EENG587 Lecture1 1

SOE - CCE
EENG587
Wireless Communication
Lecture 1
Course Introduction
Overview of Wireless Communications
Dr. Abdel-Mehsen Ahmad
EENG587 - Wireless Communication 1

SOE - CCE
Outline
• Course Introduction
• Wireless History
• The Wireless Vision
• Current Wireless Systems
• Emerging Wireless Systems
• Spectrum Regulation and Standards
• Technical Challenges

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Topics covered
C
• Applications and requirements of current wireless o
communications. u
r
• Path loss, shadowing, noise, interference and link budget. s
e
• Statistical multipath channel models.
I
• Capacity of wireless channels. n
t
• Principle of diversity techniques at the receiver and r
transmitter. o
d
• Multiple antennas MIMO and space-time coding. u
c
• Multicarrier modulation and Orthogonal Frequency Division t
Multiplexing. i
o
• Spread spectrum and multiple access systems. n
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Materials
C
o
• Textbook: u
r
– Andrea GoldSmith, "Wireless Communications" Cambridge s
University Press, 2005. e
I
n
• References: t
r
– Andres Molisch, "Wireless communications", 2nd Edition, o
John Wiley and Sons, 2011. d
u
– T. S. Rappaport "Wireless Communications", 2nd Edition, c
Prentice Hall, 2001. t
i
o
n
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Marking Profile
C
Evaluation Date Time Room Weight Chapters Covered o
u
Quizzes 15% All chapters r
s
e
Midterm TBA 2 hours TBA 35% Chapters 1, 2, 3
I
Assignments 10% All chapters n
t
r
Final TBA 3 hours 40% All chapters
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
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Outline

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What is a Radio System?
• From Dictionary
– Radio: W
i
1 : relating to, or operated by radiant energy
r
2: relating to electric currents or phenomena (as electromagnetic e
radiation) of frequencies between 15 kHz and 100 GHz l
– System: e
1 : a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a s
unified whole s
• ”Radio systems” can be used for many purposes, e.g. H

i
– Detection and ranging (Radar) s
– Astronomical observation (Radio telescope) t
– Heating food (Microwave oven) o
r
– Navigation (GPS, etc.) y
– Communication (Cellular telephony, etc.)

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Wireless History
• Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, … W
• Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi i
r
• Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed e
during and after WW2 l
e
• Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with s
almost 6 billion users worldwide today s
– Ignited the wireless revolution
H
– Voice, data, and multimedia ubiquitous i
– Use in third world countries growing rapidly s
t
• WiFi also enjoying tremendous success and growth o
• Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and short-range systems r
y
other than Bluetooth (e.g. UWB) less successful

SOE - CCE
Wireless System
• What do we want to achieve with our system? W
i
– This gives us design constraints (system requirements) r
e
l
• What frequency band should we use? e
s
– Properties of the radio channel changes with frequency s
– Radio spectrum is firmly regulated
H
i
• Which technology should we use? s
t
– Not all technologies can perform the task o
r
– Cost is important (design, production, deployment, etc.) y

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A rough breakdown into areas
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
H
i
s
t
o
r
y

SOE - CCE
Outline

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Wireless Communications
T
• Various wireless applications: h
– Voice, Internet access, Web browsing, paging and short messaging, e
subscriber information services, file transfer, video teleconferencing,
entertainment, sensing and distributed control W
i
• Different wireless systems: r
– Cellular telephone systems, wireless LANs, wide area wireless data e
systems, satellite systems and ad-hoc wireless networks l
e
• Diverse coverage regions: s
s
– Indoor, outdoor, building, campus, city, regional and global
• Different wireless products, standards and services proposed: V
i
– Due to different requirements for each application s
• Voice systems: low data-rate requirements, can tolerate a fairly high i
probability of bit error, but the total delay must be less than about 100 ms o
• Data systems: higher data rates, very small bit error rates, no fixed delay n
requirement
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Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices T
h
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
• Next-generation Cellular
• Wireless Internet Access V
• Wireless Multimedia i
• Sensor Networks s
• Smart Homes/Spaces i
• Automated Highways o
• In-Body Networks n
All this and more …
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Outline

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Current Wireless Systems u
r
r
e
n
t
• Cellular Systems
W
i
• Wireless LANs r
e
l
• Satellite Systems e
s
s
• Zigbee radios
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
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Cellular Phones u
r
r
Everything
Burden wireless
for this in one device
performance is on the backbone network e
San Francisco n
t
BS W
BS
i
r
LTE backbone is the Internet e
Internet l
Paris
Nth-Gen Nth-Gen e
Cellular Phone Cellular
System s
s
BS
S
y
s
Much better performance and reliability than today t
- Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage indoors and out e
m
s
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Cellular Systems u
r
Reuse channels to maximize capacity r
e
• Geographic region divided into cells n
• Frequency/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations t
• Co-channel interference between same color cells (reuse 1 common now) W
• Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions i
• Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden r
e
l
e
s
BASE
STATION s
MTSO
S
y
Mobile Telephone s
Switching Office t
e
m
s
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WiFi Networks u
r
Multimedia Everywhere, Without Wires r
e
n
t
W
802.11n++ i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
• Streaming video y
• Gbps data rates s
• High reliability Wireless HDTV t
• Coverage in every room and Gaming e
m
s
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u
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) r
r
e
n
01011011 0101 1011
t
Internet
Access W
Point i
r
e
l
e
s
• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range) s
– Break data into packets
S
– Channel access is shared (random access) y
s
• Backbone Internet provides best-effort service t
– Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video) e
m
s
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Wireless LAN Standards u
r
r
• 802.11b (Old – 1990s) e
– Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) n
– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) t
Many
– Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range WLAN
W
cards
i
• 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) have
all 3
r
– Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz e
(a/b/g)
– OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes l
e
– Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range s
s
• 802.11n
S
– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
y
– Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) s
– Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range t
– Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc. e
m
s
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Satellite Systems u
r
r
e
n
t
W
i
• Cover very large areas r
e
• Different orbit heights l
– GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km) e
s
• Optimized for one-way transmission s
– Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts
– Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt S
• Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing y
s
– Satellite signals used to pinpoint location t
– Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices e
m
s
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IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Radios u
r
r
• Low-Rate WPAN e
n
• Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps t
• Support for large mesh networking
W
or star clusters i
• Support for low latency devices r
e
• CSMA-CA channel access l
• Very low power consumption e
s
• Frequency of operation in ISM s
bands
S
• Used for Home Automation y
applications s
t
Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks e
m
s
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Tradeoffs u
r
r
802.11n e
Rate n
3G t
W
i
802.11g/a r
e
Power l
802.11b e
s
UWB s
S
Bluetooth y
s
ZigBee
t
e
Range m
s
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Outline

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4G/LTE Cellular E
m
e
• Much higher data rates than 3G (50-100 Mbps) r
g
– 3G systems has 384 Kbps peak rates i
n
• Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz) g
– Through MIMO, adaptive techniques, “ICIC” W

i
• Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum r
e
l
– 20 MHz spectrum allocation common e
s
• Low packet latency (<5ms) s
• Reduced cost-per-bit S
y
• Support for multimedia s
t
• All IP network e
m
s
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Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks E
m
e
r
g
Outdoor Mesh i
n
g
W
i
Indoor Mesh r
e
l
e
s
s
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
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Design Issues E
m
e
r
• Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network g
i
infrastructure for many emerging applications n
g
• The capacity of such networks is generally unknown W

i
r
• Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad-hoc e
l
networks are generally ad-hoc e
s
s
• Crosslayer design critical and very challenging
S
y
• Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs s
t
for communication and networking e
m
s
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Wireless Sensor Networks E
m
e
Data Collection and Distributed Control
r
g
• Smart homes/buildings i
• Smart structures n
• Search and rescue g
• Homeland security
W
• Event detection i
• Battlefield surveillance r
e
l
e
s
s
S
 Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint y
 Data flows to centralized location (joint compression) s
t
 Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes e
 Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices m
s
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Energy-Constrained Nodes E
m
e
r
• Each node can only send a finite number of bits g
– Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time i
n
– Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time g
– Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit
W
i
• Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and r
processing energy e
l
– Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient e
– Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking s
s
• Changes everything about the network design: S

– Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols y
s
– Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs t
– Optimization of node cooperation e
m
s
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Distributed Control over Wireless E
m
e
Automated Vehicles r
g
- Cars i
- Airplanes/UAVs n
- Insect flyers g
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
Interdisciplinary design approach S
• Control requires fast, accurate, and reliable feedback y
• Wireless networks introduce delay and loss s
t
• Need reliable networks and robust controllers
e
• Mostly open problems: design, cost …. m
s
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The Smart Grid E
m
e
Fusion of Sensing, Control, Communications r
g
i
n
g
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
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Other Applications E
m
Health, Biomedicine and Neuroscience e
r
Neuro/Bioscience g
- EKG signal i
reception/modeling n
Body-Area g
Networks - Brain information theory
- Nerve network W
(re)configuration i
- Implants to r
monitor/generate signals e
Doctor-on-a-chip -In-brain sensor networks l
e
s
s
S
Wireless Recovery from y
Network
Nerve Damage s
t
e
m
s
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Outline

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Spectrum Allocation S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
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S
Spectrum Assignment p
e
c
• <100 MHz: CB radio, pagers, and analogue cordless phones. t
• 100-800 MHz: broadcast (radio and TV) r
u
• 400-500 MHz: cellular and trunking radio systems m
• 800-1000 MHz: cellular systems (analogue and second-generation a

digital); emergency communications n
d
• 1.8-2.0 GHz: main frequency band for cellular and cordless
• 2.4-2.5 GHz: cordless phones, wireless LANs and wireless PANs St
(personal area networks); other devices, e.g., microwave ovens. a
n
• 3.3-3.8 GHz: fixed wireless access systems
d
• 4.8-5.8 GHz: wireless LANs a
r
• 11-15 GHz: satellite TV d
s
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S
Spectrum Allocation in Lebanon p
e
c
t
r
u
m
a
n
d
S
t
a
http://www.tra.gov.lb/ n
d
a
r
d
s
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Scarce Wireless Spectrum S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
$$$ a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
Rare and Expensive d
s
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S
Frequency Reuse p
e
c
• Available spectrum is limited t
r
• The same frequency (range) has to be used at many u
different locations m
• Regulated spectrum: a
n
– a single operator owns the spectrum, and can determine d
where to put TXs
– cell planning so that interference adheres to certain limits S
t
• Unregulated spectrum: a
n
– Often only one type of service allowed, d
– Nobody can control location of interferers a
r
– Power of interferers is limited by regulations d
s
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S
Spectral Reuse p
e
c
t
In licensed bands and unlicensed bands r
u
m
BS a
n
d
S
t
a
Cellular, WiMax Wifi, UWB,… n
d
a
r
Reuse introduces interference d
s
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S
Standards p
e
c
• Interacting systems require standardization t
r
• Companies want their systems adopted as standard u
m
– Alternatively try for de-facto standards
a
n
• Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US d
– IEEE standards often adopted
S
– Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts t
a
• Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T n
d
– In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE a
r
d
s
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S
Cellular Standards p
e
c
t
r
u
m
a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G r
d
s
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Outline

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Network and Device Challenges

T
e
• Network Challenges c
– Scarce spectrum BT
FM/XM
h
n
– Demanding/diverse applications i
GPS
– Reliability Cellular c
a
– Ubiquitous coverage DVB-H l
– Seamless indoor/outdoor operation
Apps C
WLAN
Processor h
• Device Challenges a
Media WiMax l
– Size, Power, Cost Processor l
– Multiple Antennas in Silicon e
n
– Multiradio Integration g
– Coexistance e
s
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Software-Defined (SD) Radio

T
Is this the solution to the device challenges? e
c
h
BT A/D n
FM/XM
GPS
i
Cellular
A/D c
DVB-H a
Apps DSP l
Processor WLAN A/D
Media C
WiMax
Processor A/D h
a
l
 Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals l
e
 DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW n
g
Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient e
s
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More Challenges T
e
c
• Multipath propagation h
n
i
c
• Multiple access a
l
C
• User mobility h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Multipath Propagation T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Small-scale Fading T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Large-scale Fading T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Consequences of Fading T
e
c
• Error probability is dominated by probability of being in a h
fading dip n
i
• Error probability decreases only linearly with increasing SNR c
a
l
• Fighting the effects of fading becomes essential for wireless
transceiver design C
h
• Deterministic modeling of channel at each point very difficult a
l
l
• Statistical modeling of propagation and system behavior e
n
g
e
s
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InterSymbol Interference (1) T

e
• Channel impulse response is delay-dispersive c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
Multipath components with Channel impulse response g
different runtimes e
s
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InterSymbol Interference (2) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Duplexing and Multiple Access T

e
c
• Within each frequency band, multiple users need to h
communicate with one BS (multiple access) n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
• Cellphones have to be able to transmit and receive e
n
voice communications (duplexing) g
e
s
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Frequency-division Duplex (FDD) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Time-division Duplex (TDD) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Freq.-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) T

e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
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User Mobility T
e
c
• User can change position h
n
i
• Mobility within one cell (i.e., maintaining a link to a c
a
certain BS): mostly effect on propagation channel l
(fading)
C
h
• Mobility from cell to cell: handover without a
l
interrupting the call l
e
n
g
e
s
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Main Points
T
e
• The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems and c
applications h
n
• Technical challenges transcend across all layers of the system i
design c
a
l
• Cross-layer design emerging as a key theme in wireless
C
• Existing and emerging systems provide excellent quality for h
a
certain applications but poor interoperability l
l
• Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the evolution e
of wireless technology n
g
e
s

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SOE - CCE

Dr. Abdel-Mehsen Ahmad

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 1

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 2

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 6

• ”Radio systems” can be used for many purposes, e.g. H

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 7

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 8

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 9

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 10

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 11

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 14

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 24

– Through MIMO, adaptive techniques, “ICIC” W

• The capacity of such networks is generally unknown W

• Changes everything about the network design: S

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 33

• 800-1000 MHz: cellular systems (analogue and second-generation a

EENG587 - Wireless Communication 42

Network and Device Challenges

Software-Defined (SD) Radio

InterSymbol Interference (1) T

InterSymbol Interference (2) T

Duplexing and Multiple Access T

Frequency-division Duplex (FDD) T

Time-division Duplex (TDD) T

Freq.-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) T

Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) T

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) T

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