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Research Progress on Corrosion and Protection in Deep-sea Environment

2018-04-08

 Industry News
 News

Key Laboratory of Marine Power Engineering & Technology (Ministry of Transport),

Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan
University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China

Abstract: Deep-sea environment is very harsh, and will have a huge impact on
underwater vehicle and deep-sea device. This article discusses of the corrosion related
factors in deep-sea environment such as the dissolved oxygen, pressure, salinity,
temperature, flow rate etc. as well as their impact on the corrosion of metals, alloys and
other materials, then comes to the conclusion that the dis-solved oxygen is the most
important factor for the corrosion of metals and alloys. The research sta-tus quo of
deep-sea environment corrosion of metal and alloy materials are reviewed with emphasis
on four common types of corrosion such as pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, tunnel
corrosion and stress corrosion. Finally countermeasures for the corrosion control of
metals and alloys in deep-sea environment are also introduced.

Key words: deep-sea environment, corrosionprotection

1 Introduction
The deep-sea biosphere has different typical characteristics from land and shallow sea,
such as high pressure, low temperature, permanent darkness, and oligotrophy. Deep sea
creatures have special metabolic pathways and large biomass, making the deep sea a
huge reservoir of biological resources to be developed and utilized. [1]. The 21st century
is the century of the ocean. Due to the increase in population, resources, energy, and
environmental issues and the enhancement of the strategic position of the ocean, people
gradually turn their attention to the development and utilization of marine resources.
However, compared with the shallow sea environment, there are enormous pressures in
the deep sea environment and serious problems such as temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, pH value, biofouling, metal ion deposition, and surface velocity, which have
brought about the deep sea research and development. The great difficulties make it
impossible for many mature technologies in the sea and shallow seas to be applied in the
deep sea. Deep-sea materials involve high-strength steels, corrosion-resistant alloys, and
non-metallic materials, and are mainly used in deep-sea oil production platforms,

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deep-sea oil production equipment, deep-sea pipelines, deep-sea aircraft and other
deep-sea engineering equipment. With the advancement of deep-sea science and
technology, deep-sea aircraft have also been used for marine search and rescue work,
such as the search for black boxes of the crashed flight MH 370 in 2014. Deep sea
technology is the frontier of the entire marine science, and it is often used in military affairs.
Therefore, there are few relevant materials that can be found. However, for the sake of
resource development, marine environmental protection, and the need to safeguard
national maritime rights and interests, various countries have developed deep sea
equipment. Research and Development. The main deep-sea equipment includes manned
submersibles, submarines, underwater pipelines, and torpedoes. Their corrosion
conditions in the deep sea special environment are different from those of shallow sea
equipment [2]. In the United States, Japan, and other advanced countries, experimental
studies of deep-sea environmental corrosion of materials began in the 1960s. In recent
years, Norway, India, and other countries have also conducted corresponding research
work. At present, there are not many studies in China. With the gradual development and
use of the deep sea ocean, it is urgent to grasp the deep sea corrosion behavior of
materials. To study the corrosion behavior of materials in the deep sea environment, we
must first develop a deep sea environmental testing device. In September 2006, the staff
of the National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion
and Protection of the 725th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Co., Ltd.
successfully completed the real sea release test of a deep-sea environment corrosion test
device in the 1300 m sea area of the South China Sea. Deep sea corrosion experiments
have made significant progress. Based on previous studies, this paper analyzes the
corrosion status and corrosion mechanism of deep-sea environment, summarizes the
research progress of anti-corrosion measures, and provides technical support for
anti-corrosion application of underwater equipment.
2 Deep sea material
With the increasing proportion of marine industry in the national economy, and the
continuous expansion of marine development to depth and breadth, deep-sea materials
will surely become China’s emerging emerging strategic pillar industries.
High-performance deep-sea engineering materials are the basis and precursor for the
development of deep-sea engineering equipment, and have important strategic
significance for the development of the marine deep-sea economy and the
industrialization process [3]. Therefore, research on the preservation of deep-sea
materials is of great significance to the development of deep-sea resources. The materials
in the deep sea can be mainly divided into structural materials used in the manufacture of
pressure shells and buoyancy materials used in the manufacture of deep diving
equipment.

