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SUMMER PRACTICAL TRAINING

REPORT

CENTRAL FARM MACHINERY TRAINING


&
TESTING INSTITUTE, BUDNI(M.P)
Under the guidance of

MR. MAHESH CHANDRA

(SR.ENGINEER)

CFMTTI , BUDNI (M.P)

TRAINING DURATION :- 03/07/2017 TO 28/072017


NAME :-VISHAL SINGH
COURSE :- BE
BRANCH :-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER :- 7TH DATE :
....
SESSION:- 2014 – 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMANT:-

I would like to express my gratitude for the people who were part of my project
report, directly or indirectly people who gave unending support right from the
stage the idea was conceived.

An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete engineer. Practical


knowledge is very important to develop and apply engineering skills. It gives me a
great pleasure to have an opportunity to acknowledge and to express gratitude
those who were associated with me during my training at CFMTTC,BUDNI.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the people who have been
helpful in the successful completion of my Industrial training and this project.
I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Mr. MAHESH CHANDRA
(Sr.Engineer).. I would like to thanks to all those people who directly or indirectly
helped and guided us to complete my training and this project including the
following instructor,technical staff and supervisor of various section.

THANKING YOU

INFRASTRUCTURE
 Training System-: The training system has demonstration-

cum –training laboratories for tractors ,engine ,irrigation pump

,hydraulics ,auto electrical. There is a repair shop for on the

job training. The Institute has a large collection of tractors ,

stationary engines, pumps,harvesting & threshing machines. A

museum of tractors & farm machinery is also maintained by the

Institute.

 Testing System-: The test system of the Institute has two


test laboratories equipped with modern sophisticated

instrumentation for conducting tests on tractorsand other farm

machines. It has a computerized tractors PTO and engine test

set up under controlled environment condition. There is a

computerized drawbar test load vehicle, apart from another

hydraulic load test.

 Instrumentation Cell-: The instrumentation cell


provides necessary assistance related to instrumentation needs

of the testing process.


 Farm-: The institute has 476 acres of farm attached to it.
Out of this cultivated area is 176 acres, where paddy, wheat

are cultivated . the Institute maintains this farm as an essential

part of its human resources development and testing activities.

Field practices in mechanized farming techniques are imparted

here. Also it is used for testing purposes. Various field trials of

farm machines are conducted at the farm.

 Library-: The institute maintain a well equipped library to

cater the need of nascent information required by engineers,

technologists, trainees, and other of the institute fraternity.

 Auditorium-: The institute has an auditorium with a

capacity of 200 seats for conducting technical seminars,

meetings.
 Work shop-: A moderate work shop equipped with maximum
facilities is provided for the testing and training needs.
. INDEX

Project 1 -:Power generating system

 Introduction of engine
 Classification of engine

Specification of kirloskar engine

 Assembly and working


 Types of system
Firing interval data

Project 2-:Transmission system

 Introduction to transmission system


 Types of clutch and its working
 Gearbox
 Steering and brake system

. Project 3-: Hydraulic system

 Introduction
 Principle of hydraulics
 Hydraulic pump and its types
 Specification of hydraulic system in eicher tractor
 Oil flow in eicher tractor at different position

.Project 4-:Tractor maintenance

 Introduction
 Objectives and function
 Important instruction
 Learning outcome
 Conclusion
. project 5-:Testing

.Project 6:-Tillage operaion and its implements


Power generating system

 Introduction to engine-: As we all are aware about the term


engine ,it is a machine which convert heat energy into mechanical energy.

Heat is generated by the combustion of a fuel, such as coal, petrol

,heavy oil or some gas .This heat is supplied to a working substance at

high temperature .By the expansion of this substance in suitable

machines ,heat energy is converted into useful work.

In 1705 the first steam engine was introduced. Rudolf Diesel was the

first man who invented diesel engine in 1893 , which was beneficial to

human.

