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Flexural analysis and design of
beams
Moment exists in every beam. Therefore, beams
should be designed to withstand moment
What is a beam?
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2/4/2013
What do we already know about
the analysis of reinforced concrete
beams based on our knowledge of
mechanics of materials?
Mechanics of material and beam analysis
Example: What is the maximum stress in
concrete and steel in the shown slab?
ds (Diam. of steel rods)= 5/8 in (placed 1.5 in above lower surface)
Ec 3.6 106 ; Es 29 106 ; M 40kip in each 1 ft of slab
Solution:
1. Select a cross section with two rebars (width = 1 ft)
2. Assume that concrete does not resist tension
3. Transform the steel area As into concrete area nAs
As 2 ds2 0.614in 2 ; n (modular ratio) Es / Ec 8.06
4
Find the location of N.A.: x x 1.45in
xA
4.
5. Calculate
A
n
b h3
moment of inertia: I i i Ai d i2 44.4 in 2
i 1 12
6. Calculate maximum stress:
c1 x 1.45
Mc1 Mc2 Mc3
fc 1310 psi fs n 18520 psi f ct 3680 psi c2 4 x 2.55
I I I
c3 5.5 x 4.05
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2/4/2013
Two major tasks of civil engineers
• Analysis of structural elements
• Structural design
Design
Analysis
Plain and
reinforced
concrete beams
resisting
moment
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Axial compression
• It is economical to make concrete carry most/all
of the load
• Using steel to carry a part of compression the
cross‐sectional dimensions can be reduced
Singly Doubly
reinforced
beam reinforced
beam
Same flexural strength
Axial compression of concrete
In structures loading rates are
much slower than in cylinder test
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2/4/2013
Axial tension
Steel yield stress and strain
Assumption:
Stress is constant
after yield
fy
y
(a) (b)
fy
y
ACI Code specifies that the yield stress fy be Es
the stress corresponding to a strain of 0.0035 Es 29,000,000 psi
Before learning how to analyze beams,
let us find out how a reinforced
concrete beam behave under
increasing bending load
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• In step (e): fc 0.5fc
• In step (f): fc 0.85fc
steel y
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Design assumptions
1. Internal loads at a section are in
equilibrium with the effects of
external loads
2. Perfect bond: the strain in a
reinforced bar is the same as that
of that of surrounding concrete
3. Cross sections that were plane
before loading remain plane under
load.
4. Concrete cannot resist any tension Surface deformations to
stress enhance bond with concrete
Three cases of stress analysis in
rectangular beams
Case 1: Concrete in tension has not cracked
Case 2: Concrete in tension has cracked but concrete
in compression is in linear elastic zone
Case 3: Concrete in tension has cracked and concrete
in compression is no longer in linear elastic zone
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2/4/2013
Case 1: Concrete in tension has not cracked
What kind of problem do we solve related to
case 1?
How do we solve the problem?
Example for case 1:
b=10 in As=2.37 in2
h=25 in f’c= 4000 psi
d=23 in fy=60000 psi
Concrete tensile strength = 475 psi
Determine stresses in concrete and steel
Solution:
1. Assume that concrete in tension is not cracked
2. Based on transformed section find neutral axis
n E s / E c 8 I 14,740 in4 y 13.2 in
y
My
3. Calculate values of stress fc
I
M(h y )
fct 432 475 psi Transformed
I beam section
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2/4/2013
Case 2: Concrete in tension has cracked but
concrete in compression is in linear elastic zone
What kind of problem do we solve related to
case 2?
How do we solve the problem?
Example for case 2
Example: What is the maximum stress in
concrete and steel in the shown slab?
ds (Diam. of steel rods)= 5/8 in (placed 1.5 in above lower surface)
Ec 3.6 106 ; Es 29 106 ; M 40kip in each 1 ft of slab
Solution:
1. Select a cross section with two rebars (width = 1 ft)
2. Assume that concrete does not resist tension
3. Transform the steel area As into concrete area nAs
As 2 ds2 0.614in 2 ; n (modular ratio) Es / Ec 8.06
4
Find the location of N.A.: x x 1.45in
xA
4.
5. Calculate
A
n
b h3
moment of inertia: I i i Ai d i2 44.4 in 2
i 1 12
6. Calculate maximum stress:
c1 x 1.45
Mc1 Mc2 Mc3
fc 1310 psi fs n 18520 psi f ct 3680 psi c2 4 x 2.55
I I I
c3 5.5 x 4.05
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2/4/2013
Case 3: Concrete in tension is cracked. Concrete
in compression is no longer in linear elastic zone
What is the
shape of this
curve?
Parabolic?
Trapezoidal?
Stress is non‐linear Strain is linear
For what kind of problem do we need case 3 the most?
How to deal with case 3?
Replacing stress with force
fav bc
fav fc
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2/4/2013
How do we find out the flexural
strength and flexural behavior of a
rectangular beam?
… by using simple static and geometry
?
fav bc
fav fc
?
F 0 C T
M 0 M Cz Tz
n Three equations.
u s How many unknowns?
c d c
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