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2.1 High-performance steel

High-performance steel not only has the advantages of strong steel bearing capacity,
easy processing and low price, but also has good toughness, fatigue strength and energy
absorption performance. High-performance steel is mainly used in the manufacture
of subsea pipelines and marine mooring chains. It is also used in the manufacture of
pressure-proof housings. For example, the Hydraulic vessels of the United States use Hy
series quenched and tempered steels and alloy steels as their main pressure vessels, and
Japanese submarines have many applications. High performance steels such as NS-30,
NS-46, NS-63, NS-80, NS-90 and NS-110 [4].
2.2 Alloy materials
The deep-sea alloy materials mainly include titanium alloys, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys,
and copper-nickel alloys, which are all excellent corrosion-resistant materials. Titanium
alloy material is one of the best materials for corrosion resistance in industry. It is often
used in submersibles and underwater robots. Remus 6000 underwater robots that play a
big role in the search for Air France 447 black box and China’s “Changlong” “The manned
submersibles are all made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The special nature of the deep sea
environment also puts forward some special requirements for materials, such as corrosion
resistance, watertightness, lightness, and prevention of bioadhesion. Aluminum alloys
have low density, high lightness, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. Corrosion
and easy processing characteristics make it well meet this requirement, and thus have
been well applied in the marine environment. Due to the excellent properties of aluminum
alloy materials, many countries have extensively applied aluminum alloy materials to deep
sea research, especially to improve their anti-corrosion properties, making aluminum alloy
materials widely used.
2.3 Composite materials
The composite material is a material composed of a polymeric material, a metal material
or a ceramic material as a matrix, and a fiber or particulate material as a reinforcing
material [5]. Composite materials are characterized by light weight, high strength,
corrosion resistance, moisture resistance, and good fatigue resistance, and are therefore
widely used in deep-sea engineering materials. At present, composite materials are
mainly used in the production of ribbon cables and tethers, “shape induction felts”,
dimensional winding composite risers, and coilable composite materials.
3 Corrosion influencing factors in deep sea environment
The deep-sea environment is different from the water surface of a general ship. The
deep-sea environment is extremely bad. The value of each corrosion influencing factor
will change as the depth of the ocean increases, and the impact of deep-sea equipment
on corrosion will also change. For example, in the South China Sea, relevant data See
Table 1 for changes in seawater depth.

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Table 1 Environmental factors of sea water at SouthChina Sea[6]

3.1 Stress
From the mechanical formula
P=ρghP=ρgh (1)
Where P is the pressure on the object; ρ is the seawater density; g is the local
gravitational acceleration; h is the seawater depth.
It can be seen that for each 10 m increase in depth, the corresponding pressure increases
by 1.03 x 105 Pa. Liu Bin et al [7] used potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical
impedance and Mott-Schottky electrochemical test methods to study the effect of static
water and pressure on the passive film performance of pure Ni in a 3.15% NaCl solution at
room temperature. The results show that as the hydrostatic pressure increases, the
corrosion rate increases. Beccaria et al.[8] simulated the corrosion behavior of Al and its
alloys, AISI 300 and AISI 400 series stainless steels in seawater at different depths while
keeping other parameters unchanged. This experiment proves that the corrosion of the
above materials at different seawater static pressures is related to the characteristics of
the corrosion product layer formed on the surface of the metal or alloy under different
pressures. At higher pressures, the activity of Cl- increases and it is easier to infiltrate the
stainless steel passivation film. Some metal oxides can be converted into water-soluble
oxychlorides, which in turn cause corrosion. At higher pressures, the degree of hydration
of the ions decreases, and the protective properties of the formation of the corrosion layer
also change. Changes in the composition of the surface passivation film can enhance or
reduce the resistance of the stainless steel material to full or partial corrosion. Zhang Zhi
[9] studied the effects of 0.1, 3.0, and 6.3 MPa on the protective performance of aqueous
inorganic zinc-rich composite coatings, epoxy rust-preventive coatings, and solvent-free
epoxy coatings. The results show that with the increase of the pressure of 3.5% NaCl
solution, the corrosion products in the inorganic zinc-rich composite coating and epoxy