*Classification of engine-: Engine is classified in various


form and some of these form are

1. According to fuel- petrol, diesel, kerosene

2. According to cycle- otto cycle, diesel cycle, dual cycle

3. According to stroke- Two stroke, Four stroke


4. According to ignition- Spark ignition, compression ignition

5. According to cylinders- single cylinder, multi cylinder

6. According to shape- In line , V-type , Horizontally opposed cylinders

7. According to cooling- Air cooled, Water cooled

 Technical specification of kirloskar engine

1. HP 1500 rpm

2. No. of cylinder 1

3. Diameter of bore 80 mm
4. Length of strokes 110 mm

5. Compression ratio 16.5:1

6. Fuel High speed diesel

7. Swept volume 553 cc

8. Capacity of oil sump 2.85 liter

9. Capacity of fuel tank 4.87 liter

10. Capacity of cooling system

By tank 545 liter

By radiator 5.1 liter

11. Fuel pump Bosh type HPFIA, 70BS.185

12. Fuel injection timing Before 27 degree TDC

13. Injection pressure 211 kg/cm^2 or 3000PSI

14. Tappet clearance

Inlet valve 0.20 mm

Exhaust valve 0.25 mm

15. Bumping clearance 0.90-1.5 mm


16. Crankshaft end play 0.12-0.30 mm

17. Connecting side clearance 0.10-0.25 mm

18. Crankpin and main bearing 0.06-0.10,0.12 mm(max)

oil clearance

19. Minimum end clearance of 0.20-0.25 mm

piston ring

20. Maximum end clearance of 0.88 mm

piston ring

21. Side clearance of piston

ring
0.05-0.01 mm

Top ring
0.04-0.065 mm

Compression ring
0.025-0.05 mm

Oil ring

22. Oil clearance of small end 0.02-0.05 mm

bearing

23. Oil clearance of crankshaft 0.10-0.25 mm

24. Maximum ovality of 0.075 mm


crankshaft

25. Maximum friction of liner 0.125 mm

26. Liner ovality 0.05 mm

27. Diameter of crank main 57 mm

general

28. General diameter of 54 mm

crankpin

29. Distance between cylinder 0.80-2.5 mm

head and valve face

30. Valve sheet angle 45 degree(inlet exhaust)

31. Consumption of lubricating 2.75 gm/hp/hr

oil

32. Consumption of fuel 199 gm/hp/hr

33. Margin of valve face 0.75 mm

34. Nut bolt tight Torque

measurements
40 pound foot

Connecting rod bolt


62 pound foot
Balance weight 62 pound foot

Nut of cylinder block in 14 pound foot

crankcase
14 pound foot

Nut of injector
94 ound foot

Nut of fuel pump

Cylinder head nut

 Engine Assembly
.Tappet cover and fins are attached to inner side of tappet cover which

is used for lubrication purpose

.Rocker box assembly

.Dry type air cleaner is used

.Fuel tank

Push rod-it take drive from cam shaft and deliver it to rocker arm

Injector- It is also known as Automizer whose pressure is 211


kg/cm^2 , high pressure pipe line is also attached to it which is use to

deliver diesel from FIP to injector.


Cylinder head- Its function is to seal the cylinder with a flat
gasket of copper or asbestos and it is mounted above the cylinder

block.

Upper inspection plate

Cylinder block- It is the main support for all the basic engine
part. It is made of cast iron and engine cylinder is present inside it, in

this assembly 4 hole on the upper side is present are called water

jackets ,it allow the water to flow through them to keep engine cool.

Cylinder liner- This is an integral part of the cylinder, it fits


inside the cylinder block. Liner must have high durability, low cost,

hardness, resistance due to corrosion and wear and maximum heat

dissipation with minimum time and wear. It is made of nickel cast iron

and close grained cast iron.

Timing gear cover

Fip mounted plate

Lower inspection plate


Camshaft –It is use to open and close the valve . on camshaft 3
lobes are mounted ,1st and 3rd is for inlet and outlet valve and middle is

for FIP pump. Inside the camshaft governor is also present which

control the speed of engine

Piston and connecting rod assembly- piston head


,combustion chamber, ring groove, heat dam, ring groove ,ring land,

sank.

Shell bearing and flywheel

Types of system

1. Fuel supply system-: In this fuel supply system , fuel is


fill in tank and allow to flow by operating the fuel knob. Strainer inside

fuel tank is used to collect impurities. The fuel than flow inside low

pressure pipe line and enters the fuel feed pump and pressurized

there. From there it enters the primary filter and secondary filter

which is 5-8 micron thin and 5-3 micron thin respectively. The fuel

than enters the injector(211 kg/cm^2) through high pressure pipe line

and some fuel goes to sump from overflow pipe.


