Lab Concentric

ABSTRACT
The experiment is conducted based on the heat transfer at a different temperature gradient
which are Thin, THout, Thimd, TCmid, TCin, and TCout. This experiment was using the concentric tube
heat exchanger which was aided with thermometers and flow meters to control all those different
temperatures as well as the hot and cold water flow rate. There is also to calculate the Log Mean
Temperature Different (LMTD) and the heat transfer coefficient. The last objective is to perform
the temperature profile study. The experiment was conducted into two parts which is part A and
part B. Part A is conducted with changing flowrate of cold water while part B is conducted
changing flowrate of hot water. For part A, the flow rate of hot water is fixed at 10 LPM while
the flow rate of the cold water is varied at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 LPM. The efficiency for part A are
7.27%, 59.5%, 68%, 17.1 and 69.4% simultaneously. The LMTD are 20.6, 17.9, 18.5, 13.3 and
18.5 simultaneously. So the higher the LPM of cold water, the less the heat is being transferred.
For part B, the flow rate of cold water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the hot water is
varied which were 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 LPM. The temperature profile is plotted so that the flow rate
effects on heat transfer can be determined. The experiment is completed and successfully
conducted.
1
INTRODUCTION
The heat exchange process between the fluids that are at distinct temperatures with a
separation of solid wall occurs in many engineering applications. Heat exchanger is a device
used to implement this exchange process. A few applications may include space heating and air-
conditioning, waste heat recovery and chemical processing[1]. Heat exchangers can be
divided into two classifications, which are flow arrangement accordance and construction type.
The heat exchanger applied in this experiment is the simplest one, with the hot as well as
the cold fluids move in the same or opposite directions in a concentric tube construction. In the
parallel flow arrangement, both hold and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same
direction, and leave at the same end. In the counter flow arrangement, the fluids enter at different
ends, flow in different directions, and leave at different ends. The two configurations are
differentiated by an idealisation that controls the fluid motion over the tubes as being unmixed
or mixed[1].
The heats were transferred between two fluids via convention mode, which refers to the
hot fluid to the wall and also by conduction which occur within the wall itself and back to the
convection process from wall to the cold fluid[1].
OBJECTIVES
There are several objectives in this experiment which are to study the effect of heat water
inlet temperature variation on the performance characteristic of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
Next, it is to demonstrate the working principles of concentric flow heat exchanger under parallel
as well as counter flow conditions. Besides, it also to study the effect of flow rate variation on
the performance of a concentric tube heat exchanger and also to determine the most efficient of
concentric tube heat exchanger whether it is parallel or counter-current flow.
2
THEORY
The equations for calculating the performance characteristics: power emitted, power absorbed,
power lost, efficiency, logarithmic mean temperature, and overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
[2].
The efficiency for the cold medium is:
ᵑc = (T c,out – Tc,in) / (Th,in – Tc.in) x 100
The efficiency for the hot medium is:
ᵑh = (T h,in – Th,out) / (Th,in – Tc.in) x 100
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (ΔTm) is:
As for the overall heat transfer coefficient in Equation (1) and substituting in for ΔTm, ΔTlm we
now obtain,
𝑄
𝑈=
𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
where Q is the heat that is absorbed. If it is assumed that potential and kinetic energies are
negligible and specific heats are constant we can write an energy balance for the system
involving the cold fluid as,
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚̇𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑒 )
Similarly, for the system involving the hot liquid we have,
3
𝑄𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚̇ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑒 )
and for the whole heat exchanger and efficiency of heat exchanger are:
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑞
𝜂= × 100%
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
APPARATUS
Figure 5.1: SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Unit (Model: HE 158C).
The experiment set-up consists of:
1. Set of tube heat exchanger.

2. Cold fluids supply and hot fluids supply.
3. Digital stopwatch
4
PROCEDURES
GENERAL START UP [3]
1. A quick inspection is performed to make sure that the equipment is in a proper working
condition.
2. All valves are closed at initial except for V1 and V12.
3. Hot water tank is filled up via a water supply hose connected to valve V27. Once the tank
is full, the valve is closed.
4. The cold water tank is filled up by opening valve V28 and the valve is leaved opened for
continues water supply.
5. A drain hose is connected to the cold water drain point.
6. The main power is switched on. The heater is switched on for the hot water tank and the
temperature controller is set to 50 °C.
7. The water temperature is allowed in the hot water tank to reach the set point.
8. The equipment can be run.
GENERAL SHUT-DOWN
1. Heater is switched off. Wait until the hot water temperature drops below 40°C.
2. Pump P1 and pump P2 are switched off.
3. Main power is switched off.
4. All water in the process line is drained off. Water in the hot and cold water tanks are
retained for next laboratory session.
5. All valves are closed.
Procedure:
1. General start-up is performed.