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antirust coating system are not easy to ease. Finally, the blocking pores reduce the
formation rate of corrosion products and ease the coating. Within the expansion pressure,
the porosity of the coating decreases. The solventless epoxy coating is the opposite.
3.2 dissolved oxygen
The amount of dissolved oxygen in seawater plays an important role in the corrosion of
deep-sea equipment. As the depth increases, there are fewer and fewer green plants. As
a result, the dissolved amount of O is getting smaller and smaller, and the dissolution of O
at 700 m underwater The lowest amount. O is a depolarizing agent for cathode reaction in
metal electrochemical corrosion process. The dissolved oxygen content in deep sea
environment can cause many materials to corrode. Sawant et al. [10] studied the
corrosion of low-carbon steel, stainless steel, Cu, brass, and copper-nickel alloys in the
shallow seas of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and at exposures of 1000 to 2900
m depth. The results show that the corrosion rate of these metals is controlled by the
dissolved oxygen content. The corrosion rate in the shallow sea environment is: low
carbon steel> Cu> copper nickel alloy> brass> stainless steel, and the corrosion rate in
the deep sea environment is: low carbon Steel> Copper-nickel alloy> Brass> Cu>
Stainless steel. Fu Xiaolei et al [11] used potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weightlessness experiments to study the effect of
dissolved oxygen in seawater on the corrosion behavior of seawater in two hull steels.
The results of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance tests show that with the
increase of O content in seawater, the self-corrosion potentials of the two hull steels
gradually increase, the corrosion current density gradually increases, and the corrosion
rate increases; the weight loss test results show that The corrosion types of both steels in
seawater are mainly uniform corrosion, and their corrosion rates increase with the
increase of dissolved oxygen content.
3.3 Temperature
Temperature can not only directly affect the corrosion behavior of the material, but also
affect other corrosion factors. The increase of temperature will accelerate the reaction rate
of cathode and anode processes, accelerate the diffusion rate of O, increase the
conductivity of seawater, and promote the corrosion process; and as the temperature of
seawater rises, it will reduce the solubility of O in seawater and promote protection. The
formation of calcium scales slows down the corrosion of carbon steel in seawater. The
literature [12] shows that the seawater temperature is less than 10 °C at a depth of 500 m,
the seawater temperature is about 2 °C at a depth of 2000 m, and the seawater
temperature is about 1 °C at a depth of 5000 m. The water temperature difference of the
entire ocean is about 3 °C. Wang Jia et al. [13] showed that the corrosion rate is the
highest when the temperature is around 23 °C, and the sea temperature in the deep sea is
lower than 23 °C. For carbon steel and low alloy steel, the corrosion rate will decrease

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with the depth.

3.4 Salinity
The deep seawater salinity changes in a relatively small range, generally around 35, and
the oceanic surface has a salinity between 32 and 36. The surface salinity is low, and the
deep salinity is high. The salinity increases with depth and changes very little. [14] .
3.5 Flow rate
The flow velocity can not only reduce the diffusion layer thickness of O on the metal
surface, but also make it easier for dissolved oxygen to reach the metal surface and
enhance the depolarization of O. Seawater flow can also scour corrosion products and
weaken the retardation of deposition of corrosion products on the corrosion reaction. The
effect accelerates the progress of the corrosion reaction. In deep sea environments, the
flow velocity of seawater is usually slower than that of surface seawater, and the corrosion
of deep-sea equipment is affected by the flow velocity much less than the sea surface [15,
16]. Tang Xiao et al.[17] compared the corrosion rate of Q235 carbon structural steel (A3
steel) in still and flowing seawater through the weight loss test of indoor and real sea
coupons, and tested the corrosion of Q235 carbon structural steel using the
potentiodynamic method. At the same time, environmental parameters in seawater at
different flow rates were tested. The results show that seawater flow can accelerate the
corrosion rate of Q235 carbon structural steel in seawater, especially in the early stage of
corrosion. Wang Yuyi [18] studied the corrosion behavior of five kinds of aluminum alloys
in flowing seawater. The results show that aluminum alloys are more resistant to corrosion
than ordinary carbon steels and copper in flowing seawater, especially
aluminum-magnesium and aluminum-magnesium manganese. Alloys. Because
aluminum-copper-based alloys and aluminum-zinc-magnesium-based alloys have
significant exfoliation corrosion susceptibility in flowing seawater, they are not suitable for
use in flowing seawater corrosion environments.
3.6 Bio-corrosion
As the depth of seawater increases, the type and quantity of microorganisms are greatly
reduced, but due to the presence of H2S and anaerobic bacteria (such as sulfate-reducing
bacteria, SRB) near the sea mud area, the deep seabed environment close to the sea
mud area and the materials and The corrosion effects of the components may increase. In
the deep sea environment, SRB corrosion is the main bio-corrosion [19]. Research [20]
shows that SRB may cause localized corrosion to various metals such as carbon steel, Ti,
stainless steel, low carbon steel, and copper-nickel alloys. Submarine sediments
generally contain SRB, and there are certain differences in SRB content in different sea
areas. Under SRB propagation conditions, the corrosion rate can increase 6-7 times, or
even 15 times. Castaneda et al. [21] studied the corrosion behavior of SRB in artificial
seawater on carbon steel. It was found that after SRB formed a biofilm, the corrosion rate

