Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BACKGROUND
A. Background
We already know that the atom consists of a nucleus of an atom and the
electrons circulating around it. Ordinary chemical reactions (such as combustion
reaction and salting), only involves a change in the atomic shell, especially
electrons in the outer shell, while the atomic nucleus unchanged. Reactions
relating to changes in the nucleus called a nuclear reaction or a nuclear reaction
(nucleus = core). No nuclear reactions that occur spontaneously or artificial.
Spontaneous nuclear reaction occurs in the nucleus of an unstable atom.
Substances containing an unstable nucleus is called a radioactive substance. The
nuclear reaction can not spontaneously occur in a stable core and the core is not
stable. Energy nuclear reactions accompanied by changes in the form of radiation
and heat.
Various types of nuclear reactions accompanied by the release of heat is
very powerful, larger and ordinary chemical reactions. It turns out, many elements
are naturally radioactive. All isotopes of atomic numbers above 83 are radioactive.
Element atomic number 83 or less have a stable isotope of technetium and
promesium exception. Radioactive isotopes are called radioactive isotopes or
radioisotopes, isotopes that are not radiaktif called stable isotopes. Today,
radioisotopes may also be made of stable isotopes. So in addition to natural
radioisotopes are also no artificial radioisotopes. The use of radioisotope
techniques today has expanded in various fields, such as chemistry, medicine,
animal husbandry and agriculture, steel industry, the food industry, the field of
hydrology and sedimentology field. These applications are intended for human
welfare in various fields.
Radioisotopes are commonly used in various fields of human needs such
as health, agriculture, hydrology and industry, especially in chemical midwife
who comes to the analysis of a sample, tracer techniques and the like are very
helpful in the study. In general, there is no radioisotope in nature because most of
its half-life is relatively short. Radioisotopes created within a nuclear reactor that
has a density (flux) high neutron by reaction between certain atomic nuclei with
neutrons. In addition, radioisotopes may also be produced using the accelerator
through the reaction between certain atomic nuclei with a particle, such as alpha,
neutrons, protons or other particles. Therefore, the existence of this paper is to
determine the usefulness of radioisotopes in chemistry both in terms of
application and specifications.
B. Problem
A. Definition of Radioisotopes
1. Tracer technique
b. Measurement tracer
Radioisotope tracer can be detected based on the nature of decay, which is
a type of radiation emitted and energy as well as time paronya. When a small
amount of radioisotope used and the length of time it takes half a statistically
significant measurement technique dibutuhkanuntuk as stable isotopes. On the use
radioisotoptersebut is necessary to note these things:
• Application of the electrical circuit to ionize the sample, thus atomatom and
molecules can be distinguished by a mass ratio charge (m / z values), so that the
tracer can be determined based on the mass of the core. As an example; tracer
contained in the sample can be determined by measuring the intensity of the
current according to the tracer ion using a detector such as Faraday cups,
secondary electron multipliers and so on.
The use of isotopes in the analysis used to determine trace elements in the
sample. Analysis with radioisotopes or called radiometric can be done in two
ways, as follows:
Compared with the target nuclides, radionuclides nuclear reaction products (n, γ)
does not change the number of protons, but the number of neutrons increased by
one. Thus the product radionuclides are radioactive isotopes of the elements of the
target. Furthermore, A * decay and emit γ radiation or a particle or particles or
particles ~ + ~ - or a combination of ke'empatnya. Oalam relation to APN, γ
radiation accompanying the decay is called γ radiation -tunda (delayed- γ).
Nuclides decay product is new, it may still radioactive but which might also be
stable nuclides.
APN grouping in this category there are two kinds, namely APN
instrumental (APNI) and APN radiochemical (APNR). Oi in separation
techniques APNI not equal at all. After irradiation (activation), with or without a
cooling stage after irradiation, footage can be directly measured. Keradioaktivan
that is not mutually interfere with the implementation of the detection and
measurement of each. Adults 1 m APN analysis equipment generally been
equipped with automatic data processing system and computed. APNI technique
is becoming the choice of many people because it is much simpler and easier to
do so in connection with this category generally referred to APN is APNI.
To facilitate the separation of radiochemical techniques APNR, after the
cooling process after the irradiation, the footage analyte (either in a form absorbed
on filter paper or in the form of other preparation) was dissolved again in a
suitable solvent and then added a carrier prior to the separation process. Chemical
species added carrier must comply with the elements to be separated and are
intended to contain un sur which is intended to be the amount which enables the
separation chemistry. Furthermore, radiochemical separation process can be done
with appropriate techniques, such as precipitation. chromatography, extraction,
electrochemical and so on. Each [Raksi separated and left. When required to be
analyzed, measured and specified further in the geometric sarna with standard
footage.
As one element analysis techniques, APN not only has high sensitivity, but
also can be applied to the analysis of approximately 70% of the elements that have
been known so far [1]. Footage analyte can be derived from a variety of materials,
such as foodstuffs, biological materials, environmental materials, industrial
materials, pharmaceutical materials and so on.
Excellence:
b). The detection sensitivity is so high that only the required amount of euplikan
(mass weight or volume) of the Minor.
d). If the means of irradiation and measurement instruments have been available,
the analysis can be done with a procedure that is easy, fast and simple.
f). Can be applied to about 70% of this type of element on the Periodic Map
euplikan in a wide variety of materials.
g). Oari one irradiation process can be repeated measurements adjusted with the
span of half-element analysis.
Limitations:
a) Requires neutron source facility (nuclear reactor or neutron generator) that can
not always be shared by all laboratory chemical analysis.
b). Legality and require special permits with respect to aspects of safety and / or
radiation protection.
e). Does not provide information on the chemical form or degree of oxidation of
the analyte elements.
d). It can not be done for the analysis of certain elements such as elements cross
section of neutrons reaction is very low (for this type of analysis such as
activating proton activation analysis system using a cyclotron can be a
complement to the APN).
Some rnacarn disorders irnplernentasi dalarn APN can rnengurangi accuracy and
effectiveness analysis, among others:
• Spectral Disorders.
• Secondary Disorders.
This type of disorder is caused by the formation of the analyzed radionuclides that
do not originate from the analyte elements were intended. This can happen when
the activation reactions take place in addition to (n, y), for example activation
reaction (n, p) or (n, a) which is followed by decay of radionuclides produce
results equal to the activation reaction (n, y).
• Primary Disorders.
Primary disorder is a disorder in which the most dominant APN. Type these
disorders occur because the elements in the matrix of analyte undergo nuclear
reactions other than the (n, y) and immediately produce radionuclides matrix
analytes undergo nuclear reactions other than the (n, y) and directly produces
radionuclides equal with radionuclides reaction products (n, y) desired.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
B. Suggestions