2. Lubrication system -: In this splash system the oil is
splashed on to different working parts of the engine by means of a

dipper. The dipper are fitted to the big end bearing caps. When it dips

into oil at every revolution, the oil get splashed. The main bearing

,camshaft timing gear, piston, cylinder liner etc. are lubricated by this .
3. Water cooling system-: In this system water
flows the lower position of the radiator to the water jacket of the

engine through the centrifugal pump. After the circulation water

comes back to the radiator, it loses its heat by the process of

radiation. The main purpose of water cool system is it takes away the

excessive heat generated in the engine

Thermostate valve – it is a kind of check valve which opens


and closes with the effect of temperature. It is fitted in the water

outlet of the engine. Standard thermostats are designed to start

opening at 70-75 degree and fully open at 82 degree.

Fan is generally mounted on water pump and throws fresh air over the

outer surface of the engine, which takes away the heat conducted by

the engine parts.


*Firing interval and Power flow diagram

The interval between successive power strokes in different cylinders is

called firing interval

For four stroke engine

FI= 720/no. of cylinders

For two stroke engine


FI= 360/no. of cylinders

Power flow diagram of six cylinder engine-:

Firing order- the sequence in which the power stroke cylinder


occurs in firing order. The firing order for six cylinder will be 1-5-3-6-

2-4. In other words , after every 120 degree there will be a power

stroke.

Transmission system

Introduction-: The power generated is to be transmit to a


rear wheel is called transmission or power train. The function of

transmission is to exchange engine power for greater torque, to


exchange forward and reverse motion, to connect and disconnect the

power and power train by means of neutral position.

Clutch -: The clutch work on the principle of friction in which


when one stationary surface is brought into contact with a rotating

surface, the stationary surface start rotating. The clutch is a

mechanical device which is used to engage or disengage the source of

power from the remaining parts of the power transmission system. The

characterstics of clutch are :-

It require less space

High coefficient of friction

Easy to operate

Less vibration

Types of clutch system-: Though the clutch system can be a mechanical

or hydraulic system, all indigeneous wheeled tractors are fitted with a

mechanical clutch system. The mechanical is further divided into wet

and dry system. In dry there are two main types of system single plate

and dual plate.


 Single plate clutch system -: In this clutch plate
system pedal is pressed. It is connected to mechanical linkage which

than push the fork toward release bearing. It is than attached to

release finger which allow the eyebolt to move backward which bring

the pressure plate away from the clutch plate against pressure

spring and hence the clutch shaft is disengage

 Dual plate clutch system-: In this PTO can be


disconnected without stopping the tractor. In between two clutch

plates an intermediate plate is provided. This system work same as

single plate clutch but there is slight difference in transmission . If

half paddle is pressed only transmission will stop but PTO will be in
operating condition. When paddle is fully pressed PTO will also stop.

PTO is a power outlet of the tractor.

Gearbox-:

 Sliding mesh gear box-: most of the tractor are fitted with a

sliding mesh gear box. The housing is made of cast iron. It is rigid in

construction.

 Contact mesh gear box-: The constant mesh transmission has

parallel shaft one over the other with gears in constant mesh. The

gears on the main shaft are mounted on bushing and are free to

rotate along with the counter shaft gear without affecting the main

shaft when in neutral.power is transmitted from counter shaft to lay

shaft , when first

gear is applied(i.e. push the lever backward) it is connected to bush

and main shaft start rotating. If main shaft is connected to clutch


shaft it means top gear is applied (push the lever forward).

 Synchro mesh gear-: The syncho mesh transmission is basically a

constant mesh transmission system with a extra device called

synchronizer to equalize the speed of mating gears. This system is

very common on automobiles but rarely used in tractor.

 Differential system-:It transmits the power at 90


degree at straight condition it provides equal power to both the

wheels and at turning condition it provides maximum power to the

outer wheel.

 Types of differential system-:

 Bevel type

 Hi poid type

 Worm type
 Final drive-: it is a gear reduction unit in a power train
provide between differential unit and rear wheel.
 Types of final drive-:

Big crown straight axle.

Bull and pinion type.


Hydraulics
Hydraulic system is a system use to hold ,lift and lower the position of

implement. This system is based on pascal’s law. In my training period I

have learnt about the hydraulic system and oil flow of eicher tractor in

various condition.

