The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

How innovation in communications technology is powering

a new phase of online education
 Contents
INTRODUCTION 03

THE DRIVERS OF E-LEARNING 04

THE ROLE OF REAL-TIME COMMUNICATIONS 08

THE TECHNOLOGY POWERING THE REAL TIME REVOLUTION 13

THE USE CASES 16

CONCLUSIONS: THE WAY AHEAD 28

ABOUT TOKBOX 31

SOURCES 32

2 www.tokbox.com Contents // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 Introduction
The pace of change in the education
sector has accelerated in recent years,
and, as with many traditional industries,
technology has been a major force in
driving innovation.
In recent years, developments in
technology have given way to a
plethora of e-Learning services. For
instance, digitization of content, access
to internet and devices have been
leveraged to enable on-demand
learning, where students can access
information, consume content and
watch pre-recorded lectures. This
3 www.tokbox.com
has given way to a wave of passive
learning online.
However, new technologies, such
as real-time communications, are set
to revolutionize the e-Learning land-
scape once more. When implemented
effectively, these technologies have
the potential not just to match but to
surpass the effectiveness of tradition-
al learning methods.
This paper will explore the role and
potential of real-time communications
in revolutionizing e-Learning.
Introduction // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
What is e-Learning?
• Learning management systems
• MOOCs & virtual classrooms
• Online tutoring
• Language learning
• Virtual exam proctoring
• Online seminars or lectures
• Expert knowledge exchange
• Professional training
By 2019, it’s estimated that 50% of
all higher education classes will be
delivered online. 1
 The Drivers of e-Learning
There are a number of drivers behind the demand for e-Learning. While technology is a key
enabler, mass demand and adoption only take place if there is a confluence of a number of factors.

44 www.tokbox.com The Drivers of e-Learning // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 The Four Drivers of E-Learning
There are a number of drivers behind the demand for e-Learning. While technology is a key enabler,
mass demand and adoption only take place if there is a confluence of a number of factors.
New Technologies
E-Learning is being driven by a range of technological
innovations, for example content digitization, reliable
Internet access, HD video, smartphones, and embedded
communications at the touch of a button. These are
enabling a range of new learning methodologies: online
courses, real-time video tutoring, virtual exams and more.
Rising Demand
One of the key factors in the adoption of e-Learning is
the rising global demand for education, for a number of
reasons including: a more challenging and competitive
job market, economic growth in developing nations and
access to the Internet.
For example, ChinaEdu in China has over 311,000 online
students in both degree and non-degree programmes –
the second-largest online student population in the world
after the University of Phoenix Online in the US.
5 www.tokbox.com
New Attitudes
New trends drive new attitudes and mindsets, which in
turn drive new, innovative behaviors. Growing up with
technology has impacted today’s students. Due to more
efficient content distribution, information is available
through more channels than ever. The amount of time
spent online has created higher expectations among
today’s students for interaction, collaboration and visual
stimulation. And as a response to students habituated to
screens and online content, new teaching methods are
now on the rise.
Financial Pressures
In the US, Government funding for universities across 48
states remains below pre-Recession levels 3 and this
situation doesn’t appear likely to change. For students too
it is difficult to fund their education. With rising fees, the
average student loan debt is now approximately $30,000,
negatively impacting both enrollment rates and course
completion levels.
One of the major reasons for students dropping out [is]
financial issues. e-Learning Industry, April 2015
The Drivers of e-Learning // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 The Growth of e-Learning

46% of all US college students are By 2019, 50% of all classes will be 50% of e-Learning takes place in
now taking at least one course delivered online K-12, 38% in Higher Education &
online today 12% in corporate environments

e-Learning has the power to 77% of academic leaders rate e-Learning can help companies
increase information retention rates the learning outcomes in online boost productivity by 50%. Every $1
by up to 60% education as the same or superior spent in e-learning results in $30 of
to those in face-to-face classes. productivity.

6 www.tokbox.com The Drivers of e-Learning // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 The Power of e-Learning
Cost saving
e-Learning offers cost saving opportunities
for academic institutions, allowing them to
scale and distribute their learning resources
to reach a greater number of geographically
dispersed students. The savings e-Learning
provides is an important antidote for a future
of cutbacks. For students who are facing
their own funding challenges, e-Learning can
offer more affordable access to education.
7 www.tokbox.com
Convenience
e-Learning can be more convenient as it
offers students the opportunity to learn
wherever and whenever they want.
Especially in many rural and developing
locations, it is a must-have, providing
educational opportunities for many
people who have not had access to
them previously.
The Drivers of e-Learning // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
Increased productivity
Research suggests that e-Learning can
help companies boost productivity by
50%, with every $1 spent in eLearning
resulting in $30 of productivity. 4
Ultimately, e-Learning is also driving
better results. Academic studies suggest
the use of e-Learning enables students
to retain more knowledge, engage
more in the classroom, and increase
performance.5 It has the power to
increase information retention rates by
up to 60%. 6
 The Role of Real-Time
Communications

88 www.tokbox.com The Role of Real-Time Communications // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 Interactivity
Early e-Learning services focused mainly on the migration
of content onto digital platforms, fostering a ‘passive’
learning approach. This delivered some cost, time and
resource savings, but brought its own problems, such as
lack of engagement.

Successful teaching has always been an interactive

process. The chemistry between teacher and student
is one of the key drivers of retention rates and positive
teaching outcomes. The need for interaction has not
declined with the rise of the Internet. If anything, with such
a growth in available content and information white noise,
and a lowering of attention spans, the role of the teacher is
even more important today.

Despite initial interest in e-Learning services that

Interaction helps improve: instruction, collaboration, sup-
emphasized on-demand, in-your-own-time learning
port, socialization and information exchange.7 Synchronous
anywhere in the world, the use of online courses has
interaction has been shown to raise student satisfaction.8
declined as their hands-off approach resulted in high drop-
Technology such as WebRTC is enabling new active learn-
off rates. One explanation is the rush to transfer learning
ing experiences, real-time interaction between student and
from one medium to another without taking into account
tutor, and between students themselves.
the psychology of learning, the importance of instruction,
interactivity and the role of the teacher-student relationship.
Use of new technologies is reversing this trend. Real- Interactive video has been shown to increase
time communications are revolutionizing e-Learning by students’ attention, engagement, recall abilities
powering true to life, engaging experiences. and satisfaction.

9 www.tokbox.com The Role of Real-Time Communications // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 Contextual e-Learning
As students become comfortable with screen-based and
video learning, educators can experiment more with new
on-screen formats. The most common and most effective
of these is shared screens. This could be two-way interac- There are many options for pulling real-time
tive video, in which teacher and student share a screen as data into your e-Learning. For example, if
they talk. For instance, presentations, screen grabs or other
you are putting together e-Learning courses
video feeds can be included alongside the conversation,
for stockbrokers, … imagine how engaging
creating a rich and interactive learning environment.
and relevant you could make your course
In scientific education in particular, embedding a real time by pulling in a live feed of the day’s trades
live video feed of a real world experience: anything from an from CNN or Yahoo Stock Quotes. Learners
operation to a hurricane - enables the teacher and pupil to in other finance or international business
discuss the experience as it happens.
fields might also benefit from a website that
shows real-time rates of currency conversion
What makes this functionality particularly useful is that
WebRTC makes it possible to maintain context, whether globally and daily market analyses.
that is an interactive whiteboard, a presentation or a Stephanie Ivec
e-Learning Industry
syllabus. It is no longer necessary to switch between siloed
applications, and, instead, features such as video and voice
calls, screen sharing and text chat can now be embedded
into a pre-existing context or workflow.

10 www.tokbox.com The Role of Real-Time Communications // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning


Seamless real-time chats and video
discussions can facilitate peer-to-peer,
and educator-to-student(s) exchanges that
foster social connections, learning support,
feedback or create a space for discussion
of concepts and ideas in a way the
asynchronous communication cannot.11
Online Learning Insights
March 2014
11 www.tokbox.com
Video
There is a correlation between the rapid growth of online video
consumption and habits for video communications. Today’s
young students have grown up with a greater visual and less
text-based culture. Learning from computers as well as books
when they were young has typically improved their pattern
recognition and visual segmentation skills. Video is a natural
medium for them.
It is not just its popularity as a medium that makes video such
a powerful learning tool. Adding visual elements to e-Learning
courses enhances knowledge retention. According to neurosci-
entific research, participants in studies only remember approxi-
mately 10% of information presented orally when they’re tested
72 hours after instruction. However, that number jumps by about
65% when an image/video is added to the learning process. 10
Video is clearly a powerful medium, whether viewed in real time
or on demand. However, the use of synchronous, real-time,
embedded video offers by far the most exciting opportunities.
It combines many of the benefits of face-to-face interaction
(engagement & knowledge retention) and distance learning
(reduction of geographical barriers).
The Role of Real-Time Communications // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Blended learning
Recent approaches suggest that a combination of
methodologies, ‘blended learning’, works best. Combining
the MOOC approach with interactive, real-time video
learning increases engagement rates, and subsequent
course completion rates.

Technology is transforming the way children and young

people play, access information, communicate with each
other and learn – and yet so far it has largely failed to
transform most schools or universities or most teaching
and learning in many classrooms and lecture halls.
[The only places it is doing so is] through some form of
blended learning - where teachers, students and data
work together to create an active learning environment.
John Fallon
CEO, Pearson 12

Blended learning methods incorporate video as well

as text, informal and social learning as well as formal
teaching. They use traditional, online and mobile
channels. They vary the pace and intensity between real
time and on-demand content.

12 www.tokbox.com The Role of Real-Time Communications // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 The Technology Powering the
Real-Time Revolution
This perfect storm of increased need, new attitudes and financial pressures has created an
unprecedented demand for affordable and convenient education. As with other industries,
the shift to online and mobile has created new models of service delivery that can, for the first
time, fulfil this demand.
However, legacy online tools simply can’t deliver an optimal online education experience, so
new technologies have emerged, most notably WebRTC.

13
13 www.tokbox.com The Technology Powering the Real-Time Revolution // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 What is WebRTC?
WebRTC is a standard that allows any developer to seamlessly integrate high-quality live video,
voice, and messaging directly into any website or application. No downloads or plug-ins are re-
quired of the end users, they just need a WebRTC compatible browser. With high quality video
& voice and fast connection times, more natural and effortless conversations are enabled.

Standard WebRTC, without modifications, delivers high quality peer-to-peer audio/video

conversations between two browsers. However, for most effective education services more
than the standard version is required, whether that’s adding the ability to have more than two
participants in a classroom, or recording and archiving lessons, supporting use on mobile
devices, or the ability to control and manage service quality across the user-base on any
device in any network conditions.

For those ‘real world’ services, companies need a platform that amplifies all the benefits and
power of WebRTC, while retaining all the simplicity and ease of use.

14
14 www.tokbox.com The Technology Powering the Real-Time Revolution // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 What is OpenTok?
OpenTok is a global cloud platform that leverages WebRTC and adds all the sophistication and
management capability to develop and manage enterprise-grade applications that incorporate
voice, video and messaging.

Used by companies across the world, including Cambly, Chegg, Minerva project, Proctor Exam,
Crowdcast (amongst thousands of others), OpenTok is a scalable, customizable platform that
gives users the creative freedom to develop any type of interaction, from tutoring to virtual
classrooms of any size.

15
15 www.tokbox.com The Technology Powering the Real-Time Revolution // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 The Use Cases

16
16 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Online Tutoring
Real-time communications allow students to connect
instantly for face to face tutorials, no matter where
they are. In these sessions, participants have
the ability to share documents in real time and
collaborate with an online whiteboard. The use of
embedded synchronous video means that, for the
first time, online learning can deliver seamless real-
time interactions, feedback, learning support and
genuine social connections.

17
17 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Chegg Tutors
Chegg Tutors offers an e-Learning platform that connects students with expert tutors for assistance on a range
of topics from exponential equations to ancient history. They offer an engine that manages the whole process,
including finding a tutor, scheduling a lesson, the online classroom session, recording and billing. Tutoring
sessions are powered by live video and voice but also include text chat, file sharing and an online whiteboard.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? While there are many platforms that offer live
e-Learning platforms have traditionally video conferencing, these tools traditionally
offered students static content - whether do so within a silo. Instead of forcing their
it’s a recorded lecture or shared class users to navigate away from the lesson
notes. Chegg created a platform that’s content, Chegg has embedded video, audio
interactive and engaging. Students have and text chat powered by OpenTok directly
access to subject matter experts no mat- into their collaboration tools (file sharing,
ter where they are, as if they were in the screen sharing and an interactive whiteboard).
same room. In turn, tutors can offer their Sessions can be recorded so that students
services to a wider range of students. can playback the lesson at a later date, or
even for support records.

Impact
Online tutoring is not only more affordable than traditional face-to-face tutoring, it also gives students access to a broader skillset
through a vast network of possible tutors. Students have the flexibility to arrange lessons at convenient times without the need to
travel. By leveraging WebRTC, powered by OpenTok, Chegg Tutors offers a complete and interactive tutoring experience.
18 www.tokbox.com
 Cambly is an on-demand language marketplace helping people from around the world learn English. The
Cambly app connects students with native speakers where they can practice English together via live video
chat from their mobile device or computer. Cambly’s network of native speakers customize lessons to suit
individual learning goals, whether it’s for professional advancement, travel or self development.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? Along with superior connection quality
There’s no better way to learn a language and seamless integration, a key reason the
than from native speakers - so Cambly founders chose OpenTok to power Cambly as
knew it had to emulate this experience. By it allows them to record every learning session
embedding live video, Cambly transports so students can capture and playback their
students to an English speaker’s world, conversations at any time to really hone in and
recreating the experience of naturally refine their fluency.
engaging, all with a few taps of their
device. When conversing in any language,
body language and nonverbal cues add
a deeper level of understanding, and
live video brings this richness to learning
English on the Cambly platform.

Impact
There are many exciting language apps in the market, however Cambly’s use of live video takes language learning to a new level,
enabling real-world rich engagement with native speakers. With OpenTok powered live video that can be recorded and archived,
Cambly builds an experience that is enduring where the learning doesn’t end when the conversation does.
19 www.tokbox.com
 Virtual Classrooms
Leveraging real-time communication technologies
to build interactive online classrooms, educators
can extend their reach and students have the
opportunity to attend classes remotely and
collaborate with their peers wherever and whenever
they need. Enhanced and collaborative features like
audio detection, screen sharing, and whiteboard
capabilities, ensure that everyone stays connected.

20
20 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Minerva is a leading and progressive university offering innovative learning paths for its students. At Minerva,
all classes are taught as small discussion-based seminars, with no more than 19 students, using its Active
Learning Forum™ technology platform which enables educators to conduct each class via live video.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? Where e-learning platforms have traditionally
When building its education offering, Miner- relied on third party applications to power
va knew it needed to cater for new learning live video, Minerva knew it needed to create
patterns and individualized paths and the a learning experience that was seamless for
technologies that support them. Live video its students. With OpenTok, Minerva was able
was an essential element of its learning to embed live video directly into the learning
platform to enable students and teachers platform creating a learning experience
from around the world to interact and col- where students and teachers can connect
laborate face to face, whether in the class- and interact in all new creative ways including
room, in a coffee shop or on the couch. collaborative breakout clusters, real-time
simulations, enhanced debates, as well as
more traditional tutorials.

Impact
Live video is revolutionizing education, opening up new learning pathways for students not possible in a traditional classroom setting.
By using OpenTok powered video to embed live video directly within its learning platform, Minerva creates engaging and alternative
learning experiences from flexible hours to group collaboration. For students, embedded, in-context live video improves engagement
and enhances learning.
21 www.tokbox.com
 Exam Proctoring
Distance learning enables convenient and more
affordable education but often these benefits are
negated by the necessity of physical attendance at
exams. New services, powered by real-time video,
connect students with remote proctors so that
they can sit a controlled and regulated exam from
wherever they are.

22
22 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 ProctorExam is a suite of web and mobile apps that allow students to take online monitored exams remotely.
Through the ProctorExam platform, students have access to screen sharing, session recording and exam
monitoring for academic integrity.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? By implementing TokBox’s secure live
Millions of students are now taking video into its existing app, ProctorExam is
online courses and quality education is able to deliver an online exam experience
becoming more accessible to people that recreates sitting a test within a
across the globe. However, a crucial classroom. Using live video that can show
element to any learning experience is a number of different angles around the
exams. ProctorExam needed to provide a exam space as well as screen sharing,
service whereby a human proctor verifies ensures students are monitored.
each test taker’s identity and monitors the
device camera, microphone, and screen
to ensure nobody receives outside help.

Impact
ProctorExam offers students a seamless exam experience with live video embedded directly within existing online learning tools,
on any device and on any browser. As well as offering cost effective online examinations at scale, ProctorExam also gives students
flexibility to be examined in any location - but with the same standards and integrity as being in a classroom.
23 www.tokbox.com
 Online Collaboration
Online collaboration is increasingly adopted by
today’s learners. 66% of business organizations have
already adopted social learning techniques, such as
discussion forums, blogs, instant messaging, video
channels, and other collaboration tools. 13

Asynchronous informal sources such as YouTube play

host to a huge range of ‘how to’ videos, from simple
to professional but synchronous, shared screen video
services offer the biggest opportunities.

24
24 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Crowdcast is on a mission to change webinars from being the clunky, frustrating experience of old to being
a seamless, delightful way to teach and connect online. Combining a UX that customers love with powerful
live video, the Crowdcast platform allows anyone to set up and run professional, high quality webinars, Q&A
sessions, live courses and summits with a few easy steps and no downloads.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? Using OpenTok’s Interactive Broadcast API,
Crowdcast believes that live video can Crowdcast is able to provide a webinar service
be used to connect people in more that reaches a wide range of endpoints and
deep and meaningful ways and that large audience numbers. By using the RTMP
shared learning is essential for progress, connection for Facebook and YouTube live
they set out to create a new kind of streaming, they can reach a wider audience on
webinar platform which would empower social networking platforms. TokBox’s mobile
individuals, businesses, teachers and SDKs also allowed Crowdcast to create native
activists to discuss, teach and even sell. mobile apps to connect to the live video events
in a seamless, easy way from wherever they are.
Finally, the archiving feature allows webinars to
be recorded in a format that’s instantly available
and easy for post-production, so the content
created on the platform is highly versatile.

Impact
By using TokBox’s live video platform, Crowdcast has created a webinar platform like no other.
Hosts can create an event with a few clicks, and in no time at all can be broadcasting and interacting in real-time to thousands of
people in their audience, as well as reaching millions of new viewers via the RTMP integration. Participants don’t need to download
any software and can jump on screen to be part of the conversation at any time, whether from the web browser or their mobile.
25 www.tokbox.com
 Expert Knowledge
Real-time video technologies can help students con-
nect and collaborate synchronously with tutors, re-
searchers and peers from different campuses or even
countries. Leveraging these technologues, geographi-
cal barriers are broken down enabling access to more
and a greater variety of information and input.

26
26 www.tokbox.com The Use Cases // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 HackHands is an online service for mentorship, problem solving and pair programming that instantly connects
developers with a network of experts at the click of a button. Users can get on-demand development advice
or hands-on technical help on the topics they want, right when they need it through real-time audio and video,
a bi-directional code editor and screen-sharing to create truly collaborative experiences.

Why Real-Time Why OpenTok?

Communications? The HackHands founders chose the
There are plenty of ways to learn how OpenTok platform because it enabled
to program online but these tools either them to embed this human element
provide asynchronous help or static, directly into the code collaboration
recorded content to facilitate learning. experience they developed. In addition,
HackHands realized there is nothing they wanted a platform that would scale
like on-demand help from a real person with them as they grew.
who can answer your questions and
review your code in real-time and that
this could be possible with real-time
communications.

Impact
With HackHands, developers across a range of experience levels can save valuable time, expand their knowledge and connect with
a community of developers in ways that weren’t previously possible. In July 2015, HackHands was acquired by PluralSight to pair their
on-demand coding support with the most comprehensive developer training library out there.
27 www.tokbox.com
 Conclusions:
The Way Ahead

28
28 www.tokbox.com Conclusions: The Way Ahead // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 We are on the verge of a new educational age
The first wave of e-Learning impacted education. But
the second wave – active real-time e-Learning using
technologies like WebRTC – is set to revolutionize it.
The first push of online education moved resources online,
freeing up providers and making education available to
anyone, anywhere in the world, all with the click of a mouse.
However, effective online education is about more than
digitizing learning materials. The fundamentals of education
including collaboration, communication and interaction are,
and always will be, integral to the learning experience.
Now, thanks to advances in technology, active e-Learning
is enabling more effective online education. Both content
and the essential human elements of teaching and learning
can all be experienced in the same place from a computer
or mobile device anywhere in the world. Innovative
companies are creating entirely new learning platforms that
draw on content, but most importantly enable rich, real-
time and contextual communication, enhancing both the
learning experience and outcomes.
29 www.tokbox.com
Web-based real time communication (WebRTC) is a
powerful example of such an enabling technology.
This technology, and the platforms built on top of it, are
ushering in the new era of education, bringing a balance
between on-demand learning and real-time participation.
Communication technology providers, such as TokBox
and the OpenTok platform, not only enable real-time
communication, but can be seamlessly embedded into
the learning experience, maintaining the context that is
so crucial for effective learning. OpenTok doesn’t require
plug-ins, downloads or registration, lowering barriers to
widespread adoption and making it easy for academic
institutions and education service providers to create
learning products with interactivity at their core for higher
participation and improved results.
Conclusions: The Way Ahead // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 Key Takeaways
• e-Learning is the future of education - by 2019 it is predicted that 50% of all classes will be
delivered online.

• The demand for interactive e-Learning continues to increase at an unprecedented rate and
needs an innovative solution.

• WebRTC is the ideal answer, enabling cost-effective and engaging educational

experiences at scale.

• Platforms such as OpenTok are transforming e-Learning, by combining new ways of learning
online with the human element of teaching.

• The benefits of leveraging new technologies will be huge – saving money, promoting
inclusivity and boosting productivity.

The global market for education is bigger than ever, and is constantly expanding. Technologies
such as WebRTC and OpenTok are breaking down the barriers to education, bringing the
interactivity of a classroom to every smartphone or computer.

30
30 www.tokbox.com Conclusions: The Way Ahead // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning
 About Tokbox
TokBox, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Telefónica, develops
and operates OpenTok, a global cloud platform for
embedding real-time communications.
The scalable, customizable platform gives users the
creative freedom to develop any interaction, from one-to-
one chats to large-scale broadcasts.
Where e-learning platforms have traditionally relied on
third party applications, OpenTok allows companies to
harness WebRTC to directly embed live video, voice,
messaging and screen sharing into web and mobile
applications. This creates a seamless learning experience
where students and teachers can connect and collaborate
in the context of their learning space.
TokBox is trusted by leading educational organizations like
ProctorExam, Crowdcast, Chegg, Minerva Project, Univer-
sity of Washington, and more to provide reliable, scalable,
and secure real-time communications experiences. With
zero infrastructure setup required, simple documentation
and development tools, integration is quick and easy.

Contact Us
Headquarters Offices in
Benefits Of Using TokBox
501 2nd Street San Francisco bizdev@tokbox.com • Fosters collaboration and interaction, increasing engagement in
Suite 310 Sydney facebook.com/tokbox and out of the classroom
San Francisco, CA New York twitter.com/tokbox
• Increases accessibility and reach
94107 Barcelona • Makes learning more affordable and cost effective
linkedin.com/company/
London tokbox • Easily integrates with existing workflows and e-learning platforms

31 www.tokbox.com About TokBox // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning

 Sources
1 8
Ambient Insight, ‘2012-2017 Worldwide Mobile Learning Cao, Griffin, and Bai, ‘The Importance of Synchronous
Market’, December 2013 Interaction for Student Satisfaction’, 2009

2 9
Ambient Insight, ‘2012-2017 Worldwide Mobile Learning M. Jayne Brady, ‘Using Interactive Video in the Distance
Market’, December 2013 Education Classroom’, February 2006

3 10
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 2014 John Medina, ‘Brain Rules’, Pear Press 2008

4 11
IBM, ‘The Value of Training’, April 2014 Online Learning Insights, March 2014

5 12
Getting Smart, March 2014 Microsoft Global Learning Forum, March 2014

6 13
Colvin Clark, Nguyen & Sweller. ‘Efficiency in Learning’, Human Capital Media (HCM) Advisory Group, ‘A Pulse on Social
2006; Mayer & Moreno, ‘Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Learning’, December 2014
Load’, 2003

7
Martin & Parker, ‘Use of Synchronous Virtual Classrooms’,
June 2014

32 www.tokbox.com Sources // The Real-Time Revolution in e-Learning