: Stress
3.4. State of in-plan stress in arbitrary directions
In plane stress state, the stresses that have component related to the small dimension
direction (generally considered z-axis) are zero. So, we consider only stress tensor in plan
xy as below:
Fx 0 .d s .cos .d s .sin x .d y yx .d x 0
Fy 0 .d s .sin .d s .cos y .d x xy .d y 0
x y x y
cos 2 xy sin 2 Eq.3.4.1
2 2
x y
sin 2 xy cos 2 Eq.3.4.2
2
28
Chapter 3: Stress
3.4. State of in-plan stress in arbitrary directions
Mohr’s Circle
x y x y
cos 2 xy sin 2 x y
2
x y
2
2 2 2
xy
2
2
2
y
x sin 2 xy cos 2
2
2
x y x y
Avg ; R xy
2
2 2
Avg 2 R 2
2
The principal normal stresses σ1 and σ2 are the maximum and minimum normal
stresses when θ1 and θ2 are replaced in Eq. 3.4.1.
29
Chapter 3: Stress
3.4. State of in-plan stress in arbitrary directions
Mohr’s Circle
Principal normal stresses:
The normal principal stresses σ1 and σ2 are
also able to be determined by Mohr’s Circle
where its correlated shear stress τxy is zero.
2
1 x y x y
xy2
2 2 2
Principal shear stresses:
x y cos 2 2 xy sin 2
1 2 x y
0 3 arctan
2 xy
The principal shear stress τmax is the maximum stress when θ3 is replaced in Eq. 3.4.2.
2 30
Chapter 3: Stress
3.4. State of in-plan stress in arbitrary directions
Mohr’s Circle in another rotational coordinate
x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2 Eq.3.4.3
2 2
x y x y
y' cos 2 xy sin 2 Eq.3.4.4
2 2
x y
x' y' sin 2 xy cos 2 Eq.3.4.5
2
31
Reference
[1]. Economic Committee of World Steel Association (2016). Steel
Statistical Yearbook 2016. World Steel Association: Brussels, Belgium.
[2] Silva V.D. (2006). Mechanics and Strength of Materials. Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: The Netherland.
[3] Timoshenko S. (1940). Strength of Materials-Part I: Elementary
Theory and Problem. D. Van Nostrand Company, INC.: New York, USA.
[4] Vong Seng (2007-2008). Résistance des Matériaux (R.D.M.). Institut
de Technologie du Cambodge
[5] Svetlana L.M., Angel M. & Dimitrina K. P. (2014). Strength of
Materials. University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy.
[6]. Several images are gotten from Google.com
32