R.

Anderson
INPUT/STORAGE/OUTPUT
Computer Organisation

Input

Processing

Storage

Output

Von Neumann Model

Microprocessor Architecture
Input Methods
• Ergonomic Keyboards • Joysticks
– RSI
• Bar Codes /
• Touch Screen
Readers
• Light Pen
• Mouse • OCR Scanners
• Track Ball • Mark Sense
• Pen Input Readers
– Stylus (PDA) • Key-to-Store
– Graphics Tablet
• Key-to-Disk
• Key-to-Tape

Key-to-disk system

System that enables large amounts of data to be entered
at a keyboard and transferred directly onto computer-
readable disks or tapes.

Key-to-tape

Typeof key entry that stores data on a magnetic tape.
Key-to-tape entry requires less expensive hardware than
key-to-disk entry and is ideally suited to situations where
the data does not have to be accessed often or quickly.

Tape storage is more prone than disk storage to data loss
because of physical damage to the tape.
Input Methods II
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
• Electronic Funds Transfer
– Cash Terminals, Automated Teller Machines, automatic cash
dispenser machines
– Smart Cards
– A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any
pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can
process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed
— by way of the ICC applications — and delivered as an output.
• Video Input
– Video Communication
• Videophone
– Digital Camera
Input Methods III

The Digital Camera

Speech Input

Dragon Systems

Visually Impaired

Sound Input

Studio Recording

Sound effects (Theatres)

MIDI – Musical Instrument Digital Interface

Input Methods IV

Virtual Reality Input

Data Glove

Smells
Storage Methods
 Main Memory [RAM]
 Matrix of Cells
 Word (2 bytes)
 Access Time
 Speed of retrieval and transfer to bus
 Dynamic vs. Static
 DYNAMIC: stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information
eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically.
 STATIC: does not need to be periodically refreshed, as SRAM uses
bistable latching circuitry to store each bit

 Memory Volatility
Storage Methods II

Cache Memory

Static RAM

Buffers
Storage Methods III
• Direct vs. Sequential Access
• Formatting Disk
– File Allocations Tables
– File Systems
• Hard Disks
– Data Arrangement
• Tracks, Sectors, Clusters, Cylinders
– Partitioning
– Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
– Integrated Device Electronics
– (EIDE)
Hard Disk

Disk Array Systems (RAID)

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Hard Disk Speed Comparison Chart [255]

Storage Methods IV

Optical Drives

CDROM, DVD

CDI

PhotoCD

CD-ROM-XA

Optical Disks Comparison Chart [258]

Storage Methods V

Worms

Serial / sequential Access

Magnetic Tape

Digital Linear Tape

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code)

IBM Mainframe

ASCII

PC based systems
Output Methods

Monitors

Analogue Colour

Colour Graphics

Graphic Cards

VGA

SVGA

DVI

Character Graphics & Vector Graphics

Output Methods II

LCD Displays

Light Emitting Plastic Displays

Projection

TV Output

Printers
Sound Output

Sound Cards

WAV Files

MP3

MIDI