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increased, the inhomogeneity of the biofilm caused a local gradient, and the active site of
corrosion was enlarged. Rao et al. [22] studied the corrosion of Ti by SRB and found that
SRB can destroy the passivation film on the Ti surface, causing localized corrosion to Ti,
resulting in TiS2 and PH3, and localized pitting on the metal surface. Shalaby et al. [23]
reported that under the conditions of SRB, the depolarization effect of H2S resulted in a
more negative corrosion potential of copper-nickel alloys and localized corrosion.
3.7 pH
The seawater is weakly alkaline, pH is generally between 7.5 and 8.6, and the alkalinity in
the deep sea is lower than that in the shallow sea and the water surface. When the
seawater pH value decreases from 8.6 to 7.5, the pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion
of aluminum-magnesium alloys increase[ twenty four]. Due to geochemical processes
such as the deposition of carbonates and the dissolution of certain carbonate-containing
minerals and rocks, as well as the mixing and whirlpool diffusion of water bodies, the
phenomenon of acquisi- Changes in CO2 content affect the pH in seawater. There are
indications that the carbonate layer has a protective effect on the corrosion of the material.
From the dynamics, it can be known that in a deep sea environment, as the pressure
increases, the pH of the seawater will decrease, and the tendency to form a carbonate
protective layer on the surface of the material will decrease. [25]. Cao Guoliang et al. [26]
chose nickel-chromium alloy low-alloy steel A and common carbon steel B for polarization
experiments under different pH conditions. The results showed that with the increase of
solution pH, A steel is more easily passivated, and the sensitivity of pitting corrosion
induction decreases. At the same pH value, the dissolved oxygen in the solution can
promote the passivation of the steel, reduce the sensitivity of the pH value to the pitting
potential measurement, and reduce the critical passivation pH value of the steel.
Under the influence of the above seven main environments, the corrosion severity of
equipment at different depths is also different, because with the change of depth, seven
factors that affect corrosion will also change accordingly. Therefore, when studying the
corrosion of deep-sea materials, we must consider the impact of all factors.
4 Research on corrosion mechanism of materials in deep sea environment and its
progress
In deep sea environments, in addition to pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion, and
tunnel corrosion, aircrafts or equipment are also subjected to changes in mechanical
properties caused by strong static pressure and corrosion of anaerobic bacteria, in
practice. In experiments, the average corrosion rate, the maximum corrosion depth, the
longest tunnel corrosion length, and the maximum crevice corrosion depth are often used
to reflect the corrosion of the deep-sea materials.
4.1 Research Methods for Deep Sea Material Corrosion
In view of the harsh conditions of the above-mentioned deep-sea environment, the

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research on the corrosion of aircraft or equipment in deep-sea environment is very difficult.

At present, the research methods for corrosion of deep-sea materials can be divided into
real sea exposure and indoor simulated accelerated corrosion.
4.1.1 Exposure to the sea The sea exposure method is an on-site experiment, so its
results are most realistic. The United States Navy conducted a full-scale material erosion
experiment from 1962 to 1970 in the Pacific off the coast of the Port of Winami, California.
The former Soviet Union also used buoys near the hydrofoil in the Pacific Northwest in
1975 to study metal materials in different depths of seawater. Corrosion, China in 2006 in
the South China Sea successfully put the first batch of samples for real sea exposure
experiments [27]. Solid sea exposure experiments can obtain corrosion data of samples,
but due to the harsh conditions of deep sea environment, the experimental cost is very
expensive, the experimental period is very long, and the reliability of the experiment is
difficult to guarantee. Therefore, simulating deep-sea environmental conditions and
carrying out indoor simulated accelerated corrosion experiments More practical.
4.1.2 Indoor Simulated Accelerated Corrosion The indoor simulated accelerated corrosion
method uses small samples and artificially prepared seawater media in the laboratory. By
simulating the seawater environment, the main factors and control laws affecting the
material corrosion are studied by chemical or electrochemical acceleration methods.
Pekka [28] studied the corrosion behavior of aluminum-magnesium alloy 5083-H116,
aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy 6082-T6 and aluminum zinc-magnesium alloy 7020-T5
in a simulated deep-sea environment using this device. Due to the wide variety of
deep-sea environments, indoor Simulated accelerated corrosion experiments cannot
completely simulate the deep sea environmental conditions. The best method is to
combine the indoor simulated accelerated corrosion test with the real sea exposure
method, while embodying the advantages of both.
4.2 pitting
Pitting is the development of corrosion holes in the local area of the metal surface, and the
rest of the area is not corroded or slightly corroded. Underwater vehicles and underwater
equipment are mostly made of stainless steel. Stainless steel can be “stainless” because
it produces a passive film on its surface. Cl-rich in seawater can penetrate the passivation
film, making the metal in the activation-passivation state, causing corrosion of the
stainless steel surface, so pitting corrosion inevitably occurs in seawater (Figure 1).
Fig.1 SEM images of surface pitting morphology of steel coupon exposed in an
Bohai oilfield[29](a) 1000×, (b) 5000×

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Fig.2 Appearances of 304 stainless steel after 1 a exposure in deep-sea

environment[34](a) 1×, (b) 100×

Zhang yin al.[29] used extinction dilution method and static coupon corrosion experiment,
combined with microbial microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis
methods, to study the problem of microbial carbon steel corrosion caused by reinjection of
water in an oil field in Bohai, and to reproduce carbon The pitting corrosion history of the
steel coupons shows that microorganisms play an important role in the initial stage of
carbon steel pitting. Venkatesan et al. [30] observed some non-ferrous metals in the deep
sea area at depths of 500, 1200, 3500, and 5100 m in the Indian Ocean. The SEM surface
morphology study shows that these non-ferrous metals are associated with seawater. The
electrochemical reaction occurs and electrochemical corrosion occurs. The depth of the
aluminum alloy increases gradually from a depth of 500 m to 5100 m. Comparing the
corrosion rates of 2000-series aluminum alloys in different depths of seawater
environments in the Pacific and Indian Oceans [16, 31], it can be found that although
there are fluctuations, the overall corrosion rate of 2000-series aluminum alloys in deep
sea environments increases; the corrosion rate of stainless steels The change is almost
zero because the passivation film on the stainless steel surface reduces the corrosion
effect of the metal. Sawant et al. [10] conducted a 1-year stainless steel hanging plate
experiment in the area of 1000-2900 m in the Arabian Sea. The results show that the
corrosion rate of stainless steel gradually decreases with the depth of seawater. The main

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reason is that because of the lower concentration of Cl-in the deep sea, the increase of O
concentration is more conducive to the formation of passivation film, so the metal is
protected; on the other hand, stainless steel can be maintained at a small oxygen
concentration. In the passive state of the surface, the temperature of the seawater
decreases as the depth of the ocean increases, which in turn reduces the activity of Cl-,
making it difficult to penetrate the passivation film of the metal, thereby reducing metal
corrosion. Hydrostatic pressure can also affect the corrosion of deep-sea Ni-Cr-Mo-V
high-strength steels. With the increase of depth, the anode reaction rate increases,
leading to a sharp deterioration of the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. SEM
observations show that the increase in hydrostatic pressure increases metastable pitting
and increases the average corrosion performance of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel [32].
4.3 Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is also a common form of corrosion of metals, mainly because oxygen
concentration batteries have been formed in the small gaps on the metal surface, and a
small corrosion microcell is formed inside and outside the gap, increasing the corrosion
rate. General crevice corrosion occurs mainly at the interface between the sediments or
barnacles and the joints of the various joints, but in the deep sea, due to the rare presence
of microorganisms and calcareous shells, there is very little visible crevice corrosion, in
addition to the temperature The decrease in the Cl- activity and the ability to penetrate the
passivation film is greatly reduced.
There are many factors that affect the crevice corrosion. In addition to the above factors,
the crevice corrosion of the metal is also related to the effective cathode area at the
crevice. Logan [33] compared the crevice corrosion rate under different conditions in the
deep sea and shallow sea, and proved that the crevice corrosion increases with the
increase of oxygen content; at the same time, under the condition of certain oxygen
content, with the increase of the cathode area, The rate of crevice corrosion also
increases accordingly. CSRC Qingdao Research Institute studied the effects of oxygen
content and temperature on the crevice corrosion of 304 stainless steel under oxygen
saturation at room temperature, oxygen removal at room temperature and oxygen
removal at 4 °C. The results showed that under three conditions The corrosion resistance
of 304 stainless steel gradually increases with the decrease of temperature and oxygen
content, which proves that oxygen content and temperature are the influencing factors of
metal crevice corrosion.
4.4 Tunnel corrosion
Tunnel corrosion is a form of pitting corrosion, but it is different from common pitting
because it will not be present on the surface of the metal in most cases, but it will expand
from the surface pitting as a starting point towards the surface and inward. It will form an
unetched surface film on the surface. Fig. 2 is a photo of the corrosion of the American

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standard 304 stainless steel rod on a floating ball positioning frame in a certain sea area
of the South China Sea. The corrosion of the tunnel can be clearly seen.

304 stainless steel was exposed on the seabed of 1615 m for 1064 d. At the same time,
301 stainless steel and American Standard 304 stainless steel were exposed at a depth of
5,300 m for 1,064 d. After that, the tunnel corrosion rates of different materials at different
depths were not the same [35].
4.5 Stress corrosion
The stress corrosion caused by the material fracture will cause the most serious
consequences for the deep-sea equipment, which is caused by the joint action of the
metal material under the tensile stress and the specific environment. Before the fracture
occurred, the tensile stress and the corrosive medium act together on the metal, and the
material fractures with almost no deformation. The damage is extremely severe. Figure 3
shows the complete picture of shackle stress corrosion cracking at a depth of 500 m in the
South China Sea and the enlarged picture of the crack. At present, there is not much
literature on stress corrosion caused by metal materials in the deep sea, but the harm
caused by stress corrosion has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad.
Fig.3 Macrophotograph (a) and fractograph (b) show-ing stress corrosion cracking
of 300 series stain-less steel shackle[36]

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The 15-7 AMV and RH1150 stainless steels were fractured after being exposed for 751
days under a deep sea of 1720 m. AISI 300 series stainless steels were not exposed to
stress corrosion cracking when exposed to sea water at depths of 762 and 1830 m [32].
Stress corrosion studies of different series of aluminum alloys in the deep sea show that:
Stresses with 50% and 75% yield strength are selected and exposed for 402 days in the
deep sea of 760 m. There is no stress corrosion sensitivity for all other series aluminum
alloys except the 7000 series. There are stress corrosion cracking phenomena in 7075,
7079 and 7178 alloys of 7000 series aluminum alloys [37]. This shows that the stress
corrosion of the material is related to the material of the material. In addition, due to the
change of mechanical properties of metal materials such as stainless steel at different
seawater depths, the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of some metals will
decrease significantly after a period of time, which will seriously affect stainless steel and
other metal materials. The application in the deep sea, but it is not yet certain that the
mechanical strength changes with depth.
4.6 Corrosion caused by Anaerobic Reducing Bacteria
The corrosion of microorganisms to metal has been increasingly concerned by people,
especially in the environment of anaerobic or low oxygen containing large amounts of
SRB. Under the condition of anoxic, SRB produces cathodic depolarization, so that
SO42+ is oxidized. Adsorption of H accelerates the hydrogen evolution corrosion reaction.
SRB metabolites also accelerate the corrosion of deep-sea materials. King et al. [38]
found that higher concentrations of Fe2+ in metabolites promote anaerobic corrosion of
low-carbon steels, and the corrosion rate of low-carbon steels is related to the H2S
concentration produced by SRB. change. Therefore, the existence of SRB in the deep sea
can significantly accelerate metal corrosion, leading to localized corrosion perforation in
deep-sea aircraft, oil pipelines, water injection pipelines and other equipment, resulting in
greater losses. Therefore, prevention of corrosion by SRB has become a subject of
common concern for corrosion science and microbiology.
The content of O in the deep sea is relatively small compared to the shallow sea, so only a
small amount of O can be dissolved in seawater. This condition is more suitable for the
growth of anaerobic microorganisms. The corrosion of microorganisms can be regarded
as the process of electrotransfer between living organisms and non-living organisms. The
metabolism of microorganisms will affect the process of bio-corrosion, mainly because the
surface may produce bio-films that make the surface O-content uneven distribution,
increase the surface of the metal electron transfer Resistance, and substances that
produce acid and cathodic reactions. Duan Jizhou [39] showed that when SRB biofilms
were covered, SRB increased the local corrosion of stainless steel, and a small amount of
Mo and S appeared in the surface passivation film, indicating that the bio-organic sulfides
produced by SRB metabolism may be involved in stainless steel. Corrosion process.

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5 Research and Progress on Anti-corrosion Measures of Materials in Deep Sea

Environment
In the deep sea environment, corrosion of materials is unavoidable. Therefore, reasonable
and effective methods must be adopted to control the corrosion of materials. At present,
the most important methods for reducing the corrosion of deep-sea materials are:
development of new corrosion-resistant materials, sprayed organic coatings, cathodic
protection, and other methods for enhancing the corrosion resistance of the surface of
materials.
5.1 Research and Development of New Corrosion Resistant Materials
The use of corrosion-resistant alloy steels, Cu, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and epoxy
resins as new types of corrosion resistant materials will result in significant cost increases
and ineffective performance. In order to make the materials can meet the requirements of
the corresponding corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, some scholars have
reacted stainless steel with some organic macromolecular materials to produce
bioorganic metal materials with better performance. For example, ceramic matrix
composites developed on the basis of ceramics have good toughness and strength
relative to common ceramic materials, and have stronger corrosion resistance than
common metal materials, making ceramic matrix composites good. The use of prospects
[40]. Elisabeth et al. [41] reacted biopeptides with 304 stainless steel to obtain a novel
bio-organic metal material with low surface energy and strong corrosion resistance. It not
only has good corrosion resistance and drag reduction effect, but also does not cause
oceans. Pollution, although this material has not yet been applied, it is bound to become
the direction of research for ships, medicine, and offshore oil exploration industries.
5.2 spraying anti-microbial paint
For the deep-water corrosion environment, research on anti-corrosion coatings at home
and abroad has been increased. New methods and new technologies emerge in endlessly.
In recent years, due to the possible adhesive failure of the polyethylene layer and the
epoxy powder substrate during use of the 3LPE coating, the cathodic protection current is
shielded, and countries in the world have increased the upgrading of the existing
preservation methods. Currently, 3LPP anti-corrosion coating [42], Dow’s new 3LPE
anti-corrosion coating, high-performance composite coating (HPCC) [43] have been
developed and applied abroad. With the rapid development of nanotechnology,
nano-modified coatings It can achieve unparalleled advantages such as waterproof,
anticorrosive, and reinforced material mechanical properties. Although this technology is
still in its infancy, it may become the research direction of antisepsis for deepwater
materials in the future. The interpenetrating network polymer is a novel polymer material.
Through a special preparation method, the two immiscible polymers interpenetrate each
other through the network, entangled with each other, and are forced to dissolve, while

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maintaining the memory effect of the original polymer. Synergy and good corrosion
resistance [27]. It is also possible to use corrosion inhibitors [44] and to use anti-corrosive
coatings to reduce the corrosion of aircraft and equipment surfaces.
High-pressure seawater infiltration and seawater pressure alternation are corrosion
conditions that may cause early failure of anti-corrosion coatings in deep-sea
environments. Therefore, the failure of deep-sea anti-corrosion coatings is mainly due to
the mechanical failure due to the infiltration failure due to the increase of seawater
pressure and the alternation of seawater pressure. Two modes. Therefore, in addition to
the performance of conventional anti-corrosion coatings, anti-corrosion coatings used in
deep-sea environmental conditions should have high-pressure seawater permeability and
seawater pressure cross-resistance, so that the coating can maintain good protection
against deep-sea pressure. Corrosion, mechanical properties and durability [45].
5.3 Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection uses a more negative metal than the material used as the anode to be
sacrificed, providing a protective current to protect the metal components from major
damage. Under certain conditions, it is also possible to apply an electric current so that
the protected metal member maintains a sufficiently negative potential to prevent the
dissolution of the metal. The cathodic protection current required by different metals and
alloys varies greatly in different sea areas, different depths, and different exposure times.
For example, in the deep sea, the Zn content in the Al anode is increased from the
conventional 3% to 5% [41]. Although the composition changes little, the change in anode
performance is significant. Hu Wei [46] used electrochemical principles to analyze the
corrosion of submarine pipelines, and proposed to pass a certain current, using cathodic
protection to prevent the material from being in the potential range of stress corrosion,
reducing the electrochemical potential. The stress corrosion cracking caused by the
reaction leads to a significant reduction in corrosion of materials such as subsea pipelines.
5.4 Other methods
5.4.1 Reasonable material selection Pressure and corrosion resistance materials are
used to enhance the corrosion resistance of the equipment material itself. Cr, Mo and N
are added to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel substrate.
High-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels are added. Improve the corrosion resistance of
the base material; reduce the amount of impurities in the steel, especially S, to improve
the local pitting resistance of the material.
5.4.2 Optimize the material processing design By optimizing the material processing
technology, reduce the gap on the metal and reduce the area outside the gap to reduce
the possibility of formation of the oxygen-rich battery and reduce the damage caused by
crevice corrosion. Optimizing the processing of materials can also avoid stress
concentration, pay attention to the rationality of the process during manufacturing and

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processing, reduce the possibility of stress corrosion cracking from the material itself, and
reduce the corrosion performance of metal materials. It is also possible to reduce the
stress corrosion cracking by controlling the environmental factors of the surface and
rationally designing the surface structure.
Some scholars have also studied the antagonism between bacteria [47] or the method of
adding fungicides [48] to reduce the impact of fouling organisms, but they are still in the
research and development stage and have not been put into the daily operation of ships.
Although high oxygen concentration in the deep sea, small Cl-activity and concentration,
and low temperature, the corrosion of metal materials is reduced, but deep sea corrosion
will bring great harm, and deep-sea corrosion needs to be studied in-depth. It is
incomplete to reduce or prevent the corrosion of deep-sea materials through the study of
single or several corrosion factors. A reasonable method should be adopted to avoid
metal corrosion in deep sea environment and prolong the service life of deep-sea
materials.
6 Outlook
Deep sea areas are rich in resources. With the depletion of land-based mineral energy in
recent years, more and more countries have begun to research, develop and use marine
resources, and have achieved some results. The deep-sea disputes ultimately boil down
to the struggle for resources. The development in the deep-sea areas is very dependent
on the development of materials science and technology to achieve breakthroughs,
especially for deep-sea exploration and use of materials. Due to the demanding
requirements of the deep sea environment, the study of corrosion of deep-sea materials
poses great challenges. Therefore, this requires multidisciplinary support to integrate
various factors to reduce the corrosion of materials in the deep sea environment. In view
of the current status of research on corrosion of deep-sea materials, the author believes
that the future research on corrosion of deep-sea materials should focus on:

(1) Establishing an experimental platform that can simulate corrosion of materials under
real conditions and improve the accuracy of simulations; (2) Further research on deep-sea
The corrosion mechanism of materials in the environment provides a theoretical basis for
reducing the corrosion of materials;

(3) Establish a database of deep sea material corrosion so that later scholars can better
study the corrosion and protection of materials in deep sea environments.

Source: China Pipe Fittings Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry

(www.metallicsteel.com)

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 www.metallicsteel.com

(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless
steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges,
Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in
Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage
treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)

If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion
with us, contact us at sales@metallicsteel.com

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