Oil flow of eicher tractor at neutral

position-:
1. oil is transfer to pump through strainer.

2. pump than allow the oil to flow through oil spool at port 1.

3. It is than transfer to pump safety valve from gallery, but the

pressure of pump safety valve is more than working pressure so it

didn’t allow safety valve to open.

4. It than enter the differential valve

5. Due to high pressure of oil differential valve open and allow the

oil to pass through it and enters the reservoir.

6. This is the neutral position where the oil comes back to reservoir

.
Oil flow of eicher tractor at lifting

position:-
1. Oil is transfer to tank from pump through strainer.

2. Oil is than passes to port no.1 of spool valve and enter to

backside of differential valve, due to which which spring than

forced the valve to remain fix at its position.

3. In this condition, oil at differential valve stop’s and enter the

check valve.

4. The seat of check valve designed in such a way that check valve

open due to oil pressure.

5. Oil than flow toward mode selector through check valve.


6. when mode selector valve open’s oil than enter cylinder safety

valve, the working pressure is more than cylinder safety valve

pressure therefore it remain close.

7. Thus oil than flow toward ram cylinder.

8. Ram cylinder’s oil push the piston which than lift the linkage

attached to hydraulic arm with the help of lever.

9. This position is lifting position.

Oil flow of eicher tractor at lowering

position:-
1. Oil is transfer to tank from pump through strainer.

2. Oil is than transfer to port no.1 of spool valve and at that time

port no.2 is closed, due to which oil flows toward differential

valve .

3. To take oil of ram cylinder we need to generate the pressure

at spool valve.

4. Ram cylinder pushes the oil back toward check valve , oil passes

through mode selector and apply pressure on check valve .

5. check valve is one way valve it only allow the oil to enter but

there is no exit port for oil, due to which oil than put pressure on

port no.3 of spool valve.

6. Spool valve’s port no. 3 open and oil enter the reservoir .this is

the lifting position .

*Holding position:- In this , oil flow continuously from


tank , the oil flow at differential valve is close but oil that flow

through pump enter’s reservoir. Ram cylinder oil remain there only

because port no.3 of spool valve is closed, due to which cannot go

back to reservoir . this is the holding position of implement.


 Draft control setting:- start the tractor ,put the
draft lever at down position. Push the draft toward backside

between 3-4 mark so that position lever should be lifted. If a lever

lifted bfore or after 3-4 mark than adjust it at 3-4 position. open

the check nut of feedback rod and lock the lift after being lifted.
TRACTOR MAITENANCE

Maintenance is the regular and periodic care of machine helping us to

work well, safe and longer trouble free life. Maintenance is not the

repairing of machine but it is a process of protecting a machine so it

doesn’t break out too quickly.

 Objective-: The main objective of tractor maintenance


1. To reduce failure.

2. To save an operating cost.

3. To prevent accident.

4. To improve working condition by minimizing the wear and tear.

5. To increase production by maintaining the quality of the product.

Important instruction -:

1. Fuel system

-keep the fuel clean.

-change the fuel filter.

-prevent leaks which waste fuel

2. Air intake and exhaust system


-clean the air cleaner and change the oil.

-replace the muffler when it burns so that it does not produce.

3. cooling system

-check and adjust the fan belt tension.

-keep the radiator screen clean.

-daily clean and check up the radiator with clean coolant.

4. lubrication system

-keep the right amount of oil.

-change the oil and oil filter.

5. clutch system

-check and adjust clutch pedal free play

-pedal should be operate when needed.

6. hydraulic system

-change filter regularly

-keep the right amount of oil grade in system


-the tipping trailer should not interchange

7. brake

-check and adjust the brake pedal freeplay

-in case of hydraulic brake keep the right amount of brake oil in

container

8. Tyres

-check the tyre pressure everyday

-maintain the tyre pressure less in field than for ROAD

TESTING

Lab testing-:

1.Power testing-: 1.PTO performance test

2.belt pully test

3.draw bar test

4.Hydraulic power and lifting

2. Safety test-: 1.centre of gravity test


2.brake test

3.turning ability test

3. Environmental test-:1.mechanical vibration test

2.noise test

3.visibility test

4.Smoke level test

4.miscellaneous test-:1. air cleaner oil pull over test

2.component/assembly/inspection

FIELD TEST:_

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