Features of Bones: Terminology

• Head(s)
• Smooth, enlarged end of bone on
constricted neck
• Condyle(s)
• Smooth, rounded articular surface
• Epicondyle(s)
• Prominence above a condyle
• Facet
• Small, flat articular surface
• Tubercle
• Small, rounded projecting process
• Trochanter(s)
• Swellings of bone of femur (greater, lesser)
 Features of Bones: Terminology

• Fossa (Fossae)
• Shallow depression
• Tuberosity (Tuberosities)
• Broad, roughened process (usually site of
tendon insertion)
• Sulcus (Sulci)
• A groove or furrow
• Trochlea (Trochleae)
• ‘Spindle/Pulley shaped’ articular surface
(humerus)
 Features of Bones: Terminology

• Crest(s)
• Prominent ridge
• Ramus (Rami)
• Extension of bone making an
angle with the rest of the
structure
• Spine
• Short projection of bone
• Line
• Thin, continuous ridge
 Features of Bones: Terminology
• Foramen (Foramina)
• Opening that permits passage
of blood vessels and nerves
• Process(es)
• Marked prominence that
extends from a structure
• Sinus(es)
• Mucas-lined, air-filled cavity
(cranial)
• Alveolus (Alveoli)
• Bone sockets for the dentition
(cranial)
• Fissure(s)
• Cleft, groove or slit in bone (or
between bones)
 Divisions of the Skeletal System
• Two Primary Divisions

• Axial Skeleton
• Portion of skeleton down the midline of the body
• Includes skull, hyoid, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

• Appendicular Skeleton
• Portion of skeletal system that comprises the pectoral
and pelvic girdles and limbs (e.g. appendages)
• Includes clavicle, scapula, arm, forearm, and hand
bones
• Includes pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot bones
The Axial Skeleton
 The Axial Skeleton
• The axial skeleton is
comprised of 80 of the 206
bones in the human body
• Includes:
• Skull (Cranium,
Mandible)
• Sternum (Manubrium,
Body, Xiphoid)
• Vertebrae (Cervical,
Thoracic, Lumbar,
Sacral, and Coccygeal)
• Ribs
• Hyoid
 Vertebrae and the Vertebral Column
• Five different types of vertebrae
(numbered superior to inferior)
• Cervical: Neck (7)
• Thoracic: Thorax/Chest (12)
• Lumbar: Lower Back (5)
• Sacral: Pelvic (5 Fused)
• Coccygeal: Tailbone (3-5 Fused)
• Four Curves:
• Primary: Thoracic & Sacral
• Secondary: Cervical & Lumbar
• Abnormal Curvature:
• Kyphosis
• Scoliosis
• Lordosis
Typical Vertebrae

Lamina
Typical Vertebrae
 Cervical Vertebrae
C3-C7 (Typical)
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen

C1 (Atlas)
No body or spine
Supports cranium via lateral masses

C2 (Axis)
Modified body
Lateral Prominent dens, allows for pivot motion
Mass
 Evolution of the Cervical Vertebrae Pop Quiz
How many cervical vertebrae do giraffe
have?
A. Seven
B. Nine
C. Eleven
D. Thirteen

• All mammals (with two exceptions)

have 7 cervical vertebrae – no
matter their neck length
• Fish, birds, reptiles do not have this
constraint
Thoracic Vertebrae
• The twelve thoracic vertebrae are more
typical vertebrae; increase in size
through series inferiorly (caudally)

• Have costal facets on vertebral body

(demifacets) and transverse process
 Lumbar Vertebrae

• Five lumbar vertebrae

• Large, robust, kidney-shaped bodies
 Sacrum
• Single bone formed through fusion of five vertebrae
• Forms tight joint with pelvis (os coxae) the affords little movement
 Coccyx
• Single bone formed through fusion of three to five vertebrae
• Remnants of caudal vertebrae common in most other primates
(except other apes)
 Sternum
• ‘Breastbone’
• Three bones fuse to form single sternum
• Provide attachment areas for the costal cartilages
• Protection for thorax
 Ribs
• 12 pairs of ribs in the human body; both males and females
• 7 pairs of ‘true ribs’ (attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages)
• 5 pairs of ‘false ribs’ (3 pairs with indirect attachment to sternum)
• ‘False ribs’ include 2 pairs of ‘floating ribs’ (no sternal attachment)
Ribs: Anatomy
 The Skull: Cranium and Mandible
• The skull is composed of 22 bones (+ 7 ‘associated’)
• Divided into two parts:
• The neurocranium (8 bones)
• The viscerocranium (face/14 bones [with mandible])
 Bones of the Skull: Overview
*Not pictured: Inferior nasal conchae (x2), palatine bones (x2), vomer
Sphenoid
Sphenoid Sinus
Ethmoid and Inferior Nasal Concha
Temporal
Occipital Bone
Mandible and Hyoid
 Auditory Ossicles
• Three auditory ossicles housed within the temporal bone
• Malleus = ‘hammer’ (rests against eardrum)
• Incus = ‘anvil’
• Stapes = ‘stirrup’
• Transmit deformations of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) into
electrical signals (sound)
Sutures of the skull
Sutures of the skull
 Cavities of the Skull
• Largest cavity: Cranial cavity, which encloses, cushions, and
supports the brain
• Smaller cavities: orbits, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the
paranasal sinuses
 Development of the Axial Skeleton

• The majority of the axial

skeleton develops through
endochondral ossification
• Bones of the skull develop
predominately through
intramembraneous ossification –
except for the occipital, temporal
(partial), sphenoid, ethmoid and
the mandible (partial)
 Development of the Axial Skeleton

• At birth, the areas between the cranial bones are thickened, fibrous
membrane remnants that are not yet ossified
• This is why babies have ‘squishy’ heads; fontanels close ~15 months
• During birth, the cranial bones overlap at the fontanels in order to
ease passage through the cervix and vagina
Development of the Axial Skeleton
 The Appendicular Skeleton
• The girdles of bones
that attach the upper
and lower limbs to
the axial skeleton
• Pectoral girdle consists
of bones that hold the
upper limbs in place
• Pelvic girdle consists of
bones that hold the
lower limbs in place
 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius and Ulna
Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges
 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Pelvis
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
 Pelvis
• Pelvis is composed of four bones: Sacrum, Coccyx, Os(sa)
coxae (R & L; aka ‘Innominate’)
• Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the
ventral body cavity.
• Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right os coxae only.
Os Coxae
Os Coxae
Sex Differences in the Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
 Arches of the Foot
• The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the ground
• For protection of vessels and efficiency during
locomotion, three arches exist in the human foot:
• Medial longitudinal arch
• Lateral longitudinal arch, Transverse arch
Embryology of the Appendicular Skeleton

• Begins during the fourth week

• Small buds for both upper and
lower limbs
• During week 5, the hand plate
forms
• During week 6, the foot plate
forms and digital rays are
apparent in the hand