2. The valves are switched to counter-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement.
3. Pump P1 and P2 are switched on.
4. Valves V3 and V4 are opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water
and cold water streams respectively
5. The system is allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
5
6. FT1, FT2, FT3, and FT4 are recorded.
7. Pressure drop measurements for shell-side and tube-side are recorded for pressure drop
studies.
8. Step 4-7 is repeated for different combination of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
9. Pump P1 and P2 are switched off after the completion of the experiment.
10. General shut-down the equipment is performed.
6
RESULTS
Part A: Changing flowrate of cold water

FT1 FT2 TT1 (oC) TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 (oC) DPT1 DPT2
(mmH2O)
(LPM) (LPM) (INLET (OUTLET (OUTLET (INLET (mmH2O)
COLD) COLD) HOT) HOT)
10.0 2.0 35.8 30.3 50.1 50.5 97 4
10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1 96 6
10.0 6.0 30.8 29.1 48.1 48.8 99 42
10.0 8.0 30.2 38.9 47.6 48.8 96 93
10.0 10.0 30.8 29.8 48.5 49.2 92 157
Table 7.1: Hot water flow rate is fixed at 10 LPM
Part B: Changing flowrate of hot water
FT1 FT2 TT1 (oC) TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 (oC) DPT1 DPT2
(mmH2O)
(LPM) (LPM) (INLET (OUTLET (OUTLET (INLET (mmH2O)
COLD) COLD) HOT) HOT)
2.0 10.0 30.5 30.0 46.6 50.0 5 153
4.0 10.0 30.7 30.0 47.8 49.7 11 161
6.0 10.0 31.0 30.1 48.0 49.1 19 158
8.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 48.0 48.9 39 159
10.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 47.7 48.5 81 156
Table 7.2: Cold water flow rate is fixed at 10 LPM
7
CALCULATIONS
TYPICAL CHEMICAL DATA:
Hot Water Cold Water
Density = 988.18kg/m3 Density = 995.67 kg/m3

Heat capacity = 4178 J/kg.K
Heat capacity = 4183 J/kg.K
Thermal conductivity = 0.6436 W/m.K
Thermal conductivity = 0.6155 W/m.K
Viscosity = 0.0005494 Pa.s
Viscosity = 0.0008007 Pa.s
FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 2.0 35.8 30.3 50.1 50.5
Calculation for the heat transfer and heat loss:
The heat transfer rates for both hot and cold water are both calculated using the heat balance
equation.
i. Heat transfer rate for hot water

𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ∆𝑇
𝐿 1𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝐽
= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (50.5 − 50.1)℃
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000𝐿 60𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔℃
Qhot = 275.2 W
8
ii. Heat transfer rate for cold water
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ∆𝑇
=2 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.3 − 35.8)℃
Qcold = -763.6 W
𝑞
Heat loss rate = Qhot − Qcold Efficiency = 𝑞 × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 275.2 W – (-763.6 W) 138.83(50.5−50.1)

=│ 138.83(30.3−35.8) │ × 100
= 1038.8W
=7.27%
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ln [𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ]
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(50.5 − 30.3) − (50.1 − 35.8]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
50.5 − 30.3
ln [ ]
50.1 − 35.8
= 20.6 ° C
Calculation of the heat transfer coefficients:
Concentric (Double Pipe) heat Exchanger;-
Exchange area: A = 0.05m² (approx)
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
𝑄
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = 𝐴∆𝑇
𝑙𝑚
763.6
= = 741.4 W/m2.K
0.05 (20.6)
9
Part A:
FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 Efficiency Log Mean Overall
(oC) (oC) (%) Temperature, Heat
(LPM) (LPM) (OUTLET (OUTLET
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , Transfer
(INLET COLD) HOT) (INLET
°C Coefficient,U
COLD) HOT)
(W/m2K)
10.0 2.0 35.8 30.3 50.1 50.5 7.27 20.6 741.4
10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1 59.5 17.9 775.5
10.0 6.0 30.8 29.1 48.1 48.8 68.0 18.5 765.4
10.0 8.0 30.2 38.9 47.6 48.8 17.1 13.3 7265.1
10.0 10.0 30.8 29.8 48.5 49.2 69.4 18.5 748.9
Part B:
FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 Efficiency Log Mean Overall
(oC) (oC) (%) Temperature, Heat
(LPM) (LPM) (OUTLET (OUTLET
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , Transfer
(INLET COLD) HOT) (INLET
°C Coefficient,U
COLD) HOT)
(W/m2K)
2.0 10.0 30.5 30.0 46.6 50.0 44.1 18.0 519.9
4.0 10.0 30.7 30.0 47.8 49.7 92.9 18.4 568.5
6.0 10.0 31.0 30.1 48.0 49.1 137.6 18.0 605.7
8.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 48.0 48.9 140.1 17.8 556.6
10.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 47.7 48.5 126.1 17.5 629.7
10
DISCUSSION
There are a few objectives which are to be achieved in this experiment; to demonstrate
the working principles of concentric flow heat exchanger under parallel as well as counter flow
conditions, to demonstrate the effect of heat water inlet temperature variation on the performance
characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger, to demonstrate the effect of flow rate
variation on the performance of a concentric tube heat exchanger and the most important part of
the objectives is to determine the most efficient flow of concentric tube heat exchanger whether
it is the parallel flow or counter-current flow.
A concentric tube heat exchanger is used to archive these objectives. The heat exchanger
itself is combined with thermometers and flow rate meters. Thus, the control of the hot fluids
temperatures and both hot and cold fluids flow rates are made easier. We can observe the values
of THin, THout, THmid, TCmid, TCin, and TCout. This experiment is conducted with two parts of
separated conditions, which are by varying the flow rates at constant temperature and by varying
the temperatures at constant flowrate. Theoretically, the higher the LMTD the more heat is being
transferred because the difference between the temperatures is higher.
In this experiment, for part A, the flow rate of hot water is fixed at 10 LPM while the
flow rate of the cold water is varied at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 LPM. The efficiency for part A are
7.27%, 59.5%, 68%, 17.1 and 69.4% simultaneously. The LMTD are 20.6, 17.9, 18.5, 13.3 and
18.5 simultaneously. So the higher the LPM of cold water, the less the heat is being transferred.
For part B, the flow rate of cold water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the hot water is
varied which were 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 LPM.
Based on the result calculated, for fixed hot water rate 10.0 LPM and cold water rate of
2.0 LPM is 20.6 °C. The heat loss is 1038.8W and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 741.4
W/m2.K. Besides from the calculated of the power lost (Qloss) that we get shows decreasing
value. As usual, there are some errors occurred while conducting the experiment that may cause
by conduction and convection between hot and cold water while doing counter-current flow
operation. As for the efficiency of the heat exchanger process is too higher and it shows that
there are several errors occurred during experiment that needed to be taken precautions.
11
Notice that for both experiments in part A and Part B, the counter flow produce greater
efficiency than parallel flow. This result follows the theoretical conclusion where counter flow
heat exchanger is more efficient than parallel flow. However, there are a lot of errors and
mistakes that may have affected the results obtained. The very common error occurs during
conducting the experiments are careless way of reading the thermometers when taking the
temperatures of fluids. The eye of an observer must be parallel to the thermometer meniscus to
avoid parallax error. Another mistake that may have been committed is not pressing the enter
button after setting the temperatures. This has caused a minor problem when the temperature
always manipulate even after setting it to the desired temperature. Besides that, the flow rates
always change easily during the experiments. Moreover, the reading of THin from the typical
laboratory thermometer is merely different from the reading on the digital thermometer.
CONCLUSION
As for the conclusion the overall efficiency is slightly higher but still reasonable
and doesn’t exceed the 100% which is at 7.71%. From the experiment, the overall
heat transfer coefficient will increase when the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid are increase.
The conclusion that can be done is that changing in volumetric flow rate can affect the heat loss,
overall heat transfer coefficient as well as LMTD. Above all that, the experiment is carried out
successfully.
RECOMMENDATIONS
First and foremost, the eye of an observer must be parallel to the meniscus when reading
the temperatures. This is to assure that no parallax error is committed.
Secondly, the experiment should at least be repeated 3 times in order to get average
values. Thus, comparisons can be made and the results are more convincing and precise.
12
Thirdly, the flow rates as well as the temperatures must be monitored thoroughly during
the experiment so that they remain constant. This is to avoid such erroneous results or else, the
objectives of the experiment may not be achieved successfully.
REFERENCES
1. Yunus A. Cengel, (2011), Heat and Mass Transfer (A Practical Approach), 5th edition
– New York: Mc Graw Hill Education.
[Date Accessed: 7 Mei 2017]
2. Yunus A. Cengel, (2008), Thermodynamics, 3th edition – New York: Mc Graw Hill
Education.
3. Anonyms(2017), Experimental Manual SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus
(Model: HE 158C).
4. F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine, “Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer”, 6th ed. (Wiley, 2007).
5. Reaction Kinetics, from http://vallance.chem.ox.ac.uk/
13
APPENDIX
Part A:
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1

= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (49.1 − 48.5)℃
Qhot = 412.9 W

=4 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (29.6 − 32.1)℃
Qcold = -694.1 W
Heat loss rate = Qhot − Qcold 𝑞

Efficiency = │ 𝑞 │ × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 412.9 W – (-694.1 W) 412.9

=│ −694.1 │ × 100
= 1107 W
=59.5%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
14
[(49.1 − 29.6) − (48.5 − 32.1)]
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
49.1 − 29.6
ln [ ]
48.5 − 32.1
= 17.9 ° C
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑄
𝑙𝑚
694.1
= = 775.5 W/m2.K
0.05 (17.9)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 6.0 30.8 29.1 48.1 48.8

= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (48.8 − 48.1)℃
Qhot = 481.7 W

=6 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (29.1 − 30.8)℃
Qcold = -708.0 W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 481.7 W – (-708 W) 481.7

=│ −708.0 │ × 100
= 1189.7W
=68.0%
15
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(48.8 − 29.1) − (48.1 − 30.8)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
48.8 − 29.1
ln [48.1 − 30.8]
= 18.5 ° C
Concentric (Double Pipe) heat Exchanger;-
Exchange area: A = 0.05m² (approx)
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
𝑄
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑙𝑚
708
= = 765.4 W/m2.K
0.05 (18.5)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 8.0 30.2 38.9 47.6 48.8

= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (48.8 − 47.6)℃
Qhot = 825.7 W
16
=8 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (38.9 − 30.2)℃
Qcold = 4831.3 W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 825.7 W – (4831.3 W) 825.7

=│ 4831.3 │ × 100
= -4005.6W
=17.1%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(48.8 − 38.9) − (47.6 − 30.2)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
48.8 − 38.9
ln [47.6 − 30.2]
= 13.3 ° C
𝑙𝑚
4831.3
= = 7265.1 W/m2.K
0.05 (13.3)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 10.0 30.8 29.8 48.5 49.2
17
= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (49.2 − 48.5)℃
Qhot = 481.7W

= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (29.8 − 30.8)℃
Qcold = -694.1 W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 481.7W – (-694.1 W) 481.7

=│ −694.1 │ × 100
= 1175.8W
=69.4%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(49.2 − 29.8) − (48.5 − 30.8)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
49.2 − 29.8
ln [ ]
48.5 − 30.8
= 18.5 ° C
𝑄
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑙𝑚
694.1
= = 748.9 W/m2.K
0.05 (18.5)
18
Part B:
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
2.0 10.0 30.5 30.0 46.6 50.0

=2 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (50.0 − 46.6)℃
Qhot = 467.9 W

= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.0 − 30.5)℃
Qcold = - 347.1W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 467.9 W – (- 347.1W) −347.1

=│ 467.9
│ × 100
= 815 W
=44.1%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
19
[(50.0 − 30.0) − (46.6 − 30.5)]
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
50.0 − 30.0
ln [ ]
46.6 − 30.5
= 18.0 ° C
𝑄
ℎ𝑜𝑡
𝑙𝑚
467.9
= = 519.9 W/m2.K
0.05 (18.0)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
4.0 10.0 30.7 30.0 47.8 49.7
Calculation for the heat transfer and heat loss:
The heat transfer rates for both hot and cold water are both calculated using the heat balance
equation.

=4 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (49.7 − 47.8)℃
Qhot = 523.0 W
= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.0 − 30.7)℃
Qcold = - 485.9W
20
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 523 W – (-485.9 W) −485.9

=│ │ × 100
523
= 1008.9W
=92.9%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(49.7 − 30.0) − (47.8 − 30.7)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
49.7 − 30.0
ln [47.8 − 30.7]
= 18.4° C
𝑙𝑚
523
= = 568.5 W/m2.K
0.05 (18.4)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
6.0 10.0 31.0 30.1 48.0 49.1

=6 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (49.1 − 48.0)℃
Qhot =454.1W
21
= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.1 − 31.0)℃
Qcold = - 624.7W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 454.1 W – (-624.7 W) −624.7)

=│ │ × 100
454.1
= 1078.8W
=137.6%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(49.1 − 30.1) − (48.0 − 31.0]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
49.1 − 30.1
ln [48.0 − 31.0]
= 18.0° C
ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑄
𝑙𝑚
454.1
= = 605.7 W/m2.K
0.05 (18.0)
22
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
8.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 48.0 48.9

=8 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (48.9 − 48.0)℃
Qhot = 495.4 W

= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.1 − 31.1)℃
Qcold = -694.1 W
𝑞
Heat loss rate = Qhot − Qcold Efficiency = × 100
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 495.4 W – (-694.1 W) −694.1

=│ │ × 100
495.4
= 1189.5W
=140.1%
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(48.9 − 30.1) − (48.0 − 31.1)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
48.9 − 30.1
ln [48.0 − 31.1]
= 17.8° C
23
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑄
𝑙𝑚
495.4
= = 556.6 W/m2.K
0.05 (17.8)
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
10.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 47.7 48.5

= 10 × × × 988.18 3 × 4178 × (48.5 − 47.7)℃
Qhot = 550.5W

= 10 × × × 995.67 3 × 4183 × (30.1 − 31.1)℃
Qcold = -694.1 W
𝑞
𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 550.5W – (-694.1 W) −694.1

=│ │ × 100
550.5
= 1244.6W
=126.1%
24
[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
[(48.5 − 30.1) − (47,7 − 31.1)]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
48.5 − 30.1
ln [47,7 − 31.1]
=17.5° C
𝑄
ℎ𝑜𝑡
𝑙𝑚
550.5
= = 629.7 W/m2.K
0.05 (17.5)
25

Lab Concentric

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ABSTRACT

The efficiency for the cold medium is:

ᵑc = (T c,out – Tc,in) / (Th,in – Tc.in) x 100

The efficiency for the hot medium is:

ᵑh = (T h,in – Th,out) / (Th,in – Tc.in) x 100

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (ΔTm) is:

𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚̇𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑒 )

Similarly, for the system involving the hot liquid we have,

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑

Figure 5.1: SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Unit (Model: HE 158C).

The experiment set-up consists of:

1. Set of tube heat exchanger.

GENERAL START UP [3]

1. General start-up is performed.

Part A: Changing flowrate of cold water

10.0 2.0 35.8 30.3 50.1 50.5 97 4

10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1 96 6

10.0 6.0 30.8 29.1 48.1 48.8 99 42

10.0 8.0 30.2 38.9 47.6 48.8 96 93

10.0 10.0 30.8 29.8 48.5 49.2 92 157

Table 7.1: Hot water flow rate is fixed at 10 LPM

Part B: Changing flowrate of hot water

2.0 10.0 30.5 30.0 46.6 50.0 5 153

4.0 10.0 30.7 30.0 47.8 49.7 11 161

6.0 10.0 31.0 30.1 48.0 49.1 19 158

8.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 48.0 48.9 39 159

10.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 47.7 48.5 81 156

Table 7.2: Cold water flow rate is fixed at 10 LPM

TYPICAL CHEMICAL DATA:

Hot Water Cold Water

Density = 988.18kg/m3 Density = 995.67 kg/m3

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4

(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

10.0 2.0 35.8 30.3 50.1 50.5

Calculation for the heat transfer and heat loss:

i. Heat transfer rate for hot water

= 275.2 W – (-763.6 W) 138.83(50.5−50.1)

Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:

[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

[(50.5 − 30.3) − (50.1 − 35.8]

Calculation of the heat transfer coefficients:

Concentric (Double Pipe) heat Exchanger;-

Exchange area: A = 0.05m² (approx)

Overall heat transfer coefficient:

10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1 59.5 17.9 775.5

10.0 6.0 30.8 29.1 48.1 48.8 68.0 18.5 765.4

10.0 8.0 30.2 38.9 47.6 48.8 17.1 13.3 7265.1

10.0 10.0 30.8 29.8 48.5 49.2 69.4 18.5 748.9

4.0 10.0 30.7 30.0 47.8 49.7 92.9 18.4 568.5

6.0 10.0 31.0 30.1 48.0 49.1 137.6 18.0 605.7

8.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 48.0 48.9 140.1 17.8 556.6

10.0 10.0 31.1 30.1 47.7 48.5 126.1 17.5 629.7

5. Reaction Kinetics, from http://vallance.chem.ox.ac.uk/

[Date Accessed: 8 Mei 2017]

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4

(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

10.0 4.0 32.1 29.6 48.5 49.1

i. Heat transfer rate for hot water

ii. Heat transfer rate for cold water

Heat loss rate = Qhot − Qcold 𝑞

= 412.9 W – (-694.1 W) 412.9

Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:

[(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ]

Calculation of the heat transfer